Kushatisa Kwepamutemo: Mhaka, Mitemo, uye Zvirango

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunoramba kuri imwe yenzira dzinonetsa zvikuru munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzazvino uno. Kusafanana nenzvero yapamutemo yemifungo, kumanikidza kuvhota kushandisa noune mibvunzo yakaremerwa kuumba nzwisiso dzavavhoti panzvimbo pokuunganidza mashoko asina revo. Uyu muitiro wakakwezva nzvero mumatare, vadzori, uye mapoka ezvombo muUnited States, kuchiguma nokukura kwedare renhau nechiito chemitemo. Kunzwisisa dare rinotonga rinopesvedzera kunzvera kunokosha nokuda kwevarwi, vapi vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vatsvakurudzi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kufambisa mutsetse wakanaka pakati pemashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika akadzivirirwa nemiitiro inonyengera.

Chinoita Kuti Kushatisa Kuve Chinetso Chepamutemo

Nhau dzemitemo dzakapoteredza dzinosunda kunzvera kunotangira muchimiro chakwo chikuru: dzinonyepedzera senzvero yapachokwadi apo dzinoparadzira namaune mashoko akaipa kana kuti enhema pamusoro pomubhadhari kana kuti nhau. Dare navatungamiriri vakarwisana kana uyu muitiro uchiumba kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment kana kuti kunopinda mumapoka okutaura kunogona kudzorwa, zvakadai sokunyengera, kuzvidza, kana kuti kutyisidzira.

Zvinetso zvikuru zvapamutemo zvinoverengeka zvinobuda nguva dzose munhau dzokunzvera dzinomanikidzirwa:

  • Miitiro yebhizimisi yokuzvidira: Painenge ichimanikidzirwa kunzvera kunozviratidzira imene senzvero dzapamutemo, ingaputsa mitemo yedziviriro yavatengi inorambidza kushatisa mashoko mumashoko ezvokutengeserana neezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Tsvakadzo:[[FLT: 1] Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinoratidzira miuyo yakashata yokuvhota nokuda kwomumwe munhu anosarudzwa dzinogona kupinda munzvimbo inotyisidzirwa, zvikurukuru apo kudenha mapoka chaiwo avagari vemo.
  • Kutaura kwenhema: Nhamba zhinji dzinomanikidzira dzine nhema chaidzo pamusoro pechinyorwa chomutengi, nzvimbo, kana kuti nhau yomunhu oga, zvingaita kuti suo rizarure kutaura kwokuzvidza.
  • Kundikano dzemipimo: mativi mazhinji anoda kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuzivisa avo vakaabhadhara; kumanikidza kunzvera kazhinji kazhinji kunodzikatidza kutsigira kwadzo.

Mhaka Dzapamutemo Nemitemo

California: Chinetso Chokushatisa cha2012

Imwe nyaya yainyatsotariswa yakabuda muCalifornia muna 2012 apo boka revavhoti uye masangano ezvouori akaisa dare mukurwisana nemushandirapamwe wevhoti yainge yashandisa nzira dzokuvhota nadzo. Kupomera kwacho kwaiti nhimbe yacho yakanga yaparadzira nhema pamusoro pechinyorwa chokuvhota uye mufambiro womunhu oga nokufonera foni zvaishandiswa pakutsvakurudza. Vatongi vacho vakapikisa kuti izvi zvaipesana nemitemo yesarudzo yeCalifornia, inorambidza kunyora mashoko enhema pamusoro pevanopikisana.

Nyaya yacho yakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuti kuongorora kunomanikidza kunoumba rudzi rwekutaura rwunofarikanya dziviriro yakazara yeFirst Amendment kana kuti kugona kudzorwa somuitiro webhizimisi wokunyengera. Dare reCalifornia pakupedzisira rakabvumira nhau yacho kupfuurira, richiramba chiito chenhimbe yokuramba pazvikonzero zvokutaura norusununguko. iyi chisarudzo chakatumira chiratidzo icho chinosunda kunzvera chingagona kutarisana nemiuyo yepamutemo mumitemo yechisarudzo chehurumende.

Nhau yacho yakakweverawo ngwariro kuchinetso chokubvumikisa kuvadziko mukutsvaka. Kusafanana nokushambadzira kwegamuchidzanwa, kunzvera kunowanzoitwa navatengesi vechikamu chechitatu vachishandisa nhamba dzorunhare dzisingazivikanwi, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwavazivi kuronda manyuko ndokuratidzira kuti kutaura chaikoiko kwakaparira kuvadziko isingatsungiririki kunhimbe yomutevedzeri.

Florida: Kirasi yeChikamu cha2015

MuFlorida, kukwirira mudare kwekirasi-kuita kwakaratidza kukwidziridza kukuru munhamburiko dzepamutemo mukudzivisa kuvhota. Voters vakapomera kuti kunzvera kwakaitwa mukati medzinza rehurumende rehurumende kwaiitirwa kupesvedzera mufambiro wokuvhota zvisiri pamutemo. Chinyunyuto chakataura kuti mibvunzo yacho yakanga iri yakatanhamara kwazvo uye isina kururama zvokuti vakabatanidza kudzvinyirira nokunyengera.

Chakaita kuti nhau iyi ive inocherekedzwa chakanga chiri chimiro cheboka rekuita: panzvimbo pomukwidziridziri kana kuti nhimbe yokukwidza, vavhoti vamwe navamwe vakaunza sutukero, vachisimbisa kuti kodzero yavo yokutora sarudzo dzakarurama yakaiswa panzvimbo. Mhaka yeFlorida yakasimbisa kuti kupesvedzera kugona sei kutapura kwete bedzi vadaviri asi chivimbo chevakasarudzwa zvikuru mumuitiro wedemocracy.

Nyaya yacho yakazogadziriswa nebvumirano yokuti femu yokuvhota yaizoshandisa miitiro yakasimba zvikuru yokuzivisa ndokurega kushandisa mafomu emibvunzo akati.

Nhau Dzedare Rokusarudza Ramakurukota

Pamwero womubatanidzwa, kunyunyuta kwakawanda kwakaiswa neFederal Envotion Commission (FEC) inodenha miitiro yokuvhota. Iyi nhau inonangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pazvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa: mutemo wehurumende wokuti kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinofanira kubatanidza varairidzi vanozivisa avo vakazvibhadhara. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunodzivisa ichi chinodikanwa kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti zviri kunzvera panzvimbo pokunzvera.

Imwe nhau inokosha yaibatanidza ganda guru rapurezidhendi 2016 umo PCAC yakapomerwa mhaka yokuitisa nzvero dzinosunda idzo dzisingabatanidzi varairi vakafanira. FEC yaitsikwa mumativi ebato, navamiririri vasingagoni kubvumirana kana kumanikidza kunzvera kuumba "kudzvinyirira kuvhota" kupfurikidza nemirau inoziviswa. Iyi girap yakavhiringidza vachinji vakapikisa kuti kusakwanisa kweFEC kuita chiito chinoshairwa mutezo wehurumende pamwero mukuru wehurumende.

Imwe nhau yehurumende yaibatanidza Federal Trade Commission (FTC), iyo yakanzvera kana kumanikidza kutengesa kwakaputswa mirau inotengesa pafoni. FTC yakasarudza kuti kumanikidza kuvhota hakuwirirani zvakanaka murondedzero dzokutengesa pafoni nemhaka yokuti havasi kuedza kutengesa purojeti kana kuti basa.

Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Nezvibvumirano Zvemitemo

Nemhaka yokuti murairo womubatanidzwa wokunzverwa kwokumanikidzira unoramba wakaganhurirwa, masangano akava nzvimbo huru yehondo nokuda kwedenho dzapamutemo. Mitezo inoverengeka yakagadza mitemo yakati inomanikidzira kuvhota, nepo mimwe ichitsamira pamirau yakafara zvikuru yokuita nayo muitiro wacho.

Mitemo Nekushambadza Kukuru

Mitemo iyi inowanzorondedzera kumanikidza kuongorora uye kuisa zvinodiwa kana kuti zvinorambidzwa vaya vanoita shanyo dzakadaro:

  • [[FOLT:0] Louisiana: Anoda munhu upi noupi anoitisa nzvero yokumanikidza kuzivisa zita romunhu kana kuti sangano rinobhadhara nokuda kweshanyo pamavambo ekurukurirano.
  • Michigan: Prohibits dzinomanikidza kunzvera kunoparadzira mashoko enhema pamusoro pechinyorwa chomupindi kana kuti zvikwaniriso.
  • South Carolina: Madate anosunda nzvero anobatanidza kutaura kunozivisa mutsigiri nokujekesa kuti danidzo yacho haisi nzvero yapamutemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] New Hampshire:[[FLT: 1] Ine mumwe wemitemo inodzorwa zvikurusa, ichida kuti kubvunzisisa kuzivise donzo rako rechokwadi uye kuzivikanwa kwesangano rinotsigira, nezvirango nokuda kwokupunzika.

Iyi mitemo yehurumende yakatarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo.Vashori vanotaura kuti vanoputsa kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko kupfurikidza nokumanikidza vakurukuri vezvamatongerwe enyika kuzivisa mashoko kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuganhurira zviri mukati memashoko ezvematongerwe enyika. Dare raiwanzotsigira zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa sezvinobvumikiswa mumuenzaniso weFirst Amendment, asi zvirambidzo pakutaura kwenhema zvave zviri zvenharo huru. Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rakaziva kuti kutaura kwenhema munhimbe mune zvematongerwe enyika kunogona kudzo, asi mupimo wokubvumikisa kuva wenhema nevavariro zvinoramba zviri mukuru.

Zviito Nezvipo Zvinomanikidzwa

Magweta makuru ehurumende namasangano esarudzo vakaita zviito zvokudzivisa kukwidziridzwa kwezvirongwa mumativi akasiyana - siyana.

MuOhio, hofisi yegweta guru yakanzvera nzvero ya 2018 iyo yakanyumwira vavhoti mudzinza rehurumende remitemo. Nzvero yacho yakaguma nomurairo wokubvuma unoda kuti sangano rinotsigira ribhadhare zvakaisvonaka uye kurega kuitisa nzvero muhurumende kwenhambo yakatarwa. Mhaka yacho yakaratidzwa kuti kushanda kwesimba rehurumende kunogona kugovera kudzivisa kune revo, zvikurukuru apo inotsigirwa nezvido zvezvamatongerwe enyika nezviwanikwa zvakakwana.

Zvisinei, kupfuurira kwemitemo kunoramba kuri kupesana. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoshaiwa zviwanikwa zvakatsaurirwa zvokunzvera zvinosundira kunetsa, uye kusaziva kwemabasa okunzvera mazhinji kunonyandura kuita kuti kukwikwidza kuome. mapoka okuita zvinhu zvokutarisira akakumbira kuti pave negadziriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe, kubatanidza kodzero dzechiito dzomunhu oga idzo dzingabvumira vavhoti kana kuti vada kukwirira kukwirira pasina kuvimba navachuchi vehurumende.

Kudzivirira Kwepamutemo Kunoshandiswa Nevatengesi Vanoshatisa Vanhu

Zvirongwa zvenhimbe namafemu okuvhota anopomerwa mhaka yokunzverwa kusiri kwapamutemo zvinomutsa chaizvoizvo dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinoverengeka. Kunzwisisa idzi nharo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anorangarira kupesana kana kuti chiito chokutungamirira mukudzivisa kunzvera:

  • Kudzivirirwa kwePendement yokutanga: Nhevedzo yakakurumbira zvikurusa ndeyokuti kunzvera kunoumba kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzivirirwa. Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kunyange kana mibvunzo ichitungamirira kana kuti yakasarura, ichiri chimiro chokutaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora paganhuriro yehurumende.
  • Vapomeri vazhinji vanotaura kuti danidzo dzavo dzakanga dziri nzvero yapamutemo, kwete kunyengera. Vanopikisa kuti kubvunza mibvunzo yakananga hakuumbi hako vavariro yokutsausa vavhoti.
  • Kupa mhaka nokukuvadza: Kunyange apo kutaura kwenhema kunotaurwa, vakwirirwi vanowanzodenha kana vapomeri vachigona kubvumikisa kuti nzvero yokusunda yakaparira kuvadziko chaiyoiyo kunhimbe kana kuti muuyo wesarudzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika yokutaura kworurimi: Vamwe vakwirirwi vanoshandisa gamuchidzanwa rokutaura kusingazivikanwi kwezvamatongerwe enyika, vachitaurira kuti kuda kuziviswa kwokutsigira kunoputsa kodzero yokutaura pasina kuzivikanwa nehurumende.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakati kutaura kusingazivikanwi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunofarikanya dziviriro yeFirst Amendment, asi rakazivawo kuti zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvinogona kururamiswa nefariro dzehurumende dzinogombedzera, zvakadai sokudzivisa kubiridzira nokuzivisa vavhoti.

Mipimo Yetsika Nenhungamiro Zvenyanzvi

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iyi isingasungirwi zviri pamutemo, inogona kuva yakakodzera mukutonga uye mukuita zvinhu zvinotarisirwa seuchapupu hwetsika dzinotevedzerwa nemaindasitiri.

American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) yave ichinyanya kushora kumanikidza kuvhota. Bumbiro retsika reAPOR rinoda kuti mitezo iite nzvero iyo iri "yenhema, inonyengera, uye inoremekedza vabvunzwa" uye inorambidza zvakajeka kushandisa kunzvera sepembedzo nokuda kwekunyora. AAPOR inochengeta ndaza yamasangano aizivisa seanopinda mukuvhota, kududza nokushandisa zvinobudirira zita uye kuputsa.

American Association of Political Concasuress (AAPC) inewo bumbiro retsika rinorambidza miitiro inonyengera, kubatanidza kunzvera kusingashandisi.

Iyi mipimo yenyanzvi mukutaura nemhaka yokuti inogona kushandiswa kusimbisa kuti mufambiro womukwirirwi wakabva pamiitiro inogamuchirwa yeindasitiri. Zvapupu zveAPOR kana kuti AAPC zvinogona kupupurira pamusoro pechinoumba nzvero yetsika nezvinomanikidzira kunzvera, zvichibetsera matare kuyera kana mufambiro wakati wakapesana nemitemo.

Basa Rounyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kugadzirisa Zvinetso Zvepamutemo

Chinjo dzoruzivo rwokunzvera dziri kuita mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo pamusoro pokunzverwa kwenhare. Marobhora enzwi aAutomated negadziriro dzemhinduro dzenzwi dzinobatanidza zvakaita kuti kukwidziridza kushande kwakachipa uye kuri nyore kuiswa pamwero mukuru. Kukwira kwezvinosunda mashoko akavakirwa parugwaro uye michina yemanyuko anoshandiswa munzanga ine zvimwe zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvakaoma zvakagadzirirwa nguva yerunhare rupenyu.

Imwe nhau yapamutemo iri kutanga inobatanidza kupindana kwokunzvera nokutengesa nemirairo yorunhare. The terefon Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) inoganhurira runhare runodzorwa nemotokari kuserura uye inoda kubvumirana nokuda kwemarudzi akati erunhare. Vatsigiri vakarangarira kuti kumanikidza kuvhota kunotumirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzinodzorwa nemotokari kunoputsa TCP nokuti hadzisi nzvero dzapamutemo kana kuti kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Matare akasvika mhedziso dzakavhengana, navamwe vanobata kuti vaparadzi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogona kukwanisvasvasvaswo foniai kana chinangwa chavo chikuru chiri chokusatenderwa panzvimbo pokunzvera.

Kuongorora kwokumanikidza kunowanzounganidza mashoko emunhu oga kubva kune vakabvunzwa vachinyepedzera zvenhema, zvichisimudzira kuputswa kwemitemo yenyika yezvakavanzika. Sezvo nyika dzichigamuchira mitemo yakakwana yakavanzika yakadai seCalifornia Consumer Answery Act (CPA), dzichimanikidza kuongorora kunounganidza nokugoverana mashoko omunhu oga pasina kufumurwa kwakafanira kungatarisana nokufumurwazve kwapamutemo.

Kunetsa Kwehondo Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nevatsvakurudzi

Mishandirapamwe inoshandisa kana kuti inofunga nezvokushandisa nzira dzokunzverera nadzo inofanira kunyatsoongorora ngozi dzepamutemo, idzo dzinosiyana zvikuru nehurumende.

Ngozi dzepamutemo dzinosanganisira kupomerwa mhaka kwevagari vomunyika imwe chete kana kuti miitiro yokunyengera, faindi nezvirango mumitemo yevhoti, kunyunyuta kweFEC kunogona kuvhiringidza kurwiswa, uye kukuvadzwa kwomukurumbira kunogona kuita kuti vavhoti nevapi vasave nemhosva.

Vaongorori vanowanzoda kutora rutivi mukuongorora kwechokwadi, kuderedza mwero yokudavidza uye kukuvadza kuvimbika kwokutsvakurudza pfungwa. Vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kuita mamwe matanho okusiyanisa basa ravo nokuedza kuongorora, kusanganisira kuzvizivisa zvakajeka, kutsanangura chinangwa chokutsvakurudza kwacho, uye kugovera mashoko ezvokuongorora kuti kuve kwechokwadi.

Miitiro yakanakisisa inoverengeka inogona kubetsera nhimbe uye vanzveri kudzivisa mhinganidzo dzapamutemo:

  • Nguva dzose zivisa sangano rinotsigira pamavambo edaidzo ipi neipi kana kuti mashoko anounganidza pfungwa.
  • Shandisa mashoko omubvunzo asingatsigiri kana kuti kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo yadzo kana kuti nhau.
  • Chengeta zvinyorwa zvezviridzwa zvokunzvera namashoko anogamuchira kuratidzira kuwirirana nemipimo yapamutemo neyetsika.
  • Bvunza zano rapamutemo rakawanwa mumutemo wesarudzo usati watanga purogiramu ipi neipi yechoto chikuru.
  • Rangarira kuwirirana kwokuzvidira nemipimo yetsika yeAAPOR kana kuti AAPC senzira yokuratidzira nayo kuzvipira kwakanaka kwokutenda kukunzvera kwapamutemo.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Kuda Kutonga Kwomutemo Nekufambira Mberi Kwokutonga

Zvishoma zvinoratidza kuti mutemo uchadzikama zvikuru mumakore ari kuuya:

Kutanga, kuitira hanya kuri kuwedzera pamusoro penhema munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaparira simba rakasimba zvikuru remitemo yokunyengera. Tsigiro yemitemo yesarudzo yakatungamirira dzimwe nyika kukudza mitemo yadzo yesarudzo kufukidza kunzvera zvakajeka. Simbiso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi padzongonyedzo dzokumwe musarudzo yakawedzerawo kuziva kwebviro yokupesvedzera kushambadzwa kwevatambi kunze kwokutsvaka kushandisa vaAmerica vavhoti.

Chechipiri, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokunyora mashoko kungaita kuti zvive nyore kuti vamiririri vazive kana kuongorora vasungwa. Kuedza kweFCC kutevedzera mitemo yeSTIR/SHAKEN yokurwisa kuvhima mabhora ehotera kungaita kuti zviome zvikuru kumanikidza vavhotera kuvanza kuti vazive kuti vanobva kupi.

Chechitatu, zvisarudzo zvedare munharaunda dzine chokuita nomutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika zvingapesvedzera kuti nhau dzokunzvera dzinosundwa sei. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro pakuziviswa kwemibato yemari, kutaura kwenhema muvhoti, uye kutaura kusingazivikanwi zvose zvine revo dzinobvira dzokumanikidza kuvhotera. Vatsigiri pamativi ose sezvingabvira vangaedza miganhu yemiganhu iripo kupfurikidza nerondedzero yemuitiro.

Pakupedzisira, kuoma kwemashoko anosarurwa kunowedzera kungasunda nhimbe kuzvimiro zvakanangidzirwa zvikuru uye zvinogona kuparira kurukurirano. Sezvo nhimbe dzinokudziridza mano okuziva uye mashoko munhu mumwe nomumwe anovhota ane zvinhu zvaari, musiyano pakati penyengetedzo yapamutemo nokunyengera kunova kwakaoma kukwezva. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvichada kuchinjira kuaya mano matsva nepo zvichiremekedza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Kuvhota kwakawanda kunoshanda pamutemo pamhatsa yekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, dziviriro yavatengi, uye perero yesarudzo. Nepo muitiro wacho uchifarikanya dziviriro yakati pasi peFirst Amendment, matare navakuru vakuru vakaziva kuti unogona kudarika mipimo yapamutemo apo kunobatanidza kutaura kwenhema, miitiro inonyengera, kana kuti kukundikana kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Basa remitemo yenyika nerokudzika mutemo kunopesana rinoparira kusazivakanirwa kwemakwikwi echirongwa nenzvero, asi rinopawo mikana yezvinetso zvapamutemo nokuchinja mitemo.

Kunzwisisa pamutemo uye kuomerera kutsika dzenyanzvi kunogona kubatsira kudzivisa kudhura uye kuchengeta chivimbo chevavhoti. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nemazano ezvematongerwe enyika zvichiramba zvichichinja, kuramba uchiziviswa nezvezviitiko zvepamutemo munharaunda ino kucharamba kuchikosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anokoshesa kusarudza kwakarurama uye kunopenya.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] mipimo yesangano rehurumende pakusunda kuvhota, [[FLT]FEC] zviwanikwa zvapamutemo pakurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinyorwa zvedare resarudzo zvinowanika kupfurikidza ne Conference of State Legislatures.