Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa nhau dzedare renhau dzinokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anoda kunzwisisa ukuru hwakazara hwekodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvemitemo zvakaumba nzanga yeAmerica zvikurukuru, zvichirondedzera miganhu pakati porusununguko rwomunhu nechiremera chehurumende. Kuvambira padare kusvikira kuupenyu hwezuva riri rose, iyi nhau inopfuurira kupesvedzera mararamire edu, basa, uye batira pamwe namatare emitemo namasangano ehurumende. Iyi nhungamiro ine revorongedzero hurusa yeDare Rapamusorosoro iyo yakadzivirira uye yakakudza rusununguko rwavagari vemo, ichivimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nheyo dzapamutemo dzorusununguko rwavo.

Hwaro Hwokutonga Kwezvinhu Zvine Simba muUdzori hweAmerica

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvepanyika zvinobva kakawanda kuDare Rapamusorosoro, zvichibatira somupikisi wokupedzisira wemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo muUnited States. Idzi nhau dzinotanga mienzaniso yapamutemo iyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera, kuchitanga gadziriro inowirirana yokududzira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Nheyo yeizvi zvisarudzo inotambanukira kure kupfuura dare, ichitapura mamirioni eAmerica muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.

Basa reDare Gurusa mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe rakava nomuuyo mukuru munhau yose yeAmerica. Nepo zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakasimbisa miitiro yokusasarura, Dare rakashanda nenzira inowedzera somuchengeti wekodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko, zvikurukuru kuvambira pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 zvichienda mberi. Kushandiswa kweDare kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga uye rusununguko kubva pakati pamazana amakore e20 kusvikira kumavambo echi21 kunopesana zvikuru nemitemo yaro isati yavapo uye chifo cha. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi uye denho dzinopfuurira mukudzivirira maruramiro emitemo.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Namaruramiro Akafanira Egadziriro

Gidheoni Wainwright: Kodzero yokumirira pamutemo

Imwe yenhau dzinochinja zvikurusa mururamisiro yeAmerica ndiGideon v. Wainwright (1963). Gideon kana kuti Wainwright ane mutoro wokuchinja gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nokupa vapomerwi utsotsi kodzero kugweta, kunyange kana vasingagoni kubhadhara imwe pachevo vamene. Mhaka iyi yakavamba apo Clarence Earl Gideon, mukwiridziridzi wemhosva akapomerwa mhosva nedare muFlorida, akakumbira kuti dare rigadze gweta kuti rimumiririre. Apo chikumbiro chake chakarambwa, akamanikidzwa kuzvimirira amene pakutonga uye pakupedzisira akawanirwa mhaka.

Dare racho rakataura kuti Dare Rechitanhatu rine kodzero yokubatsira pazano rinoshanda pakutongwa kwemhosva uye kuti “vatongi mudare revapari vemhosva vanodiwa, kwete zvoumbozha. ” Chisarudzo ichi chakakurumbira chakaziva kuti pasina kumiririra zviri pamutemo, vakwirirwi havagoni kutongwa zvakanaka, pasinei zvapo nemhosva yavo.Mutongo wacho wakabvuma kuti mutemo wakaoma zvikuru kuti vanhu vakawanda vaende nenzira inobudirira pasina rubatsiro rwenyanzvi.

Pamwe chete nekodzero yokubetsera vapomerwi vehurumende, chisarudzo chaGidheoni chakava nomuuyo wokuwedzera gadziriro dzavadziviriri vavose munyika yose. Uku kukura kwakachinja zvikurukuru nzira iyo ruramisiro youtsotsi inoshanda nayo muAmerica, kuvimbisa kuti urombo hwoga hahugoni kusarudza mugumisiro wemhosva. Nhasi, mahofisi avose anodzivirira aripo muhurumende iri yose, achigovera ratidziro yapamutemo kumamirioni avakwirirwi avo vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta.

Miranda b. Arizona: Kudzivirira Kuzvidzivisa

Zvichida hapana nhau yeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa yakava yakasimba zvikuru mutsika yakakurumbira yeAmerica kupfuura Miranda neArizona (1966) yakabvuma, ichiita kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzawo asati abvunzurudzwa.

Dare rakawana kuti Dare reNhevedzo reshanu nerechitanhatu rinoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanhu vari muchitokisi kuti vane kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye kubetserwa negweta. "Miranda" nyevero dzinozivikanwa" idzo vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanodzokorora pakusungwa ($") iwe une kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara. Zvose zvaunotaura zvinogona uye zvichashandiswa mudare remitemo. Une kodzero yokutaura negweta")

Maererano neDare, kana mapurisa akakundikana kuita kudaro, mutongi wedare angatonga kuti mashoko api naapi anotaurwa nomupomeri wacho haagoni kubvumwa seuchapupu.

Map v. Ohio: Kutonga kweExclousionary

Zvinhu zvinowanikwa zvisiri pamutemo hazvigoni kushandiswa mukutongwa kwoutsotsi, mukuwirirana nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro muMap v. Ohio (1961). Iyi mhaka yakabatanidza Dollree Mapp, ane imba yakanzverwa namapurisa asina kutongobudisa rugwaro rune pamutemo rwokunzvera. Mukati mekunzvera, vakuru vakuru vakawana zvinhu zvinonyadzisa ndokumusunga.

Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma ndokushandisa mutemo wokubvisa mutemo kubva muWeeks v. United States (1914). uyu mutongo wakabvumikisa kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye nhunzvi haugoni kushandiswa mukurwisana navakwirirwi mumatare outsotsi ehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zveMappe zvinovimbisa kuti kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo hakungovi kwepfungwa chete asi kune nzira dzinoshanda dzokuita kuti vanhu vatevedzere zvinhu.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika uye Kudzivirirwa Zvakaenzana Mumutemo

Brown v. Board of Education: Ending Secoration

Brown Board of Education (1954) inomira sechimwe chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusasa rapashure zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Iyi nhau yakadenha zvakananga "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPlessy v. Ferguson (1896), iyo yakanga yabvumidza dzinza kuva dzinza munzvimbo dzavose kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore. Chisarudzo chaBrown chakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti muganhu wedzinza muzvikoro zvavose wakaputsa Exme Protection Clauslee of the 144th Amend Amend Amend Amendment.

Dare rakaziva kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvine muganhu wetsika dzakanga dzisina kuenzana, pasinei zvapo nokuti zvivako zvokunyama nezviwanikwa zvakanga zvakaenzana here.Ichi chisarudzo chakabvuma kuvadziko yendangariro nenzanga yakaitwa norudzi rwehurumende, kuchiratidzira nhambo yechinjo musangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Brown v. Board yeDzidzo yakagovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwokubvisa mitemo Jim Crow muSouth yose uye kufuridzira nhamburiko huru dzokuwana chiverengero chakaenzana kwedzinza.

Kuitwa kwaBrown kwakatarisana nokupikiswa kukuru munyika dzakawanda, kuchida kupindira kwehurumende kuti kuitirwe kuti pave nemitemo yokubvisa rusaruro.

Virginia Ane Rudo: Kodzero Yokuroora

Muna 1967, Loving Virginia akasvika kuDare guru, iro rakawana nokubvumirana mutemo waVirginia unorwisana nehurumende kuva usingawirirani. Murangariro mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren wakazivisa kuti mutemo weVirginia navamwe vakafanana nawo hauna kubatira donzo rine mufungo kunze kwokusimbisa rusaruro rwedzinza. Iyi mhaka yakabatanidza Richard naMildred Lovel, vaviri vedzinza rimwe chete vakapomerwa mhaka yeutsotsi nokuda kwokuroora mukupunzwa kwerati reractical Irce Act yeVirginia.

Uyezve, akarangarira kuti mitemo yaidzosa roorano dzamadzinza akasiana yakanga iri kuputswa kwakajeka kweMutengidziri Claus. Dare rakaziva roorano sekodzero inokosha isingagoni kuganhurirwa pamiganhu yedzinza. Iyi chisarudzo chakaputsa mitemo inorwisana nemitemo munyika dzine gumi netanhatu, ichisimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora munhu wechisarudzo chomunhu ikodzero huru yavagari vemo.

Nheyo dzakatangwa muLoving v. Virginia dzakatambanudza kupfuura ganhuriro dzakavakirwa padzinza. Muchisarudzo cheObergefell muna 2015, Dare rapamusoro reHurumende rakakurira ganhuriro dzehurumende, mvumo dzehurumende paroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano. Naizvozvo, Obergefell akataura kuti kusarura vanhu vakavakirwa patsika dzavo dzevatano kana vachida kuroorwa nomumwe munhu wevatano yakafanana. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo dzakatangwa nokuda kweboka rimwe dzinogona kukudzwa kudzivirira vamwe.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nenhaka Yavo

Hadzisi zvisarudzo zvose zveDare Rapamusoro zvakasimudzira maruramiro avagari vemo.

Chisarudzo chacho chakapinza rusarurano rwakapararira rwavanhu vatema mudzimba, basa, uye upenyu hwavose izvo zvakavaganhurira kuvagari vemo veboka rechipiri murutivi rukuru rweUnited States kutozosvikira kubudiswa kwomutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo muma 1960. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvinogona kuganhurira maruramiro pamwe chete nokuawedzera, zvichisimbisa ukoshi hwokungwarira kupfuuridzirwa mukudzivirira rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa mhinganidzo idzi kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kurwisa kwenguva refu kodzero dzevanhu uye kukosha kwechiito chemitemo apo mishonga yokutonga inobvumikisa kuva isina kukwana.Mutemo weCivil Rights wa1949 pakupedzisira wakaita izvo Chiratidzo cha 1875 chaisagona kuita, uchishandisa simba reCongress kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika panzvimbo pokutsamira chose chose paKirendment yechi14.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Kwerusununguko: Kutaura, Kubudisa, uye Rudzidziso

New York Times v. Sullivan: Rusununguko rwePress

Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment nhasi kungapa masangano ezvinobudisa nhau rusununguko rukuru, asi ikoko kwakanga kusina kudaro muma 1960 apo kodzero dzezvinobudisa nhau dzakaganhurirwa zvakakomba nemitemo yehurumende iyo yakadzivirira nhamba dzavose padzinopomerwa. Mhaka ya1944 yeNew York Times v. Sullivan yakachinja zvikuru iyi nzvimbo.

Sullivan akakwidza Times apo New York Times yakabudisa kuzivisa kunotsigira Martin Luther King Jr. uye kutsoropodza Montgomery, hofisi yamapurisa yeAlabama. Montgomery Police Commissioner L.B. Sullivan akakwidza Times nokuda kwerishel, achidudza zvisakarurama zviduku murugwaro rwekuzivisa, zvakadai senhamba yenguva dzaMambo dzakasungwa. dare reAlabama rakapa Sullivan $50 000 — yakaenzana neinodokusvika mamirioni $5 muna 2023.

Kuti abvumikise kutendeka, mukuru mukuru wavose anofanira kuratidza kuti chakataurwa pamusoro pavo chakaitwa neutsinye chaihwoihwo, Dare Gurusa rakatonga. Uyu “utsinye hwechiito" hunoda chibvumikiso chokuti mukwiridziri aiziva kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuita nokusakendenga zvokwadi. uyu bhawa rinodzivirira gakava ravose rakasimba netsoropodzo yavakuru vakuru vehurumende, achiziva kuti zvikanganiso zvechokwadi hazvidzivisiki muhurukuro yavose yakasimba.

Chisarudzo cheSullivan chinovimbisa kuti vanobudisa nhau vanogona kuita basa ravo secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende pasina kutya rutongeso runokuvadza nokuda kwezvikanganiso zviduku. Iyi dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwemagazini anonzvera nokuzvidavirira kwavanhu, vachibvumira vagari vemo kugamuchira mashoko ari madikanwa nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwokuziva kwehurumende.

Des Moines: Vadzidzi Vane Kodzero Dzokutaura

Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vadzidzi havana ku‘bvisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura... pagedhi reimba yechikoro" mumhaka yechiratidzo yeTinker v. Des Moines (1969). Iyi mhaka yaibatanidza vadzidzi vaipfeka zvisungo zvitema kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam uye vakaturikwa nokuda kwokuramba kuzvibvisa.

Somuuyo, Dare rakawana kuti kutaura kwavadzidzi kwaigona bedzi kurambidzwa kana kukadzongonyedza zvomenemene muitiro wedzidzo. Nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina ufakazi hwenyongano yakadaro, chikoro chakanga chiri mukuputswa kworusununguko rwokutaura rwokutanga. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvumikisa kuti vadzidzi vachengete maruramiro emitemo muchikoro, kunyange zvazvo aya maruramiro angadzikamiswa mukurwisana nebasa redzidzo rechikoro.

Tinker yazova nhau huru yedenho dzipi nedzipi dzekodzero dzechikoro dzinotsamira paFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo chinoziva kuti zvikoro hazvisi mativi anodzivirira padziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kuti kodzero dzavadzidzi dzinofanira kuremekedzwa kunyange mukati medzidzo. Iyi nheyo yakaumba zvinoitika zvisingaverengeki zvinobatanidza kutaura kwavadzidzi, kubva kumapepanhau echikoro kusvikira kukutaura kwepaIndaneti.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Norusununguko Rwomunhu Oga

Kodzero yeBumbiro Romutemo Yokuva Woga

Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti "prigacy" risingabudi muBumbiro reMitemo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoparira nzvimbo dzakavanzika dzinodzivirira utongi hwomunhu oga. Idzi maruramiro akavanzika akatorwa muDzidzo Yokutanga, Yechitatu, Yechina, Yeshanu, uye Ninth Amendments, pamwe chete neState Procession of 1450th Resting Claus.

Kuzivikanwa kwekodzero idzi kunoratidza kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo ndezvemunhu oga uye zvinokosha zvokuti hurumende haifaniri kupindira pazviri kunzi hazvikodzeri.

Kudzivirirwa Kwechina Kwe Amendeji

Kuongorora kweChina kweEndment kunodzivirira vagari vemo pakutsvaka kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari, kuchida kuti mutemo urambidzwe kuwana magwaro anobvira akavakirwa pazvikonzero zvinenge zvichikonzerwa usati watsvaka zvinhu zvavanhu.Vadzidzi vane kariro yakaderedzwa yokuva voga kuchikoro.Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti kodzero dzake hadzina kuputswa sezvo vadzidzi vakaderedza kariro dzokuvandika kuchikoro, sezvakasimbiswa muNew Jersey v.T.L.O. (85).

Nyaya iyi inoratidza kuti kodzero dzakavanzika hadzina kuzara asi dzinofanira kuva dzakadzikama pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha, zvakadai sekotsekano yechikoro nechirango. Dare rakatanga gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzokunzvera apo kunzvera kunova kune mufungo, kurangarira zvinhu zvakadai senzvimbo yokutsvaka, kunyengera kwenzira yokutsvaka, uye ruramiso yehurumende yokuitisa kunzvera kwacho.

Kunzwisisa Kudzivirirwa kweGendement yeChina kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva pavanogona kuramba kuongorora uye apo mutemo unorambidza urongwa hwemitemo wadarika miganhu yemitemo.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nedzikamo Yesimba

McCulloch v. Maryland: Federal Supremacy

Chisarudzo cheMcCulloch chakagadza nheyo mbiri dzinokosha dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo dzinopfuurira nhasi: masimba anoreva noukuru hwehurumende. Iyi nhau 1819 yakamuka apo Maryland akaedza kubhadhara Bhangi reChipiri reUnited States, uye Dare Rapamusoro raifanira kusarudza kana Congress yakanga ine chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chokuumba bhangi renyika yose uye kana hurumende dzaigona kubhadhara mitero yehurumende.

Murangariro mukuru weMutongi John Marshall wakatanga kuti Congress ine masimba anoreva kupfuura ayo akadudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, akatorwa muChinodikanwa neChinowirirana Claus. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisawo kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa kupfuura mutemo wenyika unorwisana, uchidzivisa hurumende kudzongonyedza mabasa ehurumende apamutemo. Idzi nheyo dzinoramba dziri hwaro hwokunzwisisa ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Gibbons v. igwa: Chiremera Chokutengeserana Claus

Dare rakati ibasa rehurumende yehurumende kudzora kutengeserana uye kuti hurumende dzehurumende hadzigoni kutanga mitemo yadzo dzimene inodzorwa nezvokutengeserana. Uyezve, Dare rakagadzira rondedzero huru ye "commerce," richifunga kuti shoko racho raibatanidza zvinopfuura kungotengesa nokutenga. Uku kududzirwa kukuru kweChomark Clausle kwakabvumira Congress kukurukura nhau dzemari yenyika uye, muzviitiko zvakazotevera, kurambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose.

Simba reGibbons richiri kunzwika nhasi sezvarinopa hurumende yehurumende ine simba guru rokudzora kutengeserana kwezvemari. Uyu murangariro mukuru wesimba rezvokutengeserana rehurumende wakashandiswa kururamisa mhatsa huru yomutemo wehurumende, kubva kumirau yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, ichiratidza kuti kududzira kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende kunopfuurira sei kuumba utongi hwazvino uno.

Nhau Dzakapesvedzera Kunzwisisa Kunotevedzerwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Drad Scott v. Sandford: Njodzi Inotyisa

Hadzisi nyaya dzose dzinoratidza kuti ruramisiro yatongeswa. Chisarudzo chaDred Scott cha 1857 chinomira sechimwe chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa chinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Mutongi mukuru Roger Brooke Taney akanyora pfungwa yevakawanda, umo Dare raidavira kuti hapana munhu mutema, angava akasungwa kana kuti akasununguka, aigona kuva mugari weAmerica. Chisarudzo ichi chakaramba Dred Scott, murume akaiswa muuranda uyo akanga agara mundima dzakasununguka, kodzero yokukwidza rusununguko rwake mudare rehurumende.

Akatonga kuti varanda vaiva pfuma, kwete vagari vemo, vachitorera Dare chiremera chokuisa mitemo inonyima varidzi vavaranda vavo vohunhu kunzi “vakanaka. ” Chisarudzo chacho chakarerutsa Missouri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye nenzira inobudirira kurambidza Dare kurwisana nouranda mundima ipi neipi yeU.

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, ichi chisarudzo chakabviswa neMitemo yeChine Chitatu neYegumi Negumi nerechina kuMatemo. Mhaka yaDred Scott inobatira sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chokuti Dare Rapamusoro harisati richikanganisika uye kuti chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzingava dziri madikanwa kururamisa zvikanganiso zvedare. Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa ukoshi hwegadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo uye kurwisa kunopfuurira kuzadzika chipikirwa cheBumbiro remitemo cheruramisiro yakaenzana.

Plegsy v. Ferguson: Akasiyana asi Akaenzana

Inopfuura makore gumi pashure pokunge The Civil Rights Cases yasarudzwa, Dare rakapfuurirazve muPlessy v. Ferguson kutonga "kugarwa kwenzvimbo kwavose mudzimba dzavose kwakanga kuriwo pamutemo". Ichi chisarudzo cha 1896 chakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana wairaira motokari dzenjanji dzakasiana nokuda kwavatema navachena, uchitanga dzidziso "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" yaizoruramisa kugarwa kweanenge makore makumi matanhatu.

Mutongi John Marshall Harlan akapesana kuti mutemo unofanira kutsigirwa, achitaura mukupesana kumwe kuti, "mumurangariro weBumbiro remitemo, mumurangariro womutemo, hakuna munyika ino boka guru, rinotonga, rinodzora ravagari vemo. Bumbiro reMitemo yedu rakapofumadzwa neruvara, uye harizivi kana kuti kushivirira mapoka pakati pavagari vemo. Nemhaka yekodzero dzavagari vemo, vagari vose vakaenzana pamberi pomutemo. Kuramba Harlan, kunyange zvazvo kuchirambwa neboka rake, nheyo dzakajeka idzo pakupedzisira dzaizokurira muBrown v. Board of Education.

Chisarudzo chaPlesby chakagonesa makumi amakore orusaruro rwakaitwa nehurumende norusarurano, chichiratidza kuti dudziro dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa dzinogona sei kufambisira mberi kana kuti zvimwe kudzongonyedza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Kunyanyoshandiswa kwePlesty kunoratidza kuti nzwisiso yebumbiro remitemo inoshanduka - shanduka uye kuti kuramba uchitaura zvisiri pamutemo kunogona kutungamirira kururamiso yekusaruramisira kwakapfuura.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Dzomutemo Dziri Kushandiswa

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Kudzivirira kwokutanga rusununguko rwokutaura ndeimwe yemikana inokosheswa zvikurusa yeAmerica, asi haisati iri yakakwana. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga miedzo yakasiana - siana nedzidziso kusarudza apo kutaura kunodzivirirwa uye apo kungaganhurirwa. Kutaura kunodzivirira kunobatanidza kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mabasa ounyanzvi, kutaura kwokufananidzira, uye kunyange mirangariro inozvidza kana kuti isingafarirwi.

Zvisinei, mamwe mapoka okutaura anowana dziviriro shomanene kana kuti haatongowani dziviriro, kubatanidza tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandurwa kuchiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, ruzvidzo, kuzvidza, uye kunyengera.

Dziviriro dzerusununguko rwokutaura dzinowanzoshanda kuganhuriro dzehurumende, kwete ganhuriro dzomunhu oga. Vashandirwi vomunhu oga, zvikamu zvesociation, uye mamwe masangano asiri ehurumende havamanikidzwi neFirst Amendment, kunyange zvazvo vangazviisa pasi pedzimwe ganhuriro dzapamutemo. Uyu musiano unokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa mwero wamaruramiro okutaura munzanga yazvino uno.

Kuwana Nguva Yokuva Woga

Kodzero idzi dzinosanganisira zvisarudzo zvine chokuita noukama hwemhuri, kuberekana, kuzvitonga, uye kushamwaridzana kwepedyo. Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe zvokuti munhu anofanira kuzvisarudzira pasina kupindira kwehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa panzvimbo dzinooneka, mashoko, uye zvinotaurirwa zvinoda kuti pave nemitemo yokuongorora misha yakawanda uye migumisiro yomunhu oga, nepo mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende inodzora kuti hurumende nesangano ravanhu inogona sei kuunganidza, kushandisa, uye kugoverana mashoko emunhu oga. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runowedzera, mutemo wekuzvimirira unoramba uchichinja kuti ugadzirise zvinetso zvitsva zvakadai sokuongorora mashandiro ekombiyuta, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, uye mashoko anobatsira kuongorora zvinhu zvipenyu.

Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzezvakavanzika dzinosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Vanhu kazhinji kazhinji vane kariro huru zvikuru dzokuva voga mumisha yavo kupfuura munzvimbo dzavose, uye mibato yakati ingawana dziviriro shoma kupfuura vamwe.Kuziva iyi mifungo kunobetsera vanhu kuita zvisarudzo zvine mufungo pamusoro pokudzivirira kuva kwavo voga uye kuputswa kunodenha.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Gemendment ye14 Aumeters Auncial Protection Claus inorambidza kutaura nezvokuramba kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwomunhu upi noupi kwemitemo. Iyi gadziriro yave iri fandesheni inodenha rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe mavara. Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana yokunzvera zvichitsamira parudzi rwekusarudzwa kunobatanidzwa.

Marudzi anogoverwa anogamuchira "nzvero hurusa," mupimo unoraira zvikurusa wehwirudzuro, unoda hurumende kubvumikisa kuti kurongwa kunobatira fariro inogombedzera uye kwakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Mativi anogoverwa anogamuchira "nzvero yemitengi," anoda fariro inokosha yehurumende newirirano pakati pechinjo iyoyo. Dzimwe ganhuriro dzinogamuchira "hwaro hwechikamu chapamberi," kunoda bedzi kuti kurongwa kwacho kuve kune chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nedonzo rehurumende rapamutemo.

Kunzwisisa mitemo yokudzivirira yakaenzana kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva rusaruro rusiri pamutemo uye kutsigira kubatwa zvisina kunaka.

Kodzero Dzegadziriro Dzinofanira Kuitwa

Hurumende yeshanu neyegumi namana inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Muitiro wakafanira une zvose zviri zviviri zvikamu zvetsika nezviduku. Muitiro wakafanira unoda miitiro yakarurama hurumende isati yagona kutorera mumwe munhu fariro dzakadzivirirwa, zvakadai seziviso nemukana wokunzwa.

Gadziriro yakafanira inodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga padzongonyedzo yehurumende pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Iyi maruramiro anobatanidza rusununguko runodudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo pamwe chete namaruramiro asina kuiswa anokosha kurusununguko. Dare Gurusa rakaziva kodzero dzakafanira dzokuroora, kurera vana, kuramba kurapwa kusingadikanwi, uye zvimwe zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga.

Vadzidzi vane maruramiro akati egadziriro. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga nokuda kwavadzidzi, richiti kana hurumende yangopa dzidzo nokuda kwavagari vemo vayo vose, haigoni kuvanyima iyo pasina kuva nechokwadi chedziviriro dzakakodzera dzemuitiro, sekwakagadzwa muGos v. Lopez (1975). Iyi nheyo inotambanukira kupfuura dzidzo kusvikira kubetsero ipi neipi yehurumende kana kuti fariro yakadzivirirwa.

Mhindumupindu Inopfuuridzirwa Yamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuva Nezvakatangira

Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rinodzokorora uye pane dzimwe nguva kudarika zvisarudzo zvakapfuura, kuratidzira mipimo yenzanga inochinja, nzwisiso itsva dzeidi, kana kuti uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga. Nepo nheyo yokutarira (kurangarirazve muenzaniso) ichisimudzira dzikamo nokudeya kuonwa, Dare rakaziva kuti mimwe mienzanisiro ingava ine mhosho kwazvo zvokuti inofanira kuputsirwa.

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akava nenharo dzinokosha pamusoro pebasa rakafanira romuenzaniso uye apo rinofanira kudzorwa. idzi nharo dzinotapura maruramiro makuru uye dzinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru zvikuru pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti maruramiro anozivikanwa neDare Rapamusorosoro angada kurangarirwazve, zvichiita kuti kupfuurira kuva nounyanzvi nokungwarira kuve kunokosha.

Ruzivo Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunoparira denho itsva dzokushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa munguva dzakasiyana. Kukurukurirana neMazioni, kunyora mutsetse, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuchera mashoko, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye dzimwe kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Hurumende inogona kumanikidza vanhu kuti vavhure zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakubudisa mashoko akanyorwa pafoni kana kuti mashoko echinzvimbo chehurumende here?

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirirawo rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Vagari vanofanira kuziva zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, sezvo mutemo wehurumende ungagovera mishonga apo mutemo wehurumende usingadaro.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kudzivirira Nayo Nomutsigiri Wamaruramiro Avo

Kuziva Apo Kodzero Dzinoputswa

Vagari vemo vanofanira kuzvidzidzisa kodzero dzavo mumamiriro ezvinhu anowanzoitwa akadai sokukurukurirana nemitemo, kukakavadzana kubasa, kutsigira hurumende, uye kudzidziswa.

Kana kuputswa kwekodzero kukaitika, mishonga yakasiyana - siyana ingavapo.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisi dzokuzviparadza. Dzinoda kuzvidzivirira nokuvimbisana kwehurumende, kusanganisira kuvhota, kuonana nevamiririri vakasarudzwa, kutora rutivi mumasangano anotsinhira vanhu, uye kutsigira masangano anotsigira rusununguko rwevanhu.

Vagari vemo vanogonawo kutsigira kuzvimirira kwokutonga uye mutemo nokunzwisisa basa rematare mukudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda

Masangano akawanda anogovera zviwiro nokuda kwokunzwisisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Bill of Rights Institute, National Constitution Center, uye masangano akasiana - siana eyamuro yapamutemo. Mapoka aya anopa zvinhu zvedzidzo, zvinokutungamirira zvinoziva kodzero dzako, uye betsero yapamutemo nokuda kwaavo vane maruramiro akapunzwa.

Kuverenga zvisarudzo zvedare chaizvo zvinobatsira vanhu kunzwisisa kuti nyaya dzinotevedzerwa nemitemo dzinoshandiswa sei panyaya dzakananga.

Zvikoro zvemitemo, mayunivhesiti, uye masangano enzanga kazhinji kazhinji zvinogovera makosi namapurogiramu pamusoro pomutemo webumbiro remitemo nekodzero dzevanhu.

Kutora Nzvimbo Huru Nokuda Kwokudzivirira Rusununguko Rwako

Kubva pakodzero yepamutemo yokumiririra mumhosva dzematsotsi kuenda kurusununguko rwokutaura uye kudzivirirwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo, zvisarudzo izvi zvinorondedzera ukama huri pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende. Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunopa vanhu simba rokuziva kodzero dzavo, kuziva kupunzika, uye kuita chiito kuti vadzivirire rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo.

Kodzero dzinokosha zvikurusa dzakatangwa nenhau dzechiratidzo chenhau dzinobatanidza:

  • Rusununguko rwokutaura nokutsikirira – runodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment nezvinoitika zvakadai seNew York Times v. Sullivan naTinker v. Des Moines, vachibvumira kurukurirano yavose yakasimba netsoropodzo yehurumende
  • [ Kururama nokuva woga – Kubva mugadziriro dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo uye kudzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga padzongonyedzo dzehurumende
  • dziviriro yapamutemo pasi pomutemo - yakasimbiswa neMendezo yeMitemo ye14 neichisainwa kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvakadai seBrown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia, ichidzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza namamwe mavara akadzivirirwa
  • Kuda kuita kodzero [ - Kutsvaka miitiro yakarurama hurumende isati yagona kutorera vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha padzongonyedzo dzehurumende
  • Muitiro worurimi unodzivirira - Inobatanidza maruramiro ezano (Gideon v. Wainwright), Miranda nyevero (Mura v. Arizona), uye mutemo wokubvisa (Mapp v. Ohio), achivimbisa kubatwa kwakarurama mutsika yeruramisiro
  • Kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha yepfambi - Yakasimbiswa neGaramende yeChina uye inoda zvibvumikiso zvakavakirwa pachisakiso chingabvira nokuda kwokunzvera kukurusa

Pasinei nokuti vanoshanda sei pakuchengetwa kwemutemo, kufambiswa kwedzidzo, kutaura norusununguko, kana kuti kuita zvisarudzo, vagari vemo vanobatsirwa nedziviriro dzinoitwa nebumbiro remitemo dzinotangwa nenyaya dzinoratidza zvinhu zvinokosha.

Zvisinei, kodzero hadzisi dzokuzvidzivirira uye dzinoda kuzvidzivirira. Vagari vanofanira kuramba vachiziva pamusoro pedziviriro dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo, kuziva apo dziviriro idzodzo dzinoputswa, uye kuita chiito chakafanira chokureverera maruramiro avo. Ikoku kungabatanidza kutsvaka betsero yapamutemo, nyunyuto dzokusasarura, kupinda mukuva muzivikanwo, kana kuti masangano anotsigira anodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Kududzira kweDare Rapamusorosoro kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kunopfuurira kushanduka, kuratidzira mipimo inochinja yenzanga, ruzivo rutsva, uye uzivi hwakasiana. Chinoramba chiri chinodikanwa kuti vagari vemo vanzwisise maruramiro avo ndokutora rutivi mumuitiro wedemokrasi uyo unoumba mutemo wemitemo yemitemo yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza munhau dzechiratidzo chetsika nokugara vanobatanidzwa nekurukurirano dzazvino uno dzebumbiro remitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti chipikirwa chorusununguko neruramisiro nokuda kwavose chinova chinhu chaichoicho nokuda kweAmerica iri yose.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nenhau dzeDare rapamusorosoro, shanyira U.S. Courts Educational Revolutions, National Constitution Center[, kana kuti [[FLT]BRENAN Center yeChirevo cheMutongi[. Masangano aya anogovera mito inowedzera yenzwisiso yenzira iyo nhau dzinodzivirira nayo rusununguko rwavanhu nemutemo weAmerica.

Kunzwisisa nyaya dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakatoitika hakungovi kungodzidzisi chete, uye kunokosha kumunhu wose anoda kudzivirira rusununguko rwake uye kutora rutivi zvizere muhurumende yeAmerica.