Table of Contents
Rusununguko rwokutaura runomira sechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa zvenzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye basa rehurumende mukudzivirira iyi maruramiro anokosha harigoni kunyanyotaurwa. Kodzero yokutaura mirangariro nepfungwa pasina kudzongonyedzwa, matsive kana kuti chirango zvinobva kuhurumende zvinoumba mavambo ehurukuro yakazaruka, kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinodzivirira sei, dzinodzora, uye dzinodzikamisa kodzero dzokutaura zvakasununguka kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anokoshesa nheyo dzehurumende nerusununguko rwevagari vemo.
Kunzwisisa Rusununguko Rwokutaura: Nheyo Dzebumbiro reMitemo
Gadziriro Yokutanga yeBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States inodzivirira maruramiro orusununguko rworudzidziso norusununguko rwokutaura kubva kudzongonyedzo yehurumende. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, iyi gadziridzo inogadza miganhu yakajeka pasimba rehurumende.Congress haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidzwa kwokushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurirwa rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvinobudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo.
Nepo kugadziridzwa kwacho kuchidudza zvakajeka Congress, Dare rakarangarira First Amendment serinoshanda kuhurumende yose yehurumende kunyange zvazvo ichingoshanda bedzi zvakajeka kuCongress, uye The Cendrom Procesme yeKineth Claussendment seinodzivirira kodzero muFirst Amendment mukudzorwa nehurumende.
Zvaiitirwa Zvifeve
Shoko rokuti "rech" rinodudzirwa nenzira yakafara uye rinobatanidza mashoko anotaurwa nakanyorwa pamwe chete nokutaura kwokufananidzira (zvikurukuru, izvo munhu anopfeka, zvinorava, zvinoita, kunyunyuta, uye zvakawanda). Iyi dudziro huru inovimbisa kuti zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zveratidziro zvinogamuchira dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo, kubva mukuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kusvikira kukuita kwounyanzvi.
Kazhinji kazhinji, kungareva kuti hurumende ingasaisa mhaka pavanhu kana kuti pamasangano akavakirwa pane zvavanotaura kana kuti zvavanonyora, kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana.iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kunyange kukutaura uko vakawanda vanoona kusina kunaka.
Kubvira muma1920, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatanga kuverenga First Amendment zvakafara, uye izvi zvakawedzera muma1960.
Mabasa Makuru Ehurumende Mukudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Hurumende dzine mitoro yakawanda pakureva nezvokuva nechokwadi chorusununguko rwokutaura nokuda kwevagari vose.
Kutanga Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Zvakajeka
Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende kuvamba nokuchengeta gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinonzwika idzo dzinorondedzera nokudzivirira maruramiro okutaura. Nemhaka yeKineth Amendment, maruramiro eFirst Amendment ebumbiro remitemo erusununguko rwokutaura norusununguko rwendangariro anoshandawo kuhurumende nenzvimbo. Masangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorambidzwa kudzora kana kuti kuganhurira kutaura kana kuti kutaura kana kuti mamwe mashoko akavakirwa pazviri mukati mayo kana kuti murangariro.
Mumakumi amakore okududzira kodzero idzi, matare akatanga mipimo inochinja - chinja inobetsera kusarudza apo kutaura kunodzivirirwa uye apo kungaganhurirwa nenzira yapamutemo.
Kudzivisa Kutungamirirwa Nehurumende
Basa rehurumende rinokosha nderokurega kuongorora kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti murangariro.
Musengwa wehurumende unotambanukira kumapazu ose namasangano. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakajekesa kuti dziviriro yeFirst Amendment yakasununguka yokutaura inoshanda kumapazu ose, kwete bedzi mubatanidzwa wemitemo, uye masangano ose ehurumende pamwero upi noupi (hurumende, nzvimbo, zvichingodaro). Naizvozvo, First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yedu yokutaura norusununguko kupfurikidza nokurambidza chiito chehurumende pamwero upi noupi unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura.
Kudzivirira Kodzero Yokugamuchira Mashoko
Rusununguko rwokutaura runobatanidza kwete bedzi maruramiro okutaura asiwo maruramiro okugamuchira mashoko. Dare Rapamusorosa rakasimbisazve kuti maruramiro okugamuchira mashoko ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. apo yakarangarira kana boka rechikoro romunzvimbomo rakaputsa Bumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokubvisa mabhuku muraibhurari yechikoro. Muchisarudzo ichocho, Dare Rapamusorosaidzo rakarangarira kuti "kodzero kugamuchira pfungwa idikanwo kukushandiswa kune revo kwamaruramiro ake amene okutaura, tsikirira, uye rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika."
Nheyo iyi ine revo inokosha kumasangano ehurumende akadai seraibhurari nezvikoro, umo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kusanodzikamisa mitoro yavo yokutarisira nemisengwa yebumbiro remitemo kuti vachengetedze mifungo yakasiana - siana nemashoko.
Kusagona Kutaura Kwakarurama
Hurumende ine kodzero yokurambidza mamwe matauriro mashoma asingadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment.
Marudzi Okutaura Kusingadzivirirwi
Dare Rapamusoro Rakaziva kuti First Amendment inobvumira ganhuriro pamusoro pezviri mukutaura zvinopinda mumapoka mashomanene akaganhurirwa, kubatanidza zvinonyadzisa, zvinonyadzisira zvavana, kuzvidza, kunyengera, kunyandura, mashoko okurwa, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye kutaura zvinokosha kumufambiro woutsotsi.
Zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zveDare zvinoratidza kusada kuwedzera mamwe marudzi matsva okutaura kunze kwokungotaura uye kuda kutsanangura mapoka mashoma emashoko akangotangwa kare mumutemo weFirst Amendment.
Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo
Chimwe chezvisingabvumirani zvinokosha zvikurusa chinobatanidza kutaura kunonyandura mubato wapakarepo usiri wapamutemo. MuBrandenburg v. Ohio (11969), ikoku kwakaganhurirwa kumupimo wa "kusateerera mutemo kwakatanhamara", neDare Rapamusorosa richidzosa kutenderwa kweboka reKu Klux Klan nokuda kwa "chisimba...... somutoo wokuita nawo chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika" nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwavo pamusangano hakuna kuratidzira nokukurumidza, kana kuti vavariro yapedyo, kuita masimba masimba.
Iyi mirau inoisa ganhuriro yakakwirira nokuda kweganhuriro yehurumende. Dare Gurusa raidavira kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kuputsa mutemo "kunze kwepo kutendeudzirwa kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro" namamwe mashoko, hurumende ingaranga "kurambidza kuiswa kwe‘kudzora [pa] chaita chiito chokusateerera mutemo, ’ uye sezvingabvira kuita saizvozvo," asi kazhinji kazhinji ingasadzivisa kana kuti kuranga "kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti masimba masimba."
Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema
Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichigona kudzora kutaura kwenhema kwakati, Dare Repamusorosoro rave richingwarira kuganhurira kupesana uku.
Kureva nhema kwakanyanya kudzivirirwa, kunze kwokuzvidzwa, kubiridzira, kushambadzira kwenhema, kunyengera, uye kunyepa pari kupfuurira hurumende yehurumende.
Pakunouya kukuzvidza, muzvinoitika apo kutaura kwacho kune chokuita nomumiririri wehurumende kana kuti munhu, mubatanidzwa wacho anozvidza unofanira kuratidzira kuti mukurukuri akaita ne‘utsinye hwechiito, ’ ndiko kuti, zivo yokuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kuzvidza kwenhema kana kuti kwokusangwarira pamusoro pezvokwadi yako kana kuti nhema.
Uori uye Zvinonyadzisira Zvevana
Zvisinei, tsananguro yezvinonyadzisa haichinji uye yakananga, inoda kuti zvinhu zvitatu zviitwe neDare Rapamusorosoro.
Nhau Chaiyo Yokutaura Kworuvengo
Kusiyana nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, United States haizivi kuti kutaura kworuvengo kunopesana.MuUnited States, kutaura kworuvengo kunowana dziviriro huru muFirst Amendment, yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti harisi basa rakafanira rehurumende kuedza kudzivirira vanhu papfungwa uye pfungwa dzavanowana dzisingafarirwi, dzisingagamuchiriki, kana kuti kunyange zvinogumbura zvikuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, basa rehurumende nderokudzivirira rusununguko rwekutaura rwavanhu munhamburiko yokubvumira kuratidzirwa kwepfungwa isingafarirwi neinoshora uye kukurudzira kusimba panhau dzeitiro hanya kunyange apo kurukurirano yakadaro inoparira kutaura kunorwisana navose inoita kuti ive noutsinye kana kuti kuvenga kunoparira vamwe kurwadziwa, kutsamwa, kana kuti kutya.
Kutyisidzira kwechiHindu hakubviri neFirst Amendment pamwe chete nedzimwe tyisidziro, uye kutaura kwokutuka kwourudzi somunhu oga kungarangwa pamwe chete namamwe mashoko okurwa.
Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu
Kunze kwokusiyana chose, hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pamusoro pokuti ndirini, kupi, uye sei kutaura kunoitika, kana idzi ganhuriro dzichisvitsa mipimo yakati yebumbiro remitemo.
Mitemo Isina Kupindira
Hurumende ingaganhurira kazhinji kazhinji nguva, nzvimbo, kana kuti mutoo wokutaura, kana ganhuriro dzacho dzisina kubatana neizvo kutaura kwacho kunotaura ndokusiya vanhu vane dzimwe nzira dzakaringanira dzokuratidzira nadzo mirangariro yavo. Idzi ganhuriro dzinofanira kuva dzinogutswa nedzisina revo, kureva kuti havagoni kudenha mirangariro chaiyo kana kuti nhau.
Dare rakachengetwa muCox v. New Hampshire kuti kuti richengetedze chengeteko yavose, ganhuriro panguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo dzaibvumirwa kutaura. Iyi ganhuriro dzinowanzova pamutemo chero bedzi dzisati dzakavakirwa pazviri. Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo huru yokutarisira fambiro mberi ndokuvimbisa chengeteko yavose, asi harigoni kuramba mvumo yakavakirwa pashoko reratidziro.
Mitambo Yavose Nezvinhu zveHurumende
Mwero wekutaura kwokudzivirira kunowanzogamuchirwa unotsamira pakwaiitika. Kutaura pamigwagwa yakagadzirwa nehurumende uye mumapaki (zvinonzi "maForum egamuchidzanwa") kwakadzivirirwa pakudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende sekutaura panzvimbo yomukurukuri amene. Iyi nzanga yavanhu yegamuchidzanwa yave ichiwanika kare nokuda kwegungano ravose nekurukurirano, uye hurumende inotarisana neganhuriro dzakasimba pakuganhurirwa kwekutaura muidzi nzvimbo.
Zvisinei, hurumende ine mwero wakati kuti(kunyarara) simba rokudzora kutaura kunoshandisa zvinhu zvehurumende. Vashandi vehurumende, somuenzaniso, vangadzingwa nokuda kwokutaura zvinhu zvinodzongonyedza kushanda zvakanaka kwomushandirwi. Elementi, muduku, uye vadzidzi vechikoro chapamusoro zvikuru vangarangwa nokuda kwokutaura zvinhu zvine ngozi zvikuru kudzongonyedza muitiro wedzidzo kana kuti nokuda kwokushandisa zvisakafanira kuchikoro.
Kudzikamisa Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nezvimwe Zvinofadza
Rimwe remabasa akaoma zvikuru ehurumende nderokudzikamisa kodzero inokosha yokutaura nehurumende ine kodzero, kusanganisira kuchengeteka kwevanhu, kuchengeteka kwenyika, uye kodzero dzevamwe.
Kufunga Nezvechengeteko Yenyika
Kunyange apo chengeteko yenyika inenge iri mungozi, hurumende inotarisana neganhuriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusorosa rakarangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo kubudiswa kwamashoko akagoverwa kutoti ichigona kuratidzira kuti kubudiswa kana kuti kuparadzirwa kwamashoko iwayo kuchaparira ngozi yakajeka uye yazvino yokukuvadzwa kukuru kuchengeteko yenyika.
Kudzivisa Chisimba Paunenge Uchidzivirira Kutaura
Hurumende inofanira kusanosiyanisa pakati pomutauro unotsigira masimba masimba nokutaura kunonyandura bedzi kuita kwoutsinye. Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogumbura vamwe uye kunyandura masimba masimba kunodzivirirwa. Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti vapanduki vanorwisana nevatano havagoni kunyaradzwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti vapfuuri vanogamuchira mutauro wavo nechisimba. Iyi nheyo, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "heckler’s trap," kudzivisa vateereri vane utsinye kudzivisa kutaura kwakaipa kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira masimba masimba.
Mutoro wehurumende mumigariro iyi kudzivirira vakurukuri pamasimba masimba, kwete kunyaradza. Uyu musengwa wakasimbiswa mukati mesangano reCivil Rights, apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurira zvitendero zvokuputswa kwerugare zvavadzidzi vanopfuura zana vakanga vafamba vachienda kuSouth Carolina house, vachitsutsutsumwa nokutakura zviratidzo zvakadai se "Kudzika Negwenya". Dare rakataura kuti hurumende yeSouth Carolina haingagoni kukanganisa rugwaro rwerugare rwemirangariro isingadiwi."
Mitemo Yemashoko Yezvekutengeserana
Kutaura kuzivisa chinhu kana kuti basa kunodzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo, asi kwete zvikuru serimwe divi. Iyi dziviriro yakaderedzwa inobvumira hurumende rusununguko rukuru zvikuru kudzora kushambadza kwezvokutengeserana, zvikurukuru kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa. Kutaura kwebhizimisi kune basa rakasiyana nerekusarudza kutaura kwakasununguka. Nepo pasina vatsigiri vakakwana, pamutemo vanoiziva seyave ya "ichikudzivirira kwadzikira".
Hurumende inogona kurambidza kushambadza kwenhema uye inoda kuziviswa kwakati mune zvekutengeserana pasina kuputsa First Amendment.
Zviito Zvehurumende Kutsigira Nokudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kunze kwokugadza dziviriro dzapamutemo, hurumende dzinotora matanho akasiyana - siyana okubvuma kutsigira uye kuchengetedza rusununguko rwokutaura munzanga yose.
Kudzivirira Vatori Venhau Norusununguko Rwezvinobudisa Nhau
Pasinei zvapo nokusanzwisisana kwakakurumbira, kodzero yorusununguko rwenhau runovimbiswa neFirst Amendment haina kusiyana zvikuru nekodzero yokusununguka kutaura. Inobvumira munhu kuzvitaura amene kupfurikidza nokubudiswa nokuparadzirwa.
Nepo isingapi mitezo yezvinobudisa nhau kodzero dzipi nedzipi chaidzo kana kuti ropafadzo dzisingapiwi vanhu vose zvavo, hurumende ine mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chokuti vatori venhau vanogona kuita basa ravo rinokosha vasingatyi kutsiva kana kuti kunzvera.
Kuongorora Nokutaura Nezvemari
Hurumende dzinofanira kungwarira nokushingaira masangano adzo dzimene navakuru vakuru kudzivisa kuongororwa kusingawirirani.Izvi zvinobatanidza kutanga miitiro yokutarisira, kunzvera kunyunyuta kwokuputswa kwekodzero, uye kuita chiito chokururamisa apo vakuru vakuru vanodarika chiremera chavo. Nhungamiro dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura dzakasimbisa ukoshi hwokudzivisa kunzvera hurumende, nemirau yakananga kukuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna pfuma yehurumende inoshandiswa kuganhurirwa kutaura.
Kusimudzira Kuziva Vanhu Nedzidzo
Hurumende dzinogona kutsigira kunzwisisa nheyo dzeFirst Amendment kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvedzidzo, mapurogiramu emashoko avose, uye dzidzo yehurumende muzvikoro.
First Amendment inodzivisa masangano avanhu kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira rusununguko rweFirst Amendment kupfurikidza nokugadza gadziriro inorondedzera kodzero dzokutsoropodza uye mitoro pamusoro pokutaura norusununguko rwechitendero.First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yokushandisa rusununguko irworwo, uye inotsigira kuremekedza kodzero yevamwe yokuita zvakafanana.
Kuedza Kuwana Nhamba Dzavose
Hurumende dzinofanira kuchengetedza uye kugovera nzvimbo dzavose dzegamuchidzanwa umo vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzokutaura.Idzi dzinosanganisira mapaka, migwagwa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzavose dzakabatira kare senzvimbo dzehurukuro yavose negungano.
Zvinhu Zvinokosha: Vashandi Vehurumende Nevadzidzi
Mamwe mapoka ane kodzero dzakasiyana dzokutaura zvichienderana noukama hwawo nehurumende, zvichiita kuti pave nezvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana zvokutaura nehurumende.
Kodzero Dzokutaura Dzavashandi Voruzhinji
Vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevashandi vane kodzero dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita First Amendment kupfuura vaya vanoshanda muchikamu chehurumende, uye hurumende ine simba guru rokudzora matauriro evashandi vayo, kunyanya kana kutaura ikoko kuchikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka pabasa kana kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwebasa.
Zvisinei, hurumende ingabvunzawo kuti vashandi vayo vakanaka sei uye kuti vanoshanda sei, asi inofanira kuita kudaro nenzira isingaisi pangozi zvisina kufanira kutaura uye kodzero dzokuronga vanhu ivavo.
Kutaura Kwevadzidzi Mumiganhu Yedzidzo
Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose namayunivhesiti vanofarikanya dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwedziviriro idzi huchisiyana nemwero wedzidzo uye mashoko akapoteredza. mayunivhesiti avose akadai seIowa State anodzorwa neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongwa muFirst Amendment, dzose dziri mbiri mumutemo wehurumende/utongi, uye angasavhiringidza rusununguko rwomunhu rwomunhu rwokutaura.
Pamwero weK - 12, zvikoro zvine chiremera chikuru zvikuru chokudzora kutaura kwavadzidzi, zvikurukuru apo kunoparadza mhoteredzo yedzidzo. Zvisinei, vadzidzi havarasikirwi namaruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo pasuo rechikoro, uye zvikoro zvinofanira kusanodzikamisa basa ravo redzidzo nekodzero dzinotaurwa dzavadzidzi.
Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pamusoro Pedziviriro yeHurumende Yokutaura Kwakasununguka
Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezveUnited States, zvinokosha kuziva kuti hurumende munyika yose dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura zvakasiyana. Rusununguko rwokutaura runozivikanwa sekodzero yevanhu pasi penyaya 19 yeUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. Iyi mvumo yenyika yose inogadza kutaura kwakasununguka sekodzero inokosha yavanhu iyo hurumende dzinofanira kudzivirira.
Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinodzikamisa kutaura kwakasununguka mukurwisana nemimwe mipimo nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana. Dzimwe nyika dzine ganhuriro huru dzokutaura kunovenga, mitemo inozvidza zvikuru, kana kuti ganhuriro huru zvikuru pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura United States. Kunzwisisa iyi misiano yamarudzi ose kunobetsera kujekesera zvisarudzo zvinoitwa mukuedza dziviriro dzakasununguka dzekutaura uye kutengeserana zvinobatanidzwa mumitoo yakasiana - siana.
Nyika dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzine dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzemitemo nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka, matare anozvimirira okushandisa idzi kodzero, uye mashandiro evagari vemo kuti vapikire kuongororwa kwehurumende.
Ganhuriro Dzechiremera cheHurumende: Musiyano Wesekete
A critical aspect of understanding the government's role in protecting free speech is recognizing where that role ends. The First Amendment only prevents government restrictions on speech. It does not prevent restrictions on speech imposed by private individuals or businesses.
Facebook nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga dzinogona kudzora kana kuganhurira kutaura panzvimbo dzavo nemhaka yokuti masangano akavanzika. Kutsauranisa uku kunokosha kumutemo weFirst Amendment. nepo hurumende isingagoni kuongorora kutaura kwakavakirwa pamurangariro, makambani akavanzika, masangano, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe kazhinji kazhinji vanogona kudzora kutaura panzvimbo dzavo vamene nezvinhu.
Iyi ganhuriro inoshanda kuchiito chehurumende, inozivikanwawo sechiito chehurumende. Hachiwanzotambanudziri zviito zvamasangano avanhu. Asi, Dare Gurusa rakaisa musiyano wakamanikana kuti rishandise ichi chirambidzo kuvatambi vakati vomunhu oga nezviito zvinoganhurira rusununguko urwu. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza zvikurukuru masangano avanhu ari oga anoita mabasa ehurumende egamuchidzanwa kana kuti kuita mutsinhirano yapedyo navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
Zvinetso Zvinovapo Munguva Ino Yokudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwamazuva ano uye zvinhu zvinochinja magariro evanhu zvinopa hurumende matambudziko matsva adzivirirwa kuti dzisataura zverusununguko asi dzichitaura zvinhu zvine musoro zvinokonzera kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza, mashoko asina kururama, uye kunetswa paIndaneti.
Kukurukurirana Nemakombiyuta uye Kubudisa Mapurogiramu Enzanga
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo idzi dzinowanzova masangano asingadzorwi neFirst Amendment, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende yezvikuva izvi uye kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kudzora sei zvisarudzo zvine mwero vasingaputsi mitemo yemitemo.
Hurumende dzinofanira kushandisa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti kana kubatanidzwa kwadzo nezvikuva zvadzo zvomunhu oga kukadarika mutsetse kupinda mukuongorora kusina pamutemo.
Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka
Zvisinei, First Amendment inomanikidza chiremera chehurumende kudzora kutaura kwenhema. Sezvambotaurwa, kutaura kwenhema kuzhinji kunodzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo, kunze kwezvakaipa chaizvo zvakadai sokubiridzira uye kuzvidza.
Hurumende dzinofanira kutsvaka nzira dzokusimudzira nadzo mashoko akarurama uye mashoko asina kururama okutsigira pasina kuongorora.Izvi zvingasanganisira kupa mashoko akarurama kupfurikidza nemikoto yehurumende, kutsigira dzidzo yokudzidza kuverenga nokunyora, uye kuva nechokwadi chokujeka mukurukurirano dzehurumende, nepo dzichiremekedza kurambidza kwebumbiro remitemo paganhuriro dzekutaura dzinotsamira pazviri.
Kurwisa Mari Nekutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika
Dare Repamusorosoro rakataura kuti ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemipiro ndezvoku "kutaura" mukati merevo yeFirst Amendment nemhaka yokuti zvakaitirwa kuita kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuve nyore kunoitwa navanoda zvamatongerwe enyika navamwe.
Kupesana kuripo pakati pokudzivisa uori nokudzivirira kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri nhau inokosha.
Kutonga uye Kududzira Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo
Dare rinoita basa rinokosha pakuchengetedza hurumende kuti dziite zvadzinofanira kuita kuti dzidzivirire rusununguko rwokutaura.
Nzvero Yakakomba Nokuda Kweganhuriro Dzakavakirwa Pazviri
Sezvo mitemo yakavakirwa pazviri yakananga kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati mayo zvokukurukura, izvo zvinoruramiswa nenzira isina mufungo bedzi kana hurumende ikabvumikisa kuti yakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro dzomugariro dzinogombedzera. Ruramisiro rwokutaura runobva mugutsikano kana mutemo uchishanda kukutaura chaiko nemhaka yemusoro unokurukurwa kana kuti pfungwa kana kuti shoko rinotaurwa.
Kana matare akanyatsoongorora, hurumende ine mutoro wokuratidza zvose zviri zviviri kufarira kunomanikidza uye kuti kurambidza kwacho inzira shomanana yokuwana nayo kufarira ikoko.
Kushandura Kududzira Nenhema
Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States kazhinji kazhinji rakaparapatika kusarudza icho chaizvoizvo chinoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Kupfurikidza nenhau nemhedziso, matare anotanga ndokunatsa nheyo dzinodzora dziviriro yokutaura kwakasununguka. Uyu muitiro wemhindumupindu unobvumira dzidziso yebumbiro remitemo kuchinjira kumigariro mitsva apo inochengeta kutendeseka kunheyo huru.
Zvisarudzo zvemabhii zvakaumba kunzwisisa kwedu kodzero dzokutaura, pakudzivirira kutaura kwokufananidzira kwakafanana nokupisa mureza kusvika pakugadza mipimo yemari yokudzora nhimbe.
Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokudzivirira Hurumende Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Zvichitsamira pamitemo yebumbiro remitemo uye nzira yokutonga, zvirongwa zvakati kuti zvakanakisisa zvinouya nokuda kwehurumende dzinotsvaka kuita zvadzinofanira kuita kuti dzidzivirire kutaura kwakasununguka.
Kufarira Kutaura
Hurumende dzinofanira kushanda nechimiro chakasimba mukutsigira kudzivirira kutaura, dzichiganhurira kutaura apo bedzi kunobvumirwa zvakajeka nemhesano yebumbiro remitemo yakasanogadzwa. Apo kupanikira, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kukanganisa kurutivi rwokubvumidza kutaura panzvimbo pokukudzvinyirira.
Panzvimbo pokupinda mukunzvera nokudzvinyirira kuti afambisire mberi mipimo nezvitendero zvomunhu, Mutongi weDare Rapamusoro Louis Brandeis anopa zano vanhu vanogara muUnited States kuti vapedze misiano yavo mumipimo norudaviro kupfurikidza nokutendeukira ku "kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kugombedzera kunyarara. ” Iyi nheyo inofanira kutungamirira chiito chehurumende, ichikurudzira kurukurirano inorwisana neyavose panzvimbo pokunzvera.
Maonero Aunoita Kusatora Rutivi
Hurumende padzinofanira kudzora kutaura, dzinofanira kuita kudaro nomutoo wokusatora rutivi. Miganhu yakavakirwa pamurangariro kana kuti shoko rokutaura inonyumwirwa zvikuru uye inotarisana nomwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wokunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo. Kunyange apo dzinodzora mapoka asina kutsaurwa ekutaura, hurumende hadzigoni kusarura pamurangariro.
Kutungamirira Kusingachinji uye Kurambidza Kudya Nhumbu
Zvirambidzo zvipi nezvipi pakutaura zvinofanira kusanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro dzepamutemo dzehurumende ichishandisa nzira duku dzinoganhurira dzinowanika.
Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira
Zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura kutaura zvinofanira kuva zvakajeka uye zvinofanira kuongororwa nevanhu vose. Apo vakuru vakuru vanoita zvisarudzo pamusoro peganhuriro dzokutaura, zvinofanira kugovera pembedzo dzakajeka ndokubvumira kusimbiswa navanhu nokuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga. Miitiro yokuzvidavirira inobetsera kuvimbisa kuti simba rehurumende harishandisiswi zvisina kufanira kunyaradza vatsoropodzi kana kuti kudzvinyirira mirangariro isingafarirwi.
Kurovedza Nedzidzo Yevakuru Vakuru
Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kudzidziswa mitemo yeFirst Amendment uye zvavanosungirwa kuti vadzivirire rusununguko rwokutaura.
Basa Renzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemasangano Okuva Mudzori
Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ine mutoro mukuru wokudzivirira kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko, masangano enzanga anoita basa rinokosha rokutsigira. Mapoka akadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Foundation for Indivint Rights and Express, uye masangano akasiyana - siyana anobudisa rusununguko anotarisira zviito zvehurumende, anodenha ganhuriro dzisina maruramiro apamutemo, uye anodzidzisa vanhu pamusoro penheyo dzakasununguka dzokutaura.
Masangano aya anoshanda semakambani anorinda, achiunza zvinetso zvepamutemo apo hurumende dzinodarika miganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye dzinotsigira mitemo inosimbisa kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka.
Sangano renyanzvi dzevanyori venhau, magweta, vadzidzisi, uye mamwe mapoka rinobatsirawo kudzivirira kutaura pachena nokutanga tsika dzakanaka, kutsigira uye kutsigira nhengo dzinoongorora, uye kutsigira mitemo inotsigira hurukuro yavose.
Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi Yedziviriro Yokutaura
Sezvo chaunga chinoshanduka - shanduka nedenho itsva zvinomuka, basa rehurumende mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka richapfuurira kuchinjira. Miitiro nenhau dzinoverengeka sezvingabvira dzichaumba zvinoitika zvomunguva yemberi munharaunda iyi.
Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Zvesayenzi
Kubatanidza ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu seuchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, chaizvoizvo, uye nzvimbo dzokukurukurirana dzakanaka kuchapa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuti nheyo dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoshanda sei munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nekombiyuta. Hurumende dzichada kugadzira gadziriro dzokudzivirira kutaura kutsva uku dzichikurukura zvinetso zvine musoro pamusoro pezvatinenge tichitaura nezvadzo uye zvatinenge tataura.
Mashoko Enyika Yose Anoyerera
Intanevhi yakaita kutaura kwechokwadi munyika yose, ichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende dzinogona kudzivirira nayo kodzero dzokutaura dzevagari vemo kana zvikapesana nemiganhu. Kushandira pamwe uye kushandira pamwe kungawedzera kuva kunokosha kukurukura nhau dzokutaura dzinoda kutevedzana asi dzichiremekedza nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutaura.
Kudzikamisa Kodzero Munyika Dzakasiyana - siyana
Vanhu vakasiyana - siyana vangatarisira zvakasiyana - siyana nezvekutaura kwakakodzera, uye hurumende dzinofanira kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana dzichichengetedza mitemo inodzivirira kukanganisa kana kuti kukanganisa.
Matanho Anoshanda Kuti Vagari Vemo Vadzivirirwe Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru wokudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, vagari vemo vanobatsirawo pakuchengetedza kodzero iyi inokosha.
Ramba Uchiziva Nezvekodzero Dzako
Vagari vemo vanofanira kuzvidzidzisa nezvekutaura kwakadzivirirwa, kuti pane zvazvisingagoni kuita, uye kuti vangada kuitei kana kodzero dzavo dzikatyorwa.
Rovedza Kodzero Dzako Nenzira Ine Mufungo
Kugara uchishandisa kodzero dzako dzokutaura kunobatsira kuti urambe uine tsika yakasimba yokutaura pachena, kupinda misangano yavose, kuva nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kushandisa mashoko anotaurwa nevakuru vakuru.
Tsigira Vamwe Kodzero Yokutaura
Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kunoreva kudzivirira kodzero dzaavo musingabvumirani navo. Vagari vanofanira kudzivisa muedzo wokutsigira kuongororwa kwemirangariro yavanowana kuva isina kunaka, vachiziva kuti ganhuriro dzanhasi pakutaura kwakaipa dzinogona kuva ganhuriro dzamangwana dzekutaura kwavo vamene. Kutsigira nheyo dzokutaura norusununguko kunyange apo vanodzivirira kutaura kunogumbura zvinosimbisa gadziriro yose inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu ari wose.
Ita Kuti Hurumende Ive Nokuzvidavirira
Vagari vanofanira kuongorora zviito zvehurumende zvinokanganisa kutaura norusununguko uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire pavanoputsa mitemo yebumbiro remitemo.
Kupedzisa: Kuzvipira Kumashoko Akasununguka Kunoramba Kuchiitwa
Basa rehurumende mukuvimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura nokuda kwomunhu ari wose rinobatanidza zvakawanda uye rinopfuurira. Kunoda kutanga dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakajeka, kurega kunzvera, kudzikamisa nokungwarira fariro dzinokwikwidzana, uye kusimudzira nokushingaira mhoteredzo umo kutaura kwakasununguka kunogona kubudirira. Kusarudza chiri uye kusadzivirirwa kunochengetwa kumatare omutemo, kuvimbisa kuti kutungamirira dare kwazvimirira kunodzivirira pavhozhekeri vehurumende.
Nepo denho dzichipfuurira uye nhau itsva dzichibuda nguva dzose, nheyo dzinokosha dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose: hurumende dzinofanira kudzivirira maruramiro okutaura pfungwa pasina kutya kutsiva, kuchengeta kusatora rutivi kwemirangariro mumirau ipi neipi iri madikanwa, uye kuchengeta kunyanyova nesimba nokuda kwehurukuro yavose.Idzi nheyo hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo mitoo yapamutemo asi nheyo dzinokosha dzouzivi hwesimba routongi hwavanhu norusununguko rwomunhu oga.
Kudzivirirwa kwokutaura kwakasununguka kunoda kungwarira kubva kumativi ose enzanga − vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, vatongi vanosungisa ganhuriro idzodzo, vatsigiri vanodenha kuputswa, uye vagari vemo vanoshandisa nokudzivirira maruramiro avo.
Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzokutaura dzakasununguka nedziviriro, shanyira U.S. matare ezviwanikwa zvedzidzo, Cornell Legal Information Institute yeFirst Confsionsion , Constitution Center yeNational Constitution [], [[FLT], , Biblic Library's Association yeAmerican restrustration Association [, uye [[FLT:] .FUP] .[FLT] .[FLT]G]
Kudzivirirwa kworusununguko rwokutaura hachisi chinhu chinoitwa chisingazivikanwi asi muitiro unopfuurira unoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kugadzirika, uye kuzvipira. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka uye nzanga ichichinja, ukoshi hunokosha hwekodzero iyi hunoramba husingachinji. Nokunzwisisa basa rehurumende mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka uye kubatanidzwa nokushingaira mukuchengetwa kworusununguko urwu runokosha, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvichagara nhaka nzanga umo manzwi akasiyana - siyana anogona kunzwika uye kukura zvikuru.