Table of Contents

Geneth Amendment inomira seimwe yewedzero dzinochinja zvikurusa nedzine muuyo kuBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Yakapfuudzwa neCongress June 13, 1866, uye yakatendera July 9, 1868, Amendment yechi 14 yakatambanudza rusununguko nekodzero zvakapiwa neBill of Rights kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. Uku kugadziridzwa kwaidzokororwa zvikurukuru kuva mugari weAmerica, kodzero dzavagari vemo, uye ukama pakati pehurumende. Kunzwisisa Iwechigumi naMazana echigumi naMazana anomwe kunokosha nokuda kweAmerica, sezvo gadziriro dzayo dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, dziviriro dzapamutemo, uye kurondwa kupfuurira kwouenzani mumutemo.

Nhoroondo uye Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Kurerutswa

Dambudziko Rehondo Rapashure

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakatangwa mukati me 39 Congress (11865-1867) mukupindura migariro inodzvinyirira yaiwanwa namamirioni eAfrica aichimbova varanda − yakaziva savanhu vakasunungurwa(vairarama muyaichimbova Confederacy). Pashure pomugumo weHondo yevagari vemo muna 1865, rudzi rwakatarisana nedenho dzisingaenzaniswi mukuvakazve nokuzvidzosera kumene. Hurumende yeKithmerfection yakanga yabvisa uranda, asi yakasiya mibvunzo yakawanda isina kupindurwa pamusoro penzvimbo yapamutemo nekodzero dzavanhu vaichimbova varanda.

Masangano ehurumende okuMadokero eruwa akasarudzwa mupurogiramu yaJohnson akanga asangana kuvamba nhevedzano yemitemo inonzi mabumbiro emitemo matema, iyo yakaganhurira maruramiro avaichimbova varanda. Iyi mitemo youdzvinyiriri yakatyisidzira kuvambazve mativi akawanda ouranda pasi pamazita akasiyana, kurambira maruramiro makuru evagari vemo veAfrica, mikana yemari, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo. Rupublican muCongress yakaziva kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakajeka zvikuru dzakanga dziri madikanwa kudzivirira rusununguko nokuenzana izvo Hondo yeChizvarwa chavagari-mo yakanga yarwirwa kuti isvike.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Nzira yokugamuchirwa kweKinaith Amendment yakaoma uye yaipomerwa mhosva mune zvematongerwe enyika. Muchinji wenzanga Robert Dale Owen akatungamirira chisarudzo kubatanidza zvikarakadzo kuva kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro rebumbiro remitemo kwakareba zvikurusa, achifunga kuti gadziriro dzayo dzakakurumbira dzaizochengetedza kugadziridzwa kwadzo kwose. Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakatanga kudzokororwa kusati kwasvika pachimiro chakwo chokupedzisira.

Mutungamiriri wehurumende weChikamu chokutanga che14 chePramende, anonzi Bingham wekuOhio, akavavarira kuti kugadziriswa kwechikamu chokutanga chePendezho kwechi14, kugadziridzerwa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu kuchiita kuti isungire hurumende.

Dare rairaira kuti yaichimbova Conferate izivise kuti Iweth Amendment semugariro wokuwanazve mumiririri wehurumende. Ichi chinodikanwa chenharo chakava nechokwadi chokugadziridza kugadziridza asi chakamutsawo nharo pamusoro pokururama kwaro dzakapfuurira kwamakore. Pana July 28, 1868, kugadziriswa kwechi14 kwakaziviswa, murugwaro rwoMunyori weHurumende, rwaisimbiswa ne 28 waMadokero 37, uye rwakava rutivi rwomutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Chikamu Chokutanga: Dziviriro Dzekasvinwa

Chikamu chokutanga cheKineth Amendment chine zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana - siyana zvazova nheyo dzomutemo wemitemo weAmerica.

Kunzi Claus: Kusarudza Kuti Ndiani Ari Mugari Wemo

Gadziriro huru yePendement yechi14 yakanga iri yokupa kuva mugari wemo ku "Vanhu Vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa vari muUnited States," nokudaro kupa ugari hwemo kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. Uku kutaura kwakapfava asi kune simba kwakapedza mumwe wemibvunzo inokakavadzana zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica uye kwakaramba zvakananga chisarudzo chine mukurumbira waDred Scott muna 1857.

Gadziriro dzougari hwemo dzeKinaith Amendment dzingarangarirwa sokurambwa kweimwe yenhau dzinopesana zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe. Mumutemo wavose, vanhu vakasununguka vakaberekerwa munyika kana kuti rudzi vakanga vari vagari vemo vayo. Zvisinei, mhaka yaDred Scott yakanga yazivisa kuti vagari veAmerica veAfrica havatongogoni kuva vagari vemo, pasinei zvapo nekwavakazvarirwa.

Nheyo youdangwe yakatangwa nechekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu makuru.

Zvinyorwa zveCongress zvinoratidzira kuti vimbiso yakafara ye14 yekodzero yokuva mugari wemo yaiitirwa nguva dzose kubatanidza vana vomunyika dzakatamira, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yapamutemo yavabereki vavo. Vagadziri venzvimbo yacho vainzwisisa kuti kuita mupimo wakajeka, une chinangwa nokuda kwougari hwemo kwaizodzivisa rusaruro rwomunguva yemberi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muvhu reAmerica vaizova vagari vemo vakaenzana.

Ropafadzo Kana Kuti Kuremekedza Claus

Ropafadzo kana kuti Kudzorwa kweHurumende inotaura kuti hakuna hurumende ichaita kana kuti kudzikamisa mutemo upi noupi uchafukidza ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States. Chitsama ichi chaifanira kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzougari hwemo kubva mukudzongonyedzwa nehurumende. Pakusuma chigadziriso, Sander Jacob Howard weMichigan akataura zvakananga kuti ropafadzo nemirairo yokudzivirira zvitsama zvichatambanukira kunyika "kodzero dzomunhu oga dzakavimbiswa uye dzakachengetwa nedzisere dzokutanga kugadziriswa."

Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakaganhurira zvikuru ukuru hwechikamu ichi pakuvamba munhau yacho. Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus akadudzirwa muSlaughter-Ianer Cases (1873) sedzinodzivisa hurumende pakodzero dzehurumende dzinodzorwa, dzakadai serusununguko rwokufamba. Iyi dudziro yakaganhurirwa yaireva kuti chitsama chisati chaizova chitsama chikuru chekodzero dzomunhu oga muchiito chehurumende, basa raizowira panzvimbo pezvo kuGwara reGumo reSault neFrease Claus Exal Protections.

Muitiro Wakafanira waClaus: Kudzivirira Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye Zvinhu

Chimwe chirongwa chaikoshawo kwaiva kutaura kwokuti “kana kuti nyika ipi neipi haizonyimi munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; ichi chitsama chinotambanudza gadziriro yakafanira yeFindre Amendment yeNhevedzo kumabasa ehurumende, kuchiumba mwero wakaenzana wetsika yokururamisira pamwero yose yehurumende.

Windowsce Procession Claus ine mitaro miviri yakasiyana: mutoo wakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira. Muitiro wetsika unoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, kunzwa, uye mukana wokunzwiwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina chiziva. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda muzvose zviri zviviri kurovererwa kwemhosva nenhau dzehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa nenzira yakarurama neinojekasa.

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba, wakakudziridzwa kupfurikidza nokududzira kweDare Rapamusorosoro, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga padzongonyedzo yehurumende pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Iyi dzidziso yakashandiswa kuziva kodzero dzisingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro okuva woga, maruramiro okuroora, uye maruramiro avabereki. Nepo muitiro wakafanira wapamberi pezvinoramba uchimutsa nharo, wakaita rutivi runokosha mukukudza rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe munhau yose yeAmerica.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Pamberi peKineth Amendment, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, uye haina kuganhurira masangano ehurumende.

Kupfurikidza neGast Process Claus, Dare rapamusoro-soro raka "batanidza" gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuti dzishande mukurwisana nehurumende. MuGitlow, Dare rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti Gitlow reMitemo yeMinei yakapamura rusununguko rwokutaura negadziriro dzinodhindirwa muBill of Rights kuti ishande kunyika imwe neimwe. Uyu muitiro wokubatanidza vasaruri wakapfuurira kwamakumi amakore, neDare rinosarudza kuti kodzero dzipi dzinokosha kwazvo zvokuti dzinofanira kudzivirirwa pakupunzirwa kwehurumende.

Nhasi, inenge gadziriro dzose dzeBill of Rights dzinoshanda kuhurumende dzehurumende kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment’s Access Claus. Ikoku kunomirira imwe yetapuro dzinokosha zvikurusa dzomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica, kuchiumba mubatanidzwa mukuru wedziviriro yekodzero munyika dzose dzine makumi mashanu uye zvikurukuru kushandura ukama hwehurumende nehurumende.

Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana: Nheyo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Weact Protection Claus inorambidza kutaura nezvokuramba munhu upi noupi ari mukati madzo kuti mitemo idzivirirwe zvakaenzana. Uku kutaura kwakapfava nenzira yokunyengera kwazova chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro remitemo chokurwisa rusaruro nokusimudzira kuenzana munzanga yeAmerica. Chitsama chinorayira kuti hurumende ibate vanhu vane nzvimbo dzakafanana, uye kuti kubatwa kwakasiana kupi nokupi kururamiswe namadonzo ehurumende apamutemo.

Kugadziridza, zvikurukuru chikamu chakwo chokutanga, ndichimwe chemativi akajeka zvikurusa eBumbiro reMitemo, chichiita hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvenhau zveDare Gurusa, zvakadai seBrown v. Board of Education (1954; kurambidza rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose), Loving Virginia (1967; kugumisa ganhuriro dzeroorano dzemadzinza akasiana - siana), Roe v. Wade (1973; anobvuma ... iyi mhaka inoratidzira basa guru reSuper Protection Claus Clauscesworce mukuita kuti kodzero dzavanhu nerusununguko rwavanhu.

Dare rapamusoro rakakudziridza mwero yakasiana- siyana yenzvero nokuda kwokuyera dziviriro dzakaenzana. Nzvero yakasimba inoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti mutoro iwoyo wakavakirwa pakodzero dzinokosha. Muuyu mupimo unoraira, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kuisa kwayo mativi ose kunobatira fariro inogombedzera uye kunosanogadziriswa kuti iwane fariro iyoyo. Nzvero dzemitengo yehurumende inoshanda kutsaraniswa kwevatano kana kuti pamutemo, ichida fariro inokosha yehurumende neukama hwakananga pakati pekusarudzwa nefariro iyoyo. Rationalnal factal facestion, mupimo unobatira kudzimwe gadziriro uye inoda bedzi kuti hurumende iratidze fariro yapamutemo nemufungo.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Zvichida hapana nhau inoenzanisira zviri nani simba rokuchinja reExpand Expand Claus pane Brown Court of Education v. Board of Education. Muichi chisarudzo chakabvumirana, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa Dare reMineith Amendment, richiputsa dzidziso ye "rose asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPneby v. Ferguson (1896). Dare rakaziva kuti kubvisa mukurumbira wakaderera kwakaparira shoko iro rakakuvadza vana veAfrica ndokuvanyima mabanza edzidzo akaenzana.

Brown akabatanidza sangano razvino uno rekodzero dzavagari vemo ndokuratidzira kuti Amendment yechigumi namana ingagona kushandiswa kubvisa urudzi hwegadziriro. Kuitwa kwechisarudzo kwakatarisana nechishoro chikuru munyika dzakawanda, asi kwakagadza nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti dzinza rehurumende rakaganhurirwa ravanhu harina kuenzana nenzira yamuzvarirwo uye naizvozvo harina kuwirirana netsika.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

MuLoving Virginia, Dare Rapamusorosa rakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yamarudzi, richitaura kuti mitemo yakadaro yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGuer Expression Claus. Dare rakaziva kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kusarudzwa kwedzinza mumitemo yeroorano hakuna kubatira donzo rapamutemo kunze kwokupfuuridzira ukuru hwevachena. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvisa mhinganidzo huru yapamutemo kuukama hwemarudzi ose uye chakasimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira maruramiro okuroora pasinei nedzinza.

Wong Kim Ark (1898)

Nyaya iyi yakaratidza kuti kuva mugari wemo pasi peCitizenshi Claus. Wong Kim Ark yakaberekerwa muSan Francisco kuvabereki vokuChina vakanga vasina kukodzera kupiwa mutemo wokuzvitonga mutsika dzenguva iyoyo. Paakadzokera parwendo rwokuChina, hurumende yakamuramba kuva mugari wemo, ichiti akanga asiri mugari wemo. Dare Gurusamende raidavira kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vakapiwa kodzero yokuva vagari vemo veGrandment ye14th Expression, pasinei zvapo nokuva vagari vemo kana kuti vaikwane kodzero yokuzvarwa sevanhu. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuti kuva mugari wenhaka ikodzero yepamutemo isingagoni kurambwa yakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti nyika.

Zvimwe Zvisakiso Zvinokosha

Dare re14th Amendment rave riri repakati pezvimwe zvisarudzo zvisingaverengeki zvinotevedzerwa. MuReed v. Reed (1971), Dare rakatanga kushandisa Ecult Protection Claus kukurira rusaruro rwevatano. MuObergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare rakaramba kuti Vatongi veSand Proces and Encial Protection Claus vasimbise vakwanyina voutere kodzero yokuroorana. Muna Gidheoni v. Wainwright (1963), Dare raibatanidza maruramiro eSix Demendement kukupa zano, richivimbisa kuti vatongi vemhosva vapiwedzero yepamutemo pasinei zvapo nokukwanisa kwavo kubhadhara.

Zvimwe Zvikamu Zve Amendeji Yechigumi Nezvina

Nepo Chikamu Chokutanga chichinyanya kufarirwa, Ivhu Repasi re14 rine zvimwe zvikamu zvina zvinotaura nezvezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa pashure peHondo uye zvinopa simba rokuita kuti pave neAssembly.

Chikamu Chechipiri: Mufananidzo uye Kupa Kodzero

Kugadziridza kwacho kwakatangawo mutoo mutsva wokumirira kutongwa kwedare, uyo une vavariro yokuranga utongi hwevagari vemo vechirume vakaparadzwa, nokudaro vachisimudzira kodzero dzokuvhota muAfrica. Chikamu II chinogovera kuti kana hurumende ikaramba kodzero yokuvhota kuvagari vemo vapi navapi vezera ramakore anopfuura makumi maviri (kunze kwokutora rutivi mukupandukira kana kuti mamwe utsotsi), kuti kumirira kwehurumende muCongress kuchader kuchaderedzwa mukuwirirana nemwero.

Urongwa uhwu hwakaitirwa kukurudzira nyika dzokuMadokero kupa kodzero dzokuvhota kuvarume veAfrica kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kuderedza simba ravo rezvematongerwe enyika kana vakaramba. Zvisinei, chikamu ichi hachina kutongoshandiswa nenzira inobudirira, uye nyika dzokuMadokero dzakawana dzimwe nzira dzokubvisa nadzo vavhoti veBlack kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhota, nzvero yokunyora nokunyora, uye masimba masimba. Nongedzero yakajeka ku "vagari vemo veAfrica" yakaratidzirawo nguva yokutanga Constitution yakatara kodzero dzokuvhota kupfurikidza nevatano, iyo yakaodza mwoyo vakadzi vanotsigira ndokupa muganhu wokupedzisira weAcentinth Amend Amend Amend Amend Amend Amend.

Chikamu Chechitatu: Kusawirirana neHofisi

Munhu upi noupi akanga aita kuti aita "kumukira kana kuti kupandukira" muUnited States(apo akanga aita mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo sechinzvimbo chehurumende kana kuti chinzvimbo chehurumende (*) akarambidzwa kuvhozhokera basa rakasarudzwa kutoti rabviswa neCongress. Urongwa uhwu hwakaitirwa kudzivisa vaichimbova vatungamiriri vanopindira muhurumende kuti vadzokere kusimba nokukurumidza uye vaseke nhamburiko dzokugadzirisa.

Chikamu Chitatu chinobvisa basa rinobva muhofisi yehurumende ipi neipi iyo, yaita mhiko kare yokutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, pakupedzisira yakabatanidzwa mukumukira kana kuti kupandukira United States kana kuti kupa yamuro kana kuti nyaradzo kuvavengi vayo. Dare rinogona kubvisa uku kurema kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu dzeimba imwe neimwe. Chikamu ichi chakashandiswa nokushingaira mukati mokugadziridza asi chakava chisitongoshandiswa kwerinopfuura zana ramakore. Zviitiko zvazvino uno zvine fariro yakamutsidzirwa muiyi gadziriro uye kushandiswa kwaro kunobvira kumigariro yapanguva ino.

Chikamu 4: Chikwereti Chavose

Chikamu China chinokurukura kuva nechikwereti chavose uye chinoramba zvakajeka chikwereti. Chinozivisa kuti kuva nomubereko wechikwereti chavose cheUnited States, kubatanidza zvikwereti zvakabhadharwa nokuda kwokubhadharwa kwemidyandigere nemhindu nokuda kwebasa mukudzvinyirira kana kuti kupandukira, hazvisati zvichizobvunzwa.

Iyi gadziriro yakava nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yehurumende yaizokudza zvikwereti zvayo zveHondo yeChivi Nevagari vemo nepo ichidzivisa hurumende ipi neipi yomunguva yemberi kupinza vaichimbova varanda nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwavo nezvinhu zvomunhu kana kuti kubhadhara zvikwereti zvehondo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Chikamu 4 chakataurwa mukurukurirano pamusoro pesirin yehurumende nomusero wehurumende kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo.

Chikamu Chishanu: Simba Rokumanikidza Romubatanidzwa

Pakupedzisira, yakapa simba kubvumira iyi gadziridzo, gadziriro yakatungamirira kukupfuudzwa kwomumwe mutemo unokosha muzana ramakore rechi 20, kubatanidza Civil Rights Act ya1964, uye Voting Rights Act ya1965. Chikamu 5 chinotaura zvakapfava kuti "Conrever ichava nesimba rokuita kuti, kupfurikidza nomutemo wakafanira, gadziriro dzeiyi nyaya."

Iri simba rokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichiitwa rave richikosha kuti pave nokudzivirira kwe 144t Amendment. Dare rakashandisa chiremera ichi kuisa mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu unobatanidza zvose unotaura nezverusaruraganda mumabasa, pokugara, pokuvhota. Chikamu shanu cheCongress chave chiri nhau yenharo inopfuurira, neDare Gurusaidzo pane dzimwe nguva ichiganhurira chiremera nepo pane dzimwe nguva ichinongedzera kukutonga kwemitemo pamusoro pokuti zvakanakisisa sei kudzivirira kodzero dzemitemo.

Kutapura kweAmerica kweMwedzero Yegumi Nemana

Kushandura Federal-State Relations

Chibvumirano che14 cheMitemo yeNyika Yenyika Chinochinja zvikuru kuenzana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.Pamberi pokuparadza kwayo, Bill of Rights yakadzvinyirira hurumende yehurumende bedzi, uye hurumende dzaiva nechiremera chikuru chokudzora kodzero dzevanhu vari munyika dzavo.

Kuchinja uku kwakanga kusiri kwokukurumidza kana kuti kwakakwana. Hakusi bedzi kuti Mutemo we14 Wevhu wakundikana kupfuudzira Bill of Rights kunyika; wakakundikanawo kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo veBlack. Nhaka yokugadziridza yakanga iri kurwisa kwakatsunga kwevagari vemo veBlack neWhite kuita kuti chipikirwa chePramende ye14 chive chechokwadi. Makumi amakore ePrimendement, mutemo, uye zviito zvenzanga zvakanga zviri madikanwa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ose okugadziridza.

Kufambira Mberi Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuenzana

Chifo chokutora kwaro muna 1868, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira nemitemo yakaenzana yeFirstment yechi 144 kukudza zvose zviri zviviri chiverengero noupamhi hwamaruramiro anodzivirira vanhu. Kupfuura kumwe kuchinja kupi nokupi, regumi namana rakagovera hwaro hwekodzero idzo vaAmerica vakarerutsa mukati mezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.

Kugadziridza kwacho kwave kuchibatsira mukubvisa rusaruro rwepamutemo, kugumisa mitemo yeroorano inosarurwa, kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota, kuvimbisa mabanza edzidzo akaenzana, uye kurwisa rusaruro rwevatano.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Vanhu vokuAmerica nhasi vanogona kuvimba nedziviriro dzemitemo dzepamutemo dzorusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, kudzivirira kutsvakurudza kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari, kodzero yokupa zano, uye dzimwe rusununguko runokosha, pasinei nokuti nderupi rwavanorarama mariri.

Windows Process Claus yakadudzirwawo kudzivirira kodzero dzisina kudzorwa nemitemo inodzorwa. Nheyo dzekodzero dzendangariro dzisingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Idzi dzinobatanidza maruramiro ekuva woga, kodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pomuviri womunhu, kodzero dzomubereki, uye kodzero yokufamba. Nepo ukuru hwekodzero idzi dzisina kudzorwa dzichiri kupokanidzwa, kuziva kwavo kunoratidza basa reKinneth Amendment rekudzivirira mukuchinjira pamutemo kumigariro yenzanga nemipimo.

Makakatanwa Nezvinetso Zvinotevera

Kuberekwa Nenguva Yakanaka Yokuva Mugari Wemo

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wakajeka weChivitity Clausse uye rinopfuura zana ramakore rokududzira kwadzo, kuva mugari wemo kwazova nhau yegakava rezvamatongerwe enyika mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Vamwe vakarangarira kuti chitsama chamashoko hachifaniri kushanda kuvana vanoberekwa kuvabereki vari munyika yacho nenzira isiri yapamutemo kana kuti yechinguvana. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzapamutemo nematare zvakaramba nguva dzose idzi nharo, zvichizivisa kuti mashoko egadziridzo haana kuvakirwa panzvimbo yokutama kwevabereki uye kuti chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidzira vavariro yavamiriri yokugadza chinangwa chakafara, mumupimo wougariki.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muUnited States neArk yakaratidza kuti kuva mugari wemo kunoitwa navana vanoberekwa muUnited States pasinei nokuti vabereki vavo vakaberekerwa kunzvimbo ipi kana kuti vanobva kumusha. Chinjo ipi neipi kuiyi nheyo inokosha yaizoda kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chinjo inoshamisa yenhau yeDare Rapamusorosare.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Norusaruro Rwazvino Uno

Sangano reFequement Protection Claus rinoramba richidiwa mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu panguva ino. Nemhaka dzenguva pfupi yapfuura dzakataura nezverusaruro rwakavakirwa pamaonero epabonde, kuzivikanwa kwevanhukadzi, urema, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Dare rinofanira kudzikamisa zvinodiwa nehurumende kuti zvisawirirane nekodzero dzevanhu kuti vabatwe zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Gadziriro dzechiito chokusimbisa dzakaparira kurukurirano huru zvikuru pamusoro perevo yedziviriro yakaenzana. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti miitiro inoziva dzinza iri madikanwa kupedza rusaruro rwomunguva yakapfuura ndokusimudzira mhatsa, nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti kushandiswa kupi nokupi kwemipimo yedzinza kunoputsa nheyo yokuenzana kworuvara. Dare Rapamusoro rakaedza kudzora idzi itiro dzinokwikwidzana kupfurikidza nokushandisa nzvero yorumano kuidzora kutendero mapurogiramu nepo vachiziva kuti mhatsa inogona kuumba fariro yehurumende mumigariro yakaganhurirwa.

Kuronga Kwakafanira Namaruramiro Okubvisa

Dzidziso yomuitiro wakafanira wokusawirirana inoramba iri mhatsa, navatsoropodzi vachisimbisa kuti inobvumira vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene muchimiro chedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vanopindura kuti Gwaro reChibvumirano Claus rinofanira kudzivirira maruramiro makuru kunyange apo vanenge vasina kududzwa zvakajeka, uye kuti vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo vakarongedzerwa kuva gwaro mhenyu rinokwanisa kutsinhiranisa nemigariro mitsva.

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa zvakawedzera uye zvakawana dziviriro dzemuitiro wakafanira, zvichiratidzira kusabvumirana kunopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwekodzero dzisina kuchinjwa. iyi kurukurirano dzinotapura dzimwe dzenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa munzanga yeAmerica, kubatanidza maruramiro okubereka, muganhu wezvisarudzo zvoupenyu, uye ganhuriro dzehurumende dzomufambiro womunhu oga.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina Muupenyu Hwezuva Riri Rose

Dzidzo Nebanza Rakaenzana

Muuyo weKinayi weFindment wedzidzo unotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura Brown v. Board of Education. The Expact Protection Claus yakashandiswa kudenha gadziriro dzemari dzinoshandiswa pachikoro, kuvimbisa kusvika kwedzidzo nokuda kwavadzidzi vane urema, kudzivirira maruramiro avadzidzi veChirungu, uye kurangarira vatano mupurogiramu dzedzidzo. Vadzidzi nhasi vanobetserwa nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinovimbisa mikana yedzidzo yakaenzana pasinei zvapo nedzinza, vatano, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti urema.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Inodzivirira

Kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights dziviriro kupfurikidza neMwendedzero yeMitemo yechigumi neMine yakadzikira ruramisiro youtsotsi muAmerica. Vadziviriri zvino vane maruramiro okupa zano, dziviriro pakuzvitutumadza, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, dziviriro pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, uye dzimwe dziviriro dzakawanda dzehurumende mukuita mhaka dzehurumende. Iyi dziviriro dzinobetsera kuvimbisa miedzo yakarurama ndokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kwehurumende.

Mitemo yeVague inorambidza vanhu kuti vaone kuti tsika dzisiri dzepamutemo ndedzipi inogona kunzi hadzina kukodzera.

Basa Nekodzero Dzemari

Nepo Findment yechigumi namana isingaiti kodzero yose zvayo yebasa kana kuti chengeteko yezvemari, yave ichishandiswa kudenha miitiro yebasa yokusarura yakaitwa navashandirwi vehurumende.

Kodzero Dzemhuri Nokuzviitira Ushamwari

Status Procession Claus inodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzine chokuita nemhuri uye kuzvitonga. Vabereki vane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pemarererwo evana vavo, kusanganisira dzidzo nedzidzo yechitendero. Vanhu vane kodzero yokuroora munhu wavakasarudza, pasinei zvapo nedzinza kana kuti vatano. Kudzivirira uku kunoratidza nheyo yokuti zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvakati zvinokosha zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzongonyedza pasina pembedzo inomanikidza.

Kuenzanisa Kupedziswa Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nedzimwe Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Ukama Nekodzero

Gemende ye14 inoshanda sebhiriji pakati peBill of Rights nehurumende dzehurumende. Nepo kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kwakashanda pakuvamba bedzi kuchiito chehurumende, IPFmentermenter ye14th Resclassias yakadudzirwa kubatanidza dzakawanda dzedziviriro pamabasa ehurumendewo. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro yakakwana yedziviriro yekodzero dzinoshanda pamwero yose yehurumende.

Zvisinei, haisi migove yose yeBill of Rights yakanyoreswa. Dare reThird Amendment rinorambidza varwi vana, chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFindrever Amendment, kutonga kwedare reSavente Confterment, uye maruramiro echiNgezi echiNgezi echiNgezi echiNgezi haana kuiswa mukurwisana nenyika. Dare rakasarudza kuti gadziriro idzi, nepo dzinokosha, hadzina kukosha kwazvo kurayira kuti dzitenderwe kudzorodzodzo dzinofanira kuiswa pahurumende kupfurikidza neGadziriro reMitemo yeChigumi Negumi.

Ukama NeMitemo Yechigumi Nechitatu Neyechigumi Nechishanu

Gemende ye14th Amendment ndeimwe yeMitemo mitatu yokugadziridza yakachinja Bumbiro remitemo zvikuru pashure peHondo yevagari vemo.

Pamwe chete, idzi chinjo dzakatsvaka kutanga nhevedzano itsva yebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa pahuenzani nekodzero dzapose pose.

Kudzivirirwa Kwaunoitwa neMwedzi Yechigumi Negumi

Kudzivirirwa Pakusarurana Muhurumende

Hurumende Yakaenzana Nedzinodzivirira Claus inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kukubata nenzira yakasiyana yakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa pasina pembedzo yakakwana. Kana uchidavira kuti wakasarurwa nesangano rehurumende (pangava pabasa, dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, kana kuti gadziriro dzemabasa).

Kutsigira Zvibvumirano Zvomutemo Zvakarurama

Dare reCentury Claus rinovimbisa kuti hurumende isati yagona kukunyima upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kutevera miitiro inoruramisira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti une maruramiro okucherekedza pomero dzipi nedzipi kana kuti kutaura pamusoro pako, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye chisarudzo chinoitwa nomugadziri wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kukwidzanwa kwavagari vemo, matare okutarisira, uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda umo chiito chehurumende chinotapura maruramiro ako kana kuti fariro.

Kuchengetedza Kodzero Dzinokosha

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza uye kuisa zvinhu zvakafanira, Ivhu raMakurukota rechigumi namana rinodzivirira maruramiro ako makuru pakudzongonyedzwa nehurumende. Une maruramiro okutaura norusununguko, kushandisa kwakasununguka rudzidziso, rusununguko mukunzvera kusina mufungo, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, uye dzimwe rusununguko runokosha. Idzi maruramiro haasati ari ose chose chose. () hurumende inogona kuvadzora apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kubatira fariro dzavose dzinokosha.

Kuumba Ugari Hwemunyika Yako

Kana wakaberekerwa muUnited States, Citizenshi Claus inovimbisa kuva kwako mugari wemo pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavabereki vako. Ikoku kunopa chengeteko nokuva woga, kuvimbisa kuti haugoni kunyimwa kodzero neropafadzo zvougari hwemo zvakavakirwa padzinza rako kana kuti nzvimbo yokutama yavabereki vako. Chigaro chomugari wemo chine maruramiro apamutemo akawanda nedziviriro.

Nguva Yemberi yeMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Kududzira Kunopfuurira Nemhindumupindu

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rinoramba riri rutivi rupenyu rweBumbiro redu reMitemo, rinopfuurira kududzirwa ndokushandiswa kumigariro mitsva. Sezvo chinjo dzenzanga nenhau itsva dzinomuka, matare anofanira kusarudza kuti nheyo dzegadziridzo dzinoshanda sei kuzvinetso zvapanguva ino. Mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta, mashoko emavara okugara nhaka, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, uye kumwe kufambira mberi kwazvino uno ichada kuti matare arangarire kuti dziviriro dze14 [Medenderment] dzinotambanuko itsva sei kuruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye gadziriro dzenzanga.

Kudzikamisa Kodzero Nefariro Dzehurumende

Hurumende inogona kudzora kutaura sei muzita rekotsekano yavose? Hurumende painogona kushandisa kurongwa kwemarudzi kuti ipedze rusaruro rwakare. Miitiroi inodiwa hurumende isati yatorera mumwe munhu zvinhu kana kuti rusununguko? Mibvunzo iyi haina mhinduro dziri nyore, uye matare anofanira kunyatsodzikamisa mipimo nefariro dzinokwikwidzana.

Kudzivirira Kuenzana Munzanga Yakasiyana - siyana

Sezvo America inova yakasiana zvikuru, Applime Protection Claus icharamba ichiita basa rinokosha mukuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose vanobatwa zvakaenzana pasinei zvapo nekwavakabva. Zvimiro zvitsva zvorusaruro zvingavapo, uye matare achada kuziva kana vachiputsa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Chipikirwa chekudzivirira kwakaenzana chinoramba chichikosha nhasi sezvachakanga chakaita muna 1868, kunyange sezvo kushandisirwa chakananga kwenheyo iyoyo kunopfuurira kuvapo.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peKiremment ye14th Amendment, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. National Archives inogovera kuwanikwa kwemadudziro eChinyorwa chepakuvamba nezvinyorwa zvenhau. Consitution Annoted, rakabudiswa neRaibhurari yeCongress, inopa kutsanangurwa kune udzame kweDare repamusoro regadziriro imwe neimwe. Constitution Center yeNational Center inogovera zviteshingadzo nezviwiro zvedzidzo uye zvinobatanidzwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa mutemo.

Mabhuku enhau echikoro nemirau yebumbiro remitemo zvinogovera nenzira yakadzama dzidziso yeKinaith Amendment. Mifungo iyo Dare Gurusa rimene inowanika pachena uye inogovera kutaura kune chiremera zvikurusa kwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka sumo inowanika zvikuru, mabhuku akawanda anonyorerwa vateereri vazhinji anotsanangura nhau yechinjo nerevo mururimi rwakajeka, vanopinda mumutauro.

Kupedzisa: Zvinorehwa NePendement yechigumi Negumi Nezvina

Kubva munjodzi yehondo yevagari vemo uye kutsunga kuita kuti pave nenzanga yakarurama, kwakanyanya kuchinja ukama pakati pevanhu nehurumende, pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende, uye pakati pemapoka akasiyana - siyana eAmerica.

Chipikirwa chokuva mugari wemo vakaenzana, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha kuzivikanwo yeAmerica nezvinokosheswa. Nepo kurwisa kuita zvizere zvipikirwa izvi kuchipfuurira, Iwenath Amendment inogovera hwaro hwemitemo kuti ive nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira kuvaka mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. Gadziriro dzayo dzinodzivirira mumwe nomumwe wedu muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, dzichiva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inotibata zvakanaka, dzinoremekedza kodzero dzedu dzinokosha, uye dzinogovera dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kunzwisisa Idzi dziri purogiramu dzeMitemo ye14 haisiwo zvayo nzira yokudzidza nayo — inongova zivo inokosha kuvagari veAmerica vose.Kugadziridzwa kunoumba kodzero dzedu, mikana yedu, uye ukama hwedu nehurumende.

Sezvatinotarisana nedenho itsva nemikana muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga, Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana richapfuurira kubatira sechishandiso chinokosha chokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe nokusimudzira wirirano. Nheyo dzaro dzakafara dzinochinjika zvakakwana kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo dzichiramba dzakadzika mipimo mikuru yechiremera chomunhu, ruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Nhaka yechishamiso haisi bedzi yenhau nejeka rechinyakare.Nya yacho isimba ripenyu rinopfuurira kuumba mutemo nenzanga zveAmerica zuva riri rose.