Kutanga: Zvinoitwa Nokuzvidavirira Mukutonga Kwehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Masangano okuzvidavirira anoumba musimboti wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda. Anovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvirambe zvakawirirana nefariro dzavose kupfurikidza nokugadzira gadziriro yecheki, ganhuriro, uye miuyo nokuda kwokusazvibata. Pasina kuzvidavirira kukuru, chivimbo chavanhu chinoshatisa, uori hunowanda, uye mukaha pakati pavagari vemo navatungamiriri vavo unokura. Nyaya ino inowedzera pamarudzi makuru emiitiro anozvidavirira (nedavi, zvamatongerwe enyika, zviremera, uye magariro) uye mamiriro ezvinhu azvo () uye zvinonzvera ukoshi hwazvo, zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo, uye mazano okuvasimbisa mukutonga kwazvino uno.

Kuzvidavirira kunobudirira hachisi chishandiso chimwe asi igadziriro inorongeka inoshanda pamwe chete. Kubva kumatare ehurumende anoongorora mabasa ehurumende kusvikira kumicheto yenzanga yemasangano avose, mutoo mumwe nomumwe unoita basa rinokosha. Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tichanzvera kuti aya mashandire sei, tichitsigirwa nemienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo nenzwisiso zvinobva kumasangano akafanana ne World Bank ne

Kunzwisisa Michina Inozvidavirira: Basa Rakakodzera Kutarisira

Kuzvidavirira kunonongedzera kumusengwa wavakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano zvokupindura nokuda kwezviito zvavo, zvisarudzo, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvavose. Kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro avagari vemo okutsvaka tsananguro nebasa ravakuru vakuru kuvagovera. Kuzvidavirira kunogona kunyorwa nenzira yakarongwa(kunyorwa mumitemo namabumbiro remitemo) (kana kuti zvisina kurongwa, kubuda mumipimo yenzanga nebvumirano yehurumende.

Iyi mibato inoshanda pamwero yakawanda: mukati mamapazu ehurumende (anozvidavirira wakakwana), kupfurikidza nesarudzo nezvinobudisa nhau (kuzvidavirira kwakananga) uye kupfurikidza nokutarisira kwavagari vemo (kuzvidavirira kwenhau). Rudzi rumwe norumwe runobetsera rumwe norumwe, ruchiparira gadziriro inotsungirira iyo inochinjirwa kuzvinetso zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kungaranga mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru ane uori wakashata, nepo kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kuchivimbisa kuti nzanga dzinodzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kupfurikidza nokungwarira uye kutarisirwa.

Nheyo Dzakanaka Dzokuzvidavirira

Mitemo yose yokuzvidavirira inogoverana nheyo dzakawanda dzakavakirwa:

  • [ Trable:
  • [ Kubvuma: Kudisa kwavakuru vakuru kuteerera ndokuita chiito paitiro hanya dzavose.
  • Kumanikidzirwa: Miuyo nokuda kwokusawirirana kana kuti kusazvibata, kuvambira pachirango chapamutemo kusvikira kukukundwa kwakasarudzwa.
  • Pariciation: Banza rokuti vagari vemo vapinde mumiitiro yokutarisira.

Idzi nheyo dzinovimbisa kuti kuzvidavirira hakusati kuri pfungwawo zvayo yerondedzero asi chinhu chaichoicho chinoshanda mukudzora kwezuva nezuva.

Kuzvidavirira Mumutemo: Chisakiso Chokutonga kwoMutemo

Kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunopa vakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano mutoro wokuomerera kumitemo yakagadzwa neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunomanikidzirwa nematare akazvimirira, matare anotarisira, uye miitiro yapamutemo inogona kupa zvirango nokuda kwokuputswa. Iyi nzira inokosha mukudzivisa kushandiswa kwoudzvinyiriri kwesimba uye kudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo.

Zvishandiso Zvokuzvidavirira Kumutemo

  • Tsvakaturo yenhau: Matare anogona kuputsa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kana kuti mutemo unoputsa bumbiro romutemo. Somuenzaniso, zvisarudzo zvenhau zveDare Gurusa reU.S. pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba zvinoenzanisira iri basa.
  • Kupomera mhaka: Vakuru vakuru vanopomerwa nechiokomuhomwe, unyengeri, kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehofisi vanogona kutarisana nokutongwa nokuiswa mutorongo. Mhaka dzakakwirira, dzakadai sedziya dzinobatwa neKenya Ethics neAnticorruption Commission, dzinoratidza kuti chiito chapamutemo chinodzivisa sei mufambiro usakarurama womunguva yemberi.
  • Chikwereti: Vagari vemo vanogona kupomera masangano ehurumende nokuda kwecharango chinoparirwa nezviito zvisiri pamutemo. Ikoku kunogovera mushonga wakananga uye kunokurudzira kunamatira kumipimo yapamutemo.
  • hofisi dzemahofisi ehurumende: professource pource pourrent. Gadziriro yeOmbudsman yeSweden yakabatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwenyika dzakawanda.

Kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunoshanda zvakanakisisa apo mutongi anozvimirira, anosasasasanosanosaidzwa mudzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzine gadziriro dzakasimba dzekuzvidavirira kwapamutemo, dzakadai seGermany neCanada, dzinokwidziridza nguva dzose pamusoro pehurumende. Zvisinei, denho dzinosara: miitiro yedare inononotswa, kusvika kwakaganhurirwa kuyamura kwapamutemo, uye dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika pavatongi inogona kusekesa kubudirira. Mukuwirirana ne ECD, inosimbisa kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunoda kutepfekererwa kwapamutemo kunopfuurira murovedzo yedare, kana kuti kugadziriswa kwemiitiro yedare, uye miitiro yokugadza.

Kuzvidavirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Simba reBoko reBallot

Zvisinei, kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunotambanudza kupfuura zuva resarudzo (jenagurukota rinosarudzwa navakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza naro nokuda kwebasa ravo negadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende, vavhoti vane chiremera chokupedzisira chokutusa kana kuti kuranga vatungamiriri kupfurikidza nesarudzo.)

Kushandiswa Kwekuzvidavirira Kwezvematongerwe Enyika

  • Sarudzo dzinodzorwa: Yakasununguka neyakarurama inobvumira vagari vemo kutsiva vamiriri vanoshanda. Gadziro, kuyeuka mavhoti, uye gadziriro dzokubudisa zvinhu dzinogona kukudza kuzvidavirira.
  • Murangariro wePublic nezvinobudisa nhau:[[FLT: 1] shavo dzemifungo, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinoshanda sezviwiriranwa, kuratidzira kundikano uye kupesvedzera pfungwa dzavose. Basa rezvinobudisa mashoko seReuters neBBC mukufumura zvikanganiso zvinoratidzira simba iri.
  • Chirango chebato: mitemo yebato remukati, zvigaro, uye vhoti dzoutungamiriri zvinovimbisa kuti vamiriri vanowirirana nezvikamu zvebato uye fariro dzezvikamu.
  • [ Kutarisira kwoutarisiri: Matare eParamende anonzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, kuraira uchapupu, uye bhajeti inotenderwa. Zvisarudzo zvokutarisira zveUnited States muenzaniso wakatanhamara.

Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunobudirira zvikurusa apo sarudzo dzinova dzinokwikwidzana zvapachokwadi, mashoko anoyerera norusununguko, uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa. Denho dzinobatanidza kusakendenga kwomuvhoti, kudzora kusadzikama kwemari, uye shatiso yezvinobudisa nhau. Munyika dzine masangano ehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu asina kusimba, vatungamiriri vangashandisa miitiro inosarudzwa kana kuti kupesana, kudzorwa kunodzorwa. Kusimbisa kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunobatanidza kutsigira dzidzo yehurumende, kuvimbisa masangano akasarudzwa navanhu, uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwenhau.

Kuzvidavirira Kuvakuru Vakuru: Kugutsikana Nokuperera Mumabasa Avanhu Vose

Kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunonangidzira ngwariro pakuitwa kwamasangano ehurumende navashandi vehurumende. Kunovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vatevere miitiro, vape mabasa nenzira inobudirira, uye vashandise pfuma zvakanaka. Iyi nzira inokosha mukushanda kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende, kubva pakubudisa mvumo dzokutarisira gadziriro dzoutano.

Maturusi Okuzvidavirira Kuvakuru Vacho

  • Kunzvera nokunzvera: hofisi dzehurumende dzokunzvera, dzakadai seHofisi yeMatare yeHurumende yeU.S. (GAO), kunzvera mabasa esangano uye kurumbidza vandudziko.
  • Nzvero dzePurformation: Zviratidzo zvikuru zvebasa (KPI) uye zvikwaniriso zvemichina yemipimo yakadzikama zvinobudiswa. Kunzvera kushanda kwekambani yavose yeSingapore kwakagamuchirwa zvikuru.
  • [ Kuwirirana nemirau: mirau yeUreautarist nemiitiro yokushanda inovimbisa kusachinjana neruramisiro. Mitemo yokugadziridza, somuenzaniso, inodzivisa rusaruro.
  • [ Mitemo yedziviriro dzemagwenya: iyo inodzivirira vashandi vanoshuma kusazvibata inokurudzira kuzvidavirira kunobva mukati. Whistle Pulpher Act ya 1989 muenzaniso unokosha.

Kuzvidavirira kunoda basa rehurumende rinokwaniriswa nerounyanzvi. Zvisinei, denho dzakadai setepi tsvuku, uori mukuwana, uye kudzivisa chinjo dzinogona kudzongonyedza kushanda. CD inorumbidza kunyoresa mabasa ehurumende kuti arondedze kushanda kwechiokomuhomwe. Kuwedzerazve, masangano anorwisa uori, kufanana neICOC communist Commission Against Urganism (ICOC), akabvumikisa kubudirira mukubatanidza zviito zvemitemo nezvokutarisira.

Kuzvidavirira Munzanga: Vagari Samakwara Anorindwa

Kusiyana nemasangano ehurumende anotsamira pamasangano ehurumende, masangano enzanga anozvidavirira, kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kunoitwa nevagari vemowo zvavo, kumanikidza vanhu, uye zvishandiso zvokushandisa kuti vade kuonana uye kuteerera.

Marudzi Okuzvidavirira Munzanga

  • Kubvunza kwePublic uye horo dzetaundi: MaFum umo vagari vemo vanotaura uye vanogamuchira mhinduro dzakananga dzinobva kuvakuru vakuru. Muitiro weBrazil wokuronga mari muPorto Alegre muenzaniso unorumbidzwa.
  • [[FMT:0] Kuongorora kwemasangano ezvoutano: Mapoka omunzvimbomo anonzvera kunaka kwemibato yavose, yakadai sezvikoro kana kuti makiriniki. MuUganda, kutarisirwa kwenzanga kwenzvimbo dzoutano dzakavandudzwa zvikuru.
  • Zvikamu zvemishumo nemakadhi zvinoshuma: midziyo inoronga kushanda kwehurumende, inowanzoshandiswa kuenzanisa vaparidzi vebasa. Public Affairs Centre muIndia yakanyandura iyi nzira yeminamato yomumaguta.
  • Mitemo yenhau yavose: Kutonga kwapachena uko ndyiko dzehurumende dzinodzokororwa nenzanga. National Lingual Emploring Act yeIndia inoraira kunzvera kwenzanga nokuda kwokuva pachena.
  • Nhimbe dzokuva mumaoko: NGO namasangano zvinosunda nokuda kwechinjo dzapamutemo, rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko, uye mipimo yokudzivisa uori. Sangano re# Transparency munyika yose rakanyandura chiito.

Kuzvidavirira munzanga kunobudirira apo vagari vemo vanokwanisa kuwana mashoko uye vakarongwa. Maapp anofamba akadai semaapps anofamba anobudisa migero kana kuti uori, akawedzera kusvika kwaanoita. Asi zvinetso zvinosanganisira kubata vanhu vakakwirira, kunyora nokunyora zvishoma, uye utsinye hwehurumende kuti zviongororwe. Kusimbisa kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kunoda zvirongwa zvepamutemo zverusununguko rwemashoko, kutsigira nzanga, uye mikoto yehurumende kuti itsinhire vagari vemo.

Kukosha Kwemichina Yokuzvidavirira Mukutonga

Kuzvidavirira kwakakomba hakungoitwi nokusarudza; kunokosha nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka zvinowirirana:

  1. Kuisa pachena: Hurumende padzinoziva kuti dzinofanira kupindura nokuda kwezviito zvadzo, dzinogona kushanda pachena, dzichideredza mikana yokuita uori.
  2. [ Kuvaka chakavanzika chavose: Vagari vemo vanoona kuti chakaipa chinorangwa uye kuti inzwi ravo rinoda zvikuru kubatira pamwe nezviremera uye kuwirirana nemitemo.
  3. Kubudirira: kunoita kuti kuzvidavirira kuitike zviri nani kupfurikidza nokugadzira zvisarudzo zvinobvumira kudzidza nokuchinja. Somuenzaniso, kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunobetsera masangano kururamisa masangano.
  4. Kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu: kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunogovera mishonga nokuda kwavanyajambwa vokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende, nepo kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kuchideredza manzwi akaderedzwa.
  5. Kusimbisa kusimba kwedemocracy: Masangano ane miitiro inoverengeka yokuzvidavirira anodzivisa zvikuru kudzokera shure kwechiito chinodzvinyirira. MaDemocracie akapukunyuka njodzi murutivi nemhaka yokutarisira kwakasimba.

Pasina aya mashandiro, hurumende dzingakukurwa kukutonga kwokuzvidzora uko fariro yavose inotora chigaro kupfumisa. Ndyiko yokuzvidavirira kune utera yakakwirira: kusagadzikana kwemari, kusagadzikana kwenzanga, uye kurasikirwa nomutemo.

Zvinetso Zvokuva Achazvidavirira Zvinobudirira

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwawo, miitiro yokuzvidavirira inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira idzo dzinorerutsa bviro yayo.

  • Vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika: Vanowanzodzivisa utariri hunotyisidzira simba ravo. Vanganetesa masangano anorwisana nouori, matare ezvirunga, kana kuti ganhuriro dzorusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau.
  • [[FT:0] Masangano eweak: Haawani mari yakakwana, kurovedza kusina kunaka, uye kushaiwa kuzvimirira zvinotambudza mapoka akawanda avatariri. Mune dzimwe nyika, dare redare rinoderera uye rakavharwa, rinoita kuti kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunonoke uye kudhura.
  • Mashoko emitemo: Hurumende dzinodzora zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko, uye vagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa zviwirirano zvawo. Kunyange apo rusununguko rwemirau yemashoko rwuripo, kuita chinhu kwakashata.
  • Mhinganidzo dzetsika nedzenzanga: Munzanga dzine mibatanidzwa yakasimba yokutsigira kana kuti kuzviisa pasi pechiremera, vagari vemo vangazengurira kudenha vakuru vakuru. Tsika dzenzanga dzinogona kudzivisa kuridza mhere kana kuti kutora rutivi.
  • Kupfava kwehurumende dzazvino uno: Sezvo hurumende dzichipa simba kumasangano, zvivako zvavanhu, uye mitumbi yamarudzi ose, kuzvidavirira kunotevera kunova kwakaoma. Dambudziko remari ra2008 rakafumura mikaha mukutungamirira vatambi vomubato vomunhu oga netapuro yavose.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda nzira yakasiyana - siyana inobatanidza kuchinja kwepamutemo, kuvakwa kwemitemo, uye kuchinja kwetsika. Masangano emarudzi ose akaita se United Nations [ anogovera nhungamiro nebetsero yemitezo kunyika.

Mitoo Yokusimbisa Michina Inozvidavirira

Hurumende, nzanga yavagari vemo, uye vakwanyina vamarudzi ose vanogona kushandisa nzira dzinoverengeka dzokuwedzera kuzvidavirira:

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Nemasangano

  • [ rusununguko rwakakwana rwemitemo yemashoko [ runobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokuzvimirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitumbi inodzivisa uori [ kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwayo, mari yakakwana, uye masimba omurovereri wemhaka.
  • Ronga mari yenhimbe kuganhurira pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika ndokuwedzera kujeka kwemipiro.
  • [ matare echiNgezi kana kuti matare echiNgezi nokuda kwenhau dzouori kururamisa.

Kupa Simba Vagari Vemo Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

  • [ Yakanyanya mudzidzo yehurumende [ kudzidzisa vagari vemo kodzero dzavo uye kushandisa zvinhu zvinovapa mutoro.
  • [[FFLT:0] Support anotarira kutyoka uye kunzvera maturakiti kupfurikidza nezvipo, dziviriro dzapamutemo, uye zvikuva zvakachengeteka zvemitauro.
  • [ inoita kuti zvichemo zvive zvinhu zvinowanika [ zvakadai semawiro, mahotera epaIndaneti, uye mapombi enzanga.
  • [ Kuronga bhajeti yokutora [ uye kunzvera mugari wemo pamwero womunzvimbomo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Runonhuhwirira Rwokuona Zvakajeka

  • Kubatanidza nhano dzemashoko dzakazaruka dzinobudisa bhajeti dzehurumende, zvibvumirano, uye mashoko ebasa mumaforecha anonyorwa nemichina.
  • shandisa blockchain nokuda kwokuwana kwavose uye nzvimbo dzokunyoresa kuti uderedze kubiridzira nokuwedzera kurondwa.
  • Maapply neSMS zvikuva nokuda kwokushuma chaikoiko kwenguva kwekukundikana kwebasa kana kuti zviitiko zvouori.
  • Ita kuti jari rekuongorora kushandiswa kwemari yavose mitoo nokuziva zvinoda kurapika, sezvinoitwa ne Traxation International[.

Kutsvaka Tsika Yokuzvidavirira

  • Yakatukwa nomuenzaniso: vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika navakuru vakuru vanofanira kuzvipira pachena kuonesa nokugamuchira nzvero.
  • [ Rovedza tsika kurovedzo yetsika mupurogiramu yebasa ravose nebumbiro remitemo rokuchengeta mufambiro.
  • [[[NHAU]] Varidzi veridzo vemapipiti [ uye vanovadzivirira pakutsiva kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzakasimba dzapamutemo.
  • Nyika dzinogona kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa inobva kuvaenzani, yakadai semuevernance yeEstonia kana kuti gadziriro yebasa ravose reNew Zealand.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Unogoveranwa Nokuda Kwokuzvidavirira Kwoutongi

Miitiro inozvidavirira haisi mhinduro imwe inokwana mwero; inofanira kuwirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu enyika imwe neimwe, pamutemo, uye magariro. Asi nheyo dzehwaro ((kuchinja, kupindura, kumanikidzirwa, uye kutora rutivi) ndezvomunyika yose. pamutemo, zvamatongerwe enyika, udzori, uye kuzvidavirira kwenzanga imwe neimwe inoita mabasa akasiyana asi anowirirana. Apo kukanganisa kumwe, vamwe vanogona kupinda, asi tsika yacho inongova yakasimba bedzi sebatira yayo inoderera zvikurusa.

Pakupedzisira, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nefariro dzavose mutoro unogoveranwa.Vagari vanofanira kuraira kuzvidavirira, chaunga chavagari vemo chinofanira kukurerutsira, uye hurumende dzinofanira kukugamuchira. Rwendo rwokuenda kukuzvidavirira kwakasimba runopfuurira, runoratidzirwa nezvose zviri zviviri budiriro nezvipingamupinyi. asi nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira uye gadziriro itsva, kunobvira kuvaka gadziriro dzokutonga idzo dzinobatira vanhu zvirokwazvo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, zviwanikwa zvokunatsiridza zvinobva ku World Bank’s Governance and Public Secrector Reformation muitiro uye CD basa rekuzvidavirira [, iro rinogovera fundo dzenhau nenhungamiro inoshanda.