Ukama pakati pemitumbi yemitemo nebazu rinotonga naro ikosha rokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende, bva kushanda kwayo kunobudirira kunotsamira pamiitiro yakasimba yokuzvidavirira. Kutarisira kwapamutemo kunobatanidza miitiro iyo maparamende, masangano, uye magungano akafanana, tarisiro, uye pesvedzero yezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Uyu muitiro unokosha mukudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inoparadzwa nokutendeka, uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumasangano ehurumende. Mumasangano azvino uno, kutarisira kwazova kwakaoma zvikuru sezvo mapazu evakuru vakuru akura muukuru nomunzvimbo, kuchida kuti masangano okutungamirira agadziridza adzosezve maturusirwe ematuru avo nemiitiro.

Kunzwisisa Utariri Hwomutemo

Kutarisira kwomutemo hakusati kuri mubato mumwe asi muunganidzwa wamasimba nemiitiro zvinobvumira vamiriri vanosarudzwa kunzvera mufambiro woukuru. Midzi yawo iri munheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, yakaziviswa zvikuru naMontesquieu, uye yakashanduka namazana amakore ebasa rebumbiro remitemo. Muparamende, mukuru mukuru anobva mudare, achiumba mubatanidzwa wamasimba anoda kusanonzvera kupfurikidza namasangano akadai senguva nenzvero dzedare. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, kuparadzana kwakajeka zvikuru, asi kutarisira kunoramba kuri madikanwa kunzvera kuchenjera kwoukuru.

Kutarisira kunoshanda mabasa akawanda: kunodzivisa kusazvibata, kunovandudza miitiro, kunodzidzisa voruzhinji, uye kunoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo. Hakusi kungoita bedzi asi kunogona kuva kunowedzera, kuzivisa zvinetso zvisati zvakura. Somuenzaniso, U.S.[[FLT] inopa masimba eChibvumirano kupa bvunzurudzo, kumanikidza chipupuriro, uye kuraira mapepa, kuvaka pamagamuchidzanwa echiNgezi anovambira muzana ramakore rechi17.

Michina Inokosha Yokutarisira

Mitemo inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutarisira nadzo, imwe neimwe ine simba rayo uye zvaisingakwanisi.

Kutongwa Nedare Nokuongorora

Matare ndimabasa eutarisiri hwemitemo. Anobvumira kunzvera kune udzame kwenharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro kana kuti zviito zvesangano. Kunzwa kunganangidzira ngwariro pakusazvibata kana kuti kundikano dzemiitiro, kana kuti kudzorwa kwoutariri, kuhwirudzura kuitwa kunopfuurira. MuU.S. Congress, matare anogona kubudisa zvikamu zviduku kuti amanikidze kupupurira nezvinyorwa, nesimba rokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidzire. Conrigionsal Researcher Service anonyora kuti kunzwa kwokuongorora kwave kwakashandiswa nenzira inobudirira kubudisa zvisakiso zvinobvira kuTeapotmate-mote. Mumiteme inoputsa mvura. Mumasangano epame, matare akafanana namaUKrome eGene anosarudza mishumo yehurumende yehurumende yavose yehurumende.

Kudzora Dhipatimendi Nesimba Rechitengo

Kudzora mari yavose chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chedare redare. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekutungamirira mutemo, masangano emitemo anobvumira, gadziridzo, kana kuti kuramba kupiwa mari nokuda kwegadziriro dzamasangano. Vanogona kubatanidza migariro yokushandisa, kunoda mishumo, uye kuva nokuteerera pakurongwa kwemari. U.S. Simba reChikwama rinoiswa muChikamu I cheMitemo, uye chave chichishandiswa kuumba chinhu chiri chose kubva pakushandiswa kwehondo kugadziriro yenzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, UK Palamendesment sruises inopedza mari kupfurikidza neDare rePunitscatement neNational Office, izvo zvinogovera vimbiso dzakazvimiririro zvegore negore kupfuura kubatanidza nokunzvera, namahofisi ezve mahofisi akawanda anonzvera.

Kusimbiswa Nesimba Rokusarudza

Masangano mazhinji emitemo ane chiremera chokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vatongi, uye vatungamiriri vesangano vakazvimirira. Iyi purogiramu inobvumira vaiti vemitemo kunzvera zvikwaniriso zvavaminei, kusawirirana kwefariro, uye mirangariro yemiitiro. MuUnited States, kusimbiswa kwedare kwazova kunooneka zvikuru uye dzimwe nguva nhau dzinokakavara, uye vamanimaninini vachitarisana nemibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro penhau dzakawanda. Zano nemvumo icherekedzo yakananga pasimba revakuru vakuru vakuru. Mune mimwe matare eparamendemu, anogona kugadza kana kuti kuva nokuteerera. Somuenzaniso, kutongwa kwedare reEuropean Parmetersss kwazova rutivi rwenhau dzemitezo, uye vatendidzi vanogamuchirwa pane dzimwe nguva vanorambwa vanoramba.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Kuronga kutungamirira igadziriro inoguma yaparirwa zvikurusa, yakagadzirirwa kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru muimba yapamusoro. Njodzi dzehurumende (kusvikira kumusoro uye kubatanidza mukuru wehurumende) nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata wakakomba wakadai sokupandukira hurumende, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mhosva dzakakwirira uye kusashanda zvakanaka. Muitiro wacho unowanzovamba muimba yakaderera nokunzvera uye kuvhota pamusoro penhau, kuteverwa nokutongwa kwedare rapamusoro. Kutyisidzira kwedare renyika kwakashandiswa muhurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa nemhaka youkombiso kwadzo; muUnited States, mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akaitwa kuti abviswe (Andre Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump), uye pasina kupiwa mhaka nedare rapamutemo. Zvisinei, tyisidziro yemutengidzo yechatadzo inogona kubatira somudzivisi. Mumasangano eparamende, masangano esimba rimwe rehurumende anobatira basa rakafanana, muUnited States, asingabvumiri kubviswa chibvumirano chehurumende. Chikuru chehurumende chinoenzanisira chipfuridzodzori chehurumende, chinoitwa kazhinji kazhinji chinoitwa pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika chinoitwa nechiremera chinoitwa

Kudzika Mitemo Nokudzika Madhindindi

Mamwe matare emitemo anoshandisa chibvumirano chemitemo kuti avhare zviito zvokutungamirira pasina kupfuudza mutemo mutsva. Somuenzaniso, Congress yeU.S. yakamboshandisa imba imwe nedzimba mbiri dzemitemo zvikuru, kusvikira Dare Gurusa raakavatonga zvisina kuva nekodzero mu INS] v. Chadha [1903]. Pasinei zvapo nokutonga ikoko, kupfuurira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yetendero yedare. Sunset chishandiso chimwe chinhu: mitemo inongopera pashure penhambo yakatemwa kutoti idzoresei mapurogiramu ehurumende uye kudzivirira masangano kuti arege kupfuurira kupfuurira pasina kuongororwa. Dare reUS.

Nguva Yokubvunza uye Kupindira

Mumiitiro yeparamende, nguva yokubvunza ndeimwe yemienzaniso inogara iripo .Nguva dzose personals apo vafundisi vanopindura mibvunzo inoitwa nemitezo yedare. Ikoku kunopa vanhu vose nokuda kwokuita kuti vashumiri vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Mibvunzo yePrefesteri yeUK’s Purlime yeMibvunzo, inoitirwa musi weChitatu uri wose, ndemumwe wemienzaniso inooneka zvikurusa. Mhesvedzero, dzinoshandiswa mumasangano emitemo akawanda eEurope neLatin America, dzinobvumira mitezo kunyora mibvunzo inoraira kuti ipedze kupindura kwehurumende.

Vaongorori Mukuru Nevaombudsman

Mitumbi inozviisa pasi inowedzera nzvero dzemitemo. Vanzveri vakuru, vanozivikanwa navose muhurumende yeUnited States, vanoiswa mukati mamasangano kunzvera nokunzvera kunyengera, tsvina, uye kushatiswa, vachishuma zvakananga kuDare. Conul yeInschemors General on Trustes and Econfizect[FLM] inotsinhiranisa basa rawo. Ombudsman, yakapararira muEurope nedzimwe nharaunda, inogamuchira zvichemo zvavagari vemo pamusoro poutariri hwokutarisira uye inogona kurumbidza mishonga. Nepo izvi zvisati zviri zvirongwa zvinowanzoshuma kumatare emitemo, zvichigovera mashoko anovimbwa uye kunzvera zvinozivisa.

Kukosha Kwokutarisira Kuzvidavirira Kwedemocratic

Kudzora hakusati kuri muitirowo zvawo wokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu; kunokosha kukuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuongorora zviito zvokutonga, masangano okugadza mitemo anovimbisa kuti hurumende inoshanda mukati memiganhu yepamutemo uye inoremekedza kodzero dzavagari vemo. Kuona chitarisiko chinhu chinokosha kupfurikidza negadziriro: kunzwa, mishumo, uye kurukurirano dzinozivisa vanhu pamusoro pokuti mashandisirwei emadhora avo omutero uye kuti mitemo inova nechivimbo mumitengo. Ikoku kunovaka chivimbo mumasangano, kunyange apo miuyo inenge isina kukwana. Uyezve, kutarisira kunogona kuvandudza miuyo kupfurikidza nokuziva zvinetso uye kurumbidza zviito zvokururamisa. Somuenzaniso, Hofisi yedare rehurumende (GAO) inozvidavirira nguva dzose inoshuma kuti nhau dzakatungamirira kukugadziridzwa kukuru munharaunda dzakafanana noutano nokuzvichengetera.

Kushanda kwoutariri kunotapura zvakananga kunaka kwokudzora. Uko utariri husina simba, simba ravakuru vakuru rinogona kuva husingadzorwi, kuchitungamirira kuuori, kuita zvisarudzo kwokuzvidira, uye kuderera kwetsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nenzira inopesana, utariri hwakasimba hunogona kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira vasati vaparira kuvadziko inogarisa. CD yakasimbisa ukoshi hwokunzvera kwemitemo muvara remitemo nehurumende inozvidavirira.

Zvinetso Zvokutarisira Zvinobudirira

Pasinei nokuti urongwa hwehurumende hunokosha, kuhutarisira kunogona kukanganisa chaizvo.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvharwa Kwemvura

Mumhoteredzo dzakaparadzaniswa nenzira inowedzera zvamatongerwe enyika, tarisiro inogona kuva yakagadzirwa nechevombo. Mapati makuru angashandisa masimba okunzvera kudenha mukuru mukuru apo anodzorwa nechishoro, kana kuti angadzivirira mukuru mumwe mukuru mumwe kuti asanzvere. Dare reU. rakaona kurwisana kwechikamu chehurumende, neImba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achinzvera purezidhendi kubva kuboka rinopikisa. Iri girabhu rinogona kudzivisa utariri hune revo, samabhii akafa mumitsetse yebato. MuUK, apo inovavarira matare nokuda kwebvumirano yepaza, kudzorwa kukuru kunogona kupfuurirazverwa nebasa ravo, zvikurukuru apo rinonzvera nhau dzinotapura.

Kuramba Kune Vane Simba Nezvirevo Zveropafadzo

Vakuru vakuru vanowanzodzivisa kutarisirwa kupfurikidza nokupa ropafadzo dzoutarisiri dzakadai seropafadzo yevakuru vakuru (muU.S.) kana kuti korona yeropafadzo (muU.S.). Idzi rumbidzo dzakavakirwa pakudikanwa kwezano rakavanzika kana kuti chengeteko yenyika, asi dzinogona kushandiswa kudzivirira mashoko kubva pakubvunza kwapamutemo. Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. raona ropafadzo asi harina kuibata serisina kutsarukana, semu United States v. Nixon. Kunyanguvezvo, hondo pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvechinyorwa uye kupupurira zvinogona kunonotsa kana kuti kunzvera. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vanoramba zvavo kubatira pamwe chete, vachitungamirira kukurwa kwapamutemo. Mumitevedzero yehurumende yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inogonawokudzora nguva inowanika.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari uye Mikaha Yezviwanikwa

Kutarisira kunoshanda kunoda vashandi vane unyanzvi, mari yakakwana, uye magorokotera akawanda. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvokutonga, zvikurukuru mukukudziridza hurumende dzinosarudzwa, zvinenge zvisina zvinhu izvi. Matare angangova nenhengo imwe kana mbiri bedzi, isingakwani kuongorora nhau dzakaoma kana kuti kuongorora nokungwarira. Uku kuoma kwezviwanikwa pakati pemukuru mukuru nedare rehurumende kunogona kumisa utarisi. Kunyange mudzimba dzemasangano dzakanyatsoitwa seU.S. Congress, ukurung, ukuru hwebazi revakuru nemamiriyoni evashandi (*) kudzoresaidzoresa.

Mashoko Ane Nyore uye Akaoma Kunzwisisa

Bazu guru rine zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko pamusoro pemibato yaro, nepo vaiti vemitemo vachiwanzotsamira pane izvo mukuru mukuru anosarudza kugoverana. Nhau dzemitemo dzazvino uno dzemhaka dzakadai sokusachengeteka kwekombiyuta, sayenzi yemamiriro okunze, kana kuti miraudzo yezvemari (‘kuwana zivo chaiyo iyo vaiti vashoma vane. Vaiti vemitemo vanopfuura vangaparapatika kuti vanzwisise udzame hwezvounyanzvi, kuvasiya vachitsamira pazvapupu zvenyanzvi kana kuti mapoka ezvidzidzo zvavo vamene. Aya mashoko akadai semasangano okunzvera akazvimirira akafanana neGOO, CRS, kana kuti UK’s National APriting Office, asi aya matupinduko amene angatarisana nechitsamanyuko.

Kusimbisa Kutarisira Kwomutemo: Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nekuchinja

Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko aya, vafundisi vemitemo vanogona kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana uye miitiro yakanaka.

Kupinza Kujeka Nokuwana Mashoko

Mitemo inofanira kuraira rusununguko rwakasimba rwemitemo yemashoko uye inoda mukuru mukuru kubudisa nenzira inopfuurira mashoko pamusoro pokushandisa mari, kuita, uye kuita zvisarudzo. Nhano dzemifungo dzakazaruka, dzakadai seU.S. DATA, dzinogona kugovera vaiti vemitemo navose namashoko anooneka emagetsi anopfavidza anobatsira kutungamirira. Whistlerier dzivirirowo dzinokosha: vanhu vanoshuma kusazvibata vanofanira kudzivirirwa pakutsiva. TRANSPAS inter International[ sangano rinosimbisa kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakasimba nokuda kwokuridzira muridzo ichinhu chinokosha chokuzvidavirira.

Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvakawanikwa Nemakomiti

Mitemo inofanira kugovera bhajeti yakakwana nokuda kwavashandi vedare, tsigiro yokunzvera, uye mano okunzvera. Mahofisi emari eparamende eependera (PBOs) anogona kunzvera simba rezvikarakadzo zvavakuru vakuru, kugovera kunzvera kusina mativi. Congressgational Baclagement Office nePalameterry Drication Office yeCanada mienzaniso yakatevedzerwa mune dzimwe nyika. Zvirongwa zvokurovedza vagadziri vemitemo navashandi pamitoo yokutarisira, kubatanidza miitiro yokunzwa nenzvero yemifungo, zvinogonawo kuvandudza kushanda.

Kuongorora Tsika Dzevanhu Vasina Kuparapatika

Mutarisiri mabasa akanakisisa apo anorangarirwa sebasa rinogoverwa, kwete chombo chinovhozhokera. Majekiseni anogona kutanga mitemo inoda chibvumirano chebiparti asati atanga kutevera kana kuti kutanga nzvero huru. MuUK, sarudza zvigaro zvedare zvinogoverwa mukuwirirana, uye matare anovavarira kubvumirana. MuU.S., mabasa outarisiri hweDare kazhinji kazhinji ave ari epapatiza kupfuura ayo eImba. Kuvaka mipimo yokuremekedzana nokunangidzira ngwariro pamaidi panzvimbo pemisoro mikuru yenhau anogona kuvandudza zvose zviri zviviri kuvimbika netapuro youtarisiri.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemapepa Zvinonhuwirira

Unyanzvi hutsva hwemichina hungabetsera masangano anoyera kupfurikidza namashoko akawanda. Mitemo inoratidzira mitoo inokarakadza yetsvina kana kuti utsotsi mukushandiswa kwehurumende. Maturusi okugadzira anogona kubetsera kuhwirudzura kubudiswa kwamanyoro makuru anobva kumukuru mukuru. Paramende yeEurope yakaedza kuchera mashoko kuti igadziridze zvikarakadzo zvemitemo. Zvisinei, matare emitemo anofanirawo kuisa mari mukuvadziko yeIndaneti kudzivirira mashoko anotapukira anounganidzwa mukati mekunzvera.

mhedziso

Kutarisira kwomutemo hakusi chinhu chinodikanwa asi chinodikanwa nokuda kwokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunovimbisa kuti bazu guru rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa. Miitiro inokurukurwa ne(majere ane chokuita nokurongwa kwemari, kudzorwa kwemari, miitiro yokusimbisa, kusimbisa, kutsigira, uye vamwe (kuumba chishandiso chikuru icho, kana chikashandiswa zvinobudirira, chinogona kudzivisa kushandiswa nokuvandudza basa rehurumende. Kutarisira kunoramba kuchibva pakubudirira, kusagona kushanda kwehurumende, kunoda kugadziriswa kwemibato nemashandiro. Kusimbisa kunoda kugadziriswa kwamaune: kuisa mibato, kudzivirira kukwanisa kuwana mashoko, kusimudzira kushandira pamwe, uye kuumba unyanzvi hutsva. Hurumende zvadziri kuramba zvichiwedzera, kutarisira kukuru kunoitwa noukoshina. Kudzora kukuru kuchava mutoro wevose vadzori uye vagarika vagari vemo kuti vadere basa nokubudirira pakudzora zvinhu.