Kukakavadzana Kusingaperi: Makakatanwa Enyika Chaiyoiyo Ari Pakati PeHurumende Nehurumende Dzinotonga Nehurumende Dzinodzora

United States yakavambwa pakuedza kwakakomba muuchangamire hwakakamuraniswa hunozivikanwa sehurumende. Kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende yehurumende hwave huri kutamba kukuru, kazhinji kazhinji kunokakavadzana kwesimba. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richirondedzera gadziriro, miganhu inoshanda yechiremera inoedzwa nguva dzose nemitemo, dare, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino inonzvera rwisano dzenyika chaidzoidzo dzakarondedzera ndokutsanangurazve dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende norudzi.

Kunzwisisa idzi rwisano kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vevagari vemo asi nokuda kwomugari ari wose anogara mumativi maviri okutonga.Mienzaniso inotevera inoratidzira kuti hurumende inoshanda sei mukushandiswa kwebasa (hwunowanzoshatiswa, kazhinji kazhinji nokusabvumirana kukuru, asi nguva dzose mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagoveranwa.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Rehurumende

Constitution yeU.S. inokamuranisa masimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Supremacy Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, unosimbisa mitemo inorwisana. Zvisinei, Simba reTenformation reSingle reSingle reSingle reSingle reSingrine rehurumende risina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Uku kuoma kuno() pakati poukuru hwehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende (jere) ndiko kunotangira rwisano huru iri yose yehurumende.

Vezvenhau nenyanzvi dzapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji vanonongedzera kumienzaniso mitatu yehurumende: rwisano mbiri dzehurumende (chiyero chekeke), uko mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshanda maererano nenzanga; unani hwehurumende (keke rinovaka), umo vanogoverana mitoro; uye nzanga yehurumende inobatira pamwe, uko dzvinyiriro dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinotaura kuti dzigamuchire mitemo yakati.

Hurumende yeHurumende yeUnited States

Kudzivisa Rusarurano Kwehurumende

Zvichida rwisano inoshamisa zvikurusa pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende yakaitika mukati meChivil Rights Movement of the 1950 na 1960. Nyika dzokuMadokero dzakanga dzachengeta kwenguva refu gadziriro yokusarura dzinza kunonyoreswa mudzidziso ye "kupesana asi yakaenzana," yakagadzwa ne Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. Hurumende yehurumende, zvisinei, yakavamba kubvisa chimiro chayo nechisarudzo chechiratidzo cheDare gurusaikuru mu Brown v. Board of Education [54] [1954]), iyo yakazivisa zvikoro zvinoshatisa vanhu vose.

Nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru muDeep South, dzakazvidza pachena chisarudzo chacho. Muna 1957, Gavhuna Orval Faubus weArkansas akadana varwi veNational Guard kuti vadzivise vadzidzi vapfumbamwe veBlack kupinda Little Rock Central High School. Purezidhendi Dwight D. Eisenhower akapindura kupfurikidza nokudzosa mauto eNational Guard uye kuendesa U.S. Hurumende yakanga iri kutaura kwakananga kwoukuru hwehurumende pamusoro pokuedza kwehurumende kubvisa mutemo wenyika.

Mitemo Yehurumende Nechisimba Chehurumende

Rwisano yacho yakakura nokupfuudzwa kweChirevo cheChirevo chekodzero dzavanhu muna 1964 uye Voting Rights Act ya1965. Iyi mitemo yehurumende yakatanhamara yakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose nokuvhota. Nyika dzakadai seMississippi neAlabama dzakapindura nedenho dzapamutemo uye, mune dzimwe zviitiko, nokudzivisa kwamasimba masimba nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa masimba ayo okuchengeta, kubatanidza mabharani ehurumende nemirairo yedare, kukurira kudzongo dzehurumende.

Chidzidzo chinobva munhambo ino chakajeka: apo kodzero dzehurumende dzinoshandiswa kusekesa dziviriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo, hurumende yehurumende ine zvose zviri zviviri chiremera nomusengwa wokupindira. Chivil Rights Movement inoramba iri muenzaniso une simba zvikurusa wehurumende unoshandiswa sechishandiso cheruramisiro, kupfuudzira mitemo yehurumende yaiputsa rusununguko rwomunhu oga.

2. Kunyoreswa Kwapamutemo: Muzinda Wehurumende Yechidhori Mukurwisana neFederal Prohibition

Kuedza Kwehurumende Kunotanga

California yakava nyika yokutanga kunyoresa pamutemo marijuana muna 1996, ichidenha zvakananga Murayiro wehurumende weGuefed Substances Act (CSA) wa1970, uyo unotaura kuti mbanje idivi reProgram I risingashandiswi nemishonga. Chifo chekuti, nyika dzinopfuura 20 dzakanyoresa varaidzo mbanje, uye dzinoda kusvika 40 dzakanyoresa pamutemo mune zvekurapa. Asi, pasi pomutemo wehurumende, mbanje inoramba iri pamutemo, uye Drugn Inforcement Administration (DEA) inoramba ichiinyora somushonga ine ngozi.

Masangano anodzikamisa mutemo ane chiremera chokuvhozhokera mabhizimisi anoshanda zviri pamutemo mumutemo wehurumende. Mukati meObama Administration, Department of Justice yakabudisa Cole Meyandrum, iyo yakapangira vachuchisi vehurumende kubvisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo muhurumende negadziriro dzakasimba dzokudzorwa. Trump Administration inodzora inoita kuti pave nokusava nechokwadi. MuNeBiden Administration, Department yakachengeta kazhinji kazhinji kacho kusvika kwamaoko, asi ngozi yepamutemo inoramba iripo.

Migumisiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwenyika

Mitengo yakadai seColorado, Washington, uye Oregon yakavaka maindasitiri makuru mumitero yapamutemo, inoita kuti mabhiriyoni ave mumitero uye kuparira makumi ezviuru amabasa. Zvisinei, mabhizimisi anotarisana nedenho dzakawanda nemhaka yerwisano yenyika: haagoni kubvisa ndyiko dzebhizimisi mumutemo wehurumende (IRC 7680E), kazhinji kazhinji vanonyimwa mabasa okubhanga mari, uye vashandi vavo vanopinzwa mungozi yehurumende. Ruzivo rwezvemari yebhizimisi harubviri zvinobudirira nemhaka yokuti kutakura mbanje mumitsetse yehurumende inoputsa mutemo wenyika.

Kusada kwehurumende yehurumende kupedza iyi rwisano kunoparira mhesano: mifungo iri kushanda se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," asi kuedza kwavo kunoshanda mutyisidziro yenguva dzose yesununguko yomubatanidzwa. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, zvakadai seSaFE Banking Act uye kugadziridzwa kunobvira kwembanje, kunoratidzira kuti chinjo ingava iri kuuya, asi sokweuku kunyora, kusagadzikana kunoramba kusingagadziriswi.

3. Kutama - tama: Maguta Okusachena Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

SB 1070 yeArizona Neganhuriro Dzechiremera Chehurumende

Muitiro wokutora inzvimbo yehurumende yakananga musimba reSangano reMitemo pamusoro pekuchinja kwomuzvarirwo nenhau dzokunze. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika dzakaedza nenzira inowedzera kuita zviteshi zvadzo vamene zvokuita kuti vatami vatami vaende. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa iSB yeArizona 1070 (2070), iyo yaida vakuru vakuru vakuru vamapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika womunhu upi noupi wavainyumwira kuva munyika zvisiri pamutemo ndokuiita utsotsi hwehurumende nokuda kwavatami vasina kunyoreswa kutsvaka basa.

Hurumende yehurumende yaipomera Arizona mhaka, ichitaura kuti mutemo wakabvuta chiremera chehurumende. Mu Arizona v. United States (202), Dare Gurusa rakakunda gadziriro huru dzomutemo, richiita kuti kuchengetwa kwokutama kuve basa rehurumende. Dare rakabvumira kuti "ndiratidze mapepa ako" gadziriro yokumira, asi pasi peganhuriro dzorumano bedzi. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa zvakasimba mitemo yehurumende iyoyo isingagoni kubvisa mutemo womubatanidzwa wokupinda munyika.

Maguta Akanaka Nenhambo yeTrump

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, rwisano dzakamuka pamusoro pe "maguta okutonga" shurikidzo dzinoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokupinda. Trump Administration yakakurumbira kutyisidzira kudzivisa mipiro yehurumende mumaguta matsvene, zvikurukuru muChicago. Matare akavhara zvikuru kuedza uku, achitonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kubatanidza migariro mitsva, isina kuwirirana kutsigira mari iyo Congress yakaitirwa mamwe madonzo (City of Chicago v.Squalitys, 2018]).

Biden Administration yakaita nenzira yakasiana, asi inopfuurira kuona kusawirirana nenyika dzakadai seTexas neFlorida, idzo dzakatanga mitemo yokuchengetedza inokurudzira inodenha inorwisana navatami. Muna 2023, Texas yakapa mapurisa ehurumende pamutemo kubvumidza vatami vasina kunyorwa, kuchiparira hondo itsva yapamutemo nehurumende yehurumende.

Idzi rwisano dzinosimbisa zvokwadi huru: nepo hurumende dzinogona kubetsera mukuita kuti vatami vasapinda munyika muhurumende, hadzigoni kugadza muitiro wadzo dzimene wokupinda munyika. chiremera chapoga chehurumende munharaunda ino ndeimwe yenharaunda shomanene umo Dare Rapamusoro rakadzivirira nguva dzose uye zvakasimba ukuru hwehurumende.

4. Zveutano Kuchinja Zvinhu: Afford Care Act uye Kuramba kweHurumende

Hondo Yokuwedzera Yemadhisiki

Apo Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, yakabatanidza gadziriro yaida nyika kukudza mapurogiramu adzo eMedicaid kuti apedze vakuru vose nemari inosvika 138% yemari yeurombo hwehurumende. Hurumende yaizobhadhara 100% yendyiko pakuvamba, zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika ku90%. Makumi maviri netanhatu ehurumende yakadenha mutemo, ichipomera kuti kuwedzera kwemitezo kutora rutivi mupurogiramu itsva inopesana nokuda kwavo.

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti nepo chirevo chomunhu oga chakanga chiri pamutemo (semutero), fambiro mberi yeMedicaid yakanga isiri. Dare rakaramba kuti nokunyima mari yose yeMedicaid yaivapo kubva kuhurumende yairamba kufutunurwa kwakanga kusiri kwetsika. Chaizvoizvo, Dare rakapa chisarudzo chokusarudza kubuda mukukura pasina chirango.

Mukaha Wokuvhara Nokusiyana Kwehurumende

Kusvikira muna 2024, nyika gumi hadzisati dzawedzera Medicaid, kubatanidza Texas, Florida, uye Mississippi. Ikoku kwakaparira "mukaha wekuvandika" nokuda kwamamirioni avakuru vanowana mari yakaderera vanowana mari yakanyanyowanda nokuda kwegamuchidzanwa Medicaid asi shoma zvikuru kukwaniriswa nokuda kweinishuwarensi yapachivande. Hurumende yehurumende yakaedza kuparira wedzero kupfurikidza nemimwe miitiro, yakadai semibato inokweverwa uye mipimo inoenzana yemimwero yemibato yakati, asi kuramba kweidzi iyoyi hurumende kunosimbisa ganhuriro yesimba renyika mumiitiro youtano.

Rwisano yeACA inoenzanisirawo "chibvumirano chehurumende" nesimba: hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa simba remari iripo kusunda masangano kunharidzano yemitemo, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzorera, richichengeta utongi hwehurumende. Ichochi chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinokosha zvikurusa zvezana ramakore rechi 21.

5. Mitemo Yemhoteredzo: Chiremera Chechienzi cheCalifornia Nemipimo yeNyika

Mutambo wewaiver neVehicle Egigistrass weCalifornia

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo ndiimwe nzvimbo apo hurumende nechiremera chehurumende zvinobonderana kazhinji kazhinji. Cease Air Act inobvumira California kutsvaka muparadziri kubva kuEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kugadza mipimo yayo imene, inodzorwa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona ipapo kusarudza kugamuchira mipimo yehurumende kana kuti mipimo yeCalifornia. Ikoku kwakapa California pesvedzero yakashaikwa mukuumba muitiro wezvokufambisa motokari worudzi.

Mukati meObama Administration, California neEPA vakashanda mukuwedzera mipimo yepeturesi. Zvisinei, Trump Administration yakabvisa muparadziri weCalifornia ndokudzosa mipimo yenyika, kuchiparira kurwisana kunoshamisa. California yasumwa, uye hurumende pamwe chete neboka ravagadziri vemotokari zvakabvumirana nemipimo yokuzvidira yaipfuura zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Dare reBiden Administration rakadzorera mipimo yeCalifornia ndokudzorera mipimo yorumano.

Kuedza kwehurumende kubvisa California parakatasiro yayo kwakanga kuri denho yakananga kuchiremera chehurumende chenguva refu pasi peClean Air Act. Matare pakupedzisira akatsigira California, achisimbisa kuti EPA haigoni kubvisa nenzira yokuzvidira muparadziri akapiwa nenzira yapamutemo.

Gadziriro Yesimba Rakachena Nechibvumirano Chekushandira Pamwe

Clean Power Plan (2015), iyo yakaitirwa kuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon kubva kunzvimbo dzesimba, yakatsamira zvikuru pahurumende kuti ishandise gadziriro dzinotendwa. Gadziriro yakadenhwa nehurumende dzakawanda, dzakatungamirirwa neWest Virginia, pahwaro hwokuti yakapfuura chiremera cheEPA pasi peDeec Air Act. Dare Rapamusoro harina kutongotongazve pamusoro pezvinodikanwa, nemhaka yokuti Trump Administration yakatsiva chirongwa neAffordble Energy. Zvisinei, nhau West Virginia v. EPA[FLT:] (2022) yakadzokorora chinyorwa chacho, uye Dare rakaganhurira mano eEPA kushandisa "chizvarwa chinochinja" kusvika kumitengo, kusvika kumibvunzo mikuru.

Kurwisana uku kwemhoteredzo kunoratidza kubatana kwakaoma kuri pakati pesimba rehurumende rokuzvitonga nerehurumende: dzimwe nyika dzinoda kudzivirirwa zvakasimba kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, dzimwe dzinoda dzisina simba, uye miganhu yebumbiro remitemo yesimba rimwe nerimwe iri kuedzwa nguva dzose.

6. Kudzorwa Kwepfuti: Kodzero Dzechipiri Dzokudzora uye Kusiyana Kwehurumende

Mitemo yeHurumende Yakaoma Inopesana Nemipimo Yetsika

Kudzora pfuti inzvimbo umo hurumende yehurumende inoisa uriri, kwete siringi. Hurumende yeChinese, sezvinoshandurwa mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye MDonald v. City of Chicago[[FLT]] (2010), inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Zvisinei, mitengo yakasununguka kuita miraudzo yorumano, chero bedzi isingadzoresi parudyi.

Nyika dzakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Massachusetts dzakagadza mimwe yemitemo yepfuti yakaoma zvikurusa munyika, kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwezvombo zvokudenha, magazini ane simba guru, uye zvinodikanwa zvorumano. Hurumende yehurumende, pasi peGun Control Act ye 1968 neBrady Act, inoisa mipimo yepfuti necherekedzo. Asi mitemo yehurumende inogona kupfuurira zvikuru. Makakatanwa anomuka apo mitemo yehurumende inodenhwa nekodzero dzepfuti dzinoramba kuputsa Hurumende yeChipiri Pendrementement, kana kuti apo hurumende yehurumende inoedza kuisa mipimo yemipimo yetsika, yakadai senzvero dzekare, iyo inodzivisa.

Chisarudzo Choutsinye Nefunganyo Yehurumende

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022] yakabvisa nenzira inoshamisa nzvimbo. Dare rakakurira `chombo chaNew York" chinodikanwa chakafanira chokuvanza mvumo, kubatira kuti mirau ipi neipi yepfuti inofanira kuwirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti. Iyi chisarudzo chakaparira miraudzo yepfuti inodenha yenyika mumativi ose enyika, kubatanidza chirambidzo chezvombo cherwisano cheNew York neganhuriro itsva dzokutakura mu "nzvimbo dzinotapurira. Hurumende yehurumende yakaita, mune dzimwe zviitiko, yakatsigira kududzirwa kwakafara kweSand Resmendmergement, asi haina kuisa mitemo yenyika inoteverwa.

Kurwisana kwepfuti muhurumende kwakasiyana nemhaka yokuti Constitution’s Second Amendment inoisa miganhu padzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende, asi inobvumira kutaura kungwarira kukuru mukudzora kwadzinoita mukati memiganhu iyoyo. Muuyo ibasa rakaganhurirwa remitemo rinosiana nenzira youpengo kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende, kuchiparira rwisano yepamutemo yenguva dzose.

7. Dzidzo Nenzvimbo Yehondo Yazvino Uno: Kuda Kurutswa Kworudzi Negadziriro

Ganhuriro Dzokusvika Kwehurumende Pakudzidzisa

Kunyange zvazvo dzidzo iri basa rehurumende uye romunzvimbomo, hurumende inopesvedzera muitiro kupfurikidza nokutsigira mari, kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye mitemo yakadai seAll Students Receeds Act (ESA).

Chifo cha 2021, inenge hurumende 18 dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira nzira iyo vadzidzisi vanogona kukurukura nayo dzinza, vatano, uye nhau yeAmerica. Iyi mitemo kazhinji kazhinji inonangidzira mifungo yakabatana neCritical Race Theory (CRT), kunyange zvazvo CRT imene isingatongodzidziswi muzvikoro K-12. Mukupindura, Dhipatimendi redzidzo rakabudisa nhungamiro yaitaura kuti ganhuriro dzakadaro dzingaputsa maruramiro avana vavadzidzi kana vachiparira mhoteredzo ine utsinye kana kuti kusarura vadzidzi vemadzinza akati. Mamwe maruwa ezvikoro akadzosadzokera shure, achiramba kuti nhungamiro yomubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa weSangano haisati ichibatanidza zviri pamutemo.

Nepo pasina mutemo mukuru womuhurumende wakaiswa kuganhuriro dzehurumende dzokudzidza dzakaputsa zvakananga, rwisano yacho inosimbisa rwisano iri kukura pakati pokudzora hurumende padzidzo nokutarisira kodzero dzehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risina Kudzorwa Rehurumende yeAmerica

Iyi mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira kuti kusawirirana pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende hakusi chikanganiso mutsika(nzi gadziriro yacho). United States yakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza utongi hwehurumende apo inenge ichiumba hurumende yakasimba yenyika inokwanisa kuita zvakanaka zvakafanana. Kuenzana ikoko kunoedzwa nguva dzose nemitemo mitsva, unyanzvi hutsva, uye masangano matsva ezvematongerwe enyika.

Sezvo idzi rwisano dzinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, mitoo mishomanene inobuda: Hurumende yehurumende inowanzova inobudirira apo inoshanda mukati memasimba ayo akaverengwa (kutama, kutengeserana kwehurumende, kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo). Mibatanidzwa inowanzowina apo inodzivisa kumanikidzwa kwehurumende uko kwaizochinja zvikurukuru mitoro yayo yegamuchidzanwa (wedzero yemagamuchidzanwa, miitiro yedzidzo yakati). Uye mune dzimwe nharaunda, zvakadai sokudzora pamutemo kwembanje uye kudzora pfuti, rwisano yacho inoramba ichipedzwa, pasina chisarudzo chakajeka chemitemo chinooneka.

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha kuti munhu wose anoda kuongorora zvinhu zvakaoma zvekuAmerica, mienzaniso inokurukurwa haisi zvinhu zvakaitika kare, uye inoramba ichinetsana zvichaumba ramangwana renyika yacho.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende neidzi rwisano chaidzo, ona Chipostitution Animation, mhaka yeDare [[[FLT:]], uye shoora kubva ku Uban'S State and Local Infective [.[FLT]]