Hwaro Hwechiremera Chehurumende muAmerican Federalism

United States Constitution inosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa namaune pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. IPramende ye10] inoshanda sechinonyorwa chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende, inochengetera zvakajeka kuhurumende (kana kuti kuvanhu) masimba ose asingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika. Ichi chisarudzo chenzvimbo, chakakurumbira neMutongi Louis Brandeis soumba "nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," chinobvumira kuedza mitemo yakasiana-----shaiana kuvagari vemo vemo vemo , . Kunzwisisa mamiriro ehurumende asingapi enyika asingapiwi pamutemo anokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti kudzore sei chaizvoizvo kutsika kweAmerica inoshanda sei, sezvo mitemo inova nemitemo inodzorwa zvikuru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kupfuura kunzvera iyi miganhuro yehurumende inodzo inodzokorodza kumativi ose ehurumende yakasiana-nji inodzo-nze.

Dzidzo: Kugadza, Kushandisa Mari, uye Kudzora Munzvimbo Yacho

Zvichida muenzaniso wakananga zvikurusa wesimba rehurumende kutarisirwa kwedzidzo yavose. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inogovera kutsigira nokutungamirira kwakafara kupfurikidza nomutemo wakadai seAll Students Foundations Act (ESSA), mitoro mikuru yokushanda kwezvikoro zvavose inowira nenzira yakananga pahurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yehurumende inodokuva inoraira pasi pose gadziriro ye "chinotanhaha uye inoshanda" kana kuti "uniform" gadziriro yezvikoro zvapachena zvapachena.

Curicula Nemipimo Yekodzero

Hurumende dzine chiremera chokuziva kuti vadzidzi vanodzidziswai. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadza mipimo yedzidzo muzvikamu zvikuru zvakadai semasvomhu, chiNgezi, sayenzi, uye zvidzidzo zvenzanga. . .C. . . . . . Commission of the State[ inogovera mashoko makuru pamusoro penzira rehurumende yokusvika nayo mupimo nenzvero. Manyika anotenderawo mabhuku nezvokurayiridza, simba rinogona kuva rinova rakakwirira zvikuru apo nharo pamusoro pezviripo dzinomuka. Somuenzaniso, kufanana neTexas neCalifornia, nemhaka yesimba razvokutengesa, zvinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru shambadza mabhuku enyika.

Kutsigira Kushandisa Chikoro Nokutarisira

Hurumende dzine mutoro wokugadza maruwa ezvikoro nokuronga zvivako zvadzo zvokutonga. Zvine mhaka zvikuru, zvinonyora magadziriro ezvikoro zvinotsigira mitero yehurumende. Kutsamira pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo kwatungamirira kare kumhatsa huru mukushandisa mari pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo, kumanikidza matare makuru enyika kupindira pazvivako zvisakafanira. Hurumende dzinofanira kudzikamisa ganhuriro dzemari yedzidzo, kuronga mari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yomudzidzisi, mitero, uye mapurogiramu edzidzo chaiyo.

Mudzidzisi Anopa Chibvumikiso uye Anotsinhanisa

Nyika dzinotanga zvikwaniriso zvinodikanwa nokuda kwavadzidzisi.Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kugadza zvinodikanwa zvepurogiramu dzokugadzirira mudzidzisi, kubudisa marezenisi okudzidzisa anopfuuridzirwa, uye kuronga mipimo chaiyo yegwara rinotenderwa inosiana zvikuru, kuratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvakasiana pamusoro pounhu hwomudzidzisi, nzira dzokutsiva dzokuenda mukirasi, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuedza.

Zvekufambisa: Kutarisira Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Kumanikidzwa Kwevanhu

Hurumende ndivo vanogadzira uye vanochengetedza gadziriro yezvifambiso zvenyika. Nepo mugwagwa mukuru wepakati penyika wakanga uri nhano yehurumende, mutoro unopfuurira wemigwagwa mizhinji, mabhiriji, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa zvinoiswa neMahofisi ehurumende ezvokufambisa. Simba rokudzora motokari, vatyairi verezinesi, uye zvirongwa zvemari yemari inopa udzori hukuru pamusoro pokufamba nekutengeserana.

Kuvaka Nenzira Yakakwirira Nokuchengetedza

Hurumende inotarisira mamiriyoni enzira dzinonyevenuka dzemigwagwa mikuru nemigwagwa, kubatanidza mikoto yemigwagwa yehurumende inodya musocial commoneral. Nyika dzine mutoro weinjiniya, kuvaka, kugadzira, uye kunzverwa kwekotsekano. Manyuko makuru okushandisa mari nokuda kwebasa iri mutero wemotokari dzehurumende, iyo inogadza pamwero yakasiana. Kuderera kwemitero yepetroli nemhaka yemotokari dzinoshanda zvakanaka zvakasunda nyika dzakawanda kuedza nemimwe mibato yemari yemari, yakadai semitero yemagetsi yemotokari kana kuti mitero yemari inotsigirwa namagetsi.

Kuchinja Kwemiitiro Yemotokari uye Kuchengeteka

Simba rokugadza mitemo yemotokari muenzaniso wakatanhamara wesimba rehurumende. Hurumende dzinogadza ganhuriro dzechimbichimbi, dzinogadza mitemo yemugwagwa, uye dzinoita zvinodikanwa zvekotsekano zvakadai semitemo yechigaro nengowani yomudhudhudhu. Mitemo inodzorawo gadziriro dzokuisa mutyairi mudhudhudhudhu, ichigadza mipimo nokuda kweanokwanisa kushandisa motokari. Chiganhuriro chapamutemo chezvinwiwa zvinodhakisa zveropa (BAC), nepo zvichipesvedzerwa nezvikarakadzo zvehurumende, chinosimbiswa pamwero yehurumende.

Kushandurwa Kwavose Nokutumwa

Hurumende dzinowanzotarisira kana kuti kutsigira zvifambiso zvavose, kusanganisira mabhazi, njanji dzinofamba nemotokari dzinofamba nepasi pevhu.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Murangariro we "masimba ehurumende" unokosha kuuchangamire hwehurumende. Iri chiremera chakafara chinobvumira nyika kugadza maruramiro nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, uye tsika zvavagari vadzo. Inogovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwetsika dzose dzegadziriro youtsotsi, masangano anodzika mutemo, uye zvivako zvokutarisira njodzi.

Kumanikidza Mutemo Nemitemo Yeutsotsi

Hurumende dzinotanga mapurisa kana kuti masangano ehurumende anotenderera nemitemo munyika yose. Zvinokosha zvikuru, masangano ehurumende anorondedzera mufambiro woutsotsi. Mabasa akadai sokuponda, kuba, denho, uye kubiridzira anorondedzerwa nemirau yehurumende, kwete mutemo wehurumende. Nepo pane kupindirana nemhosva dzehurumende (zvakadai sokutengesa mirimo kana kuti kupambadzira kwebhangi), kupfuurwa kukurusa kweutsotsi kunoitika mumatare ehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende. United States inogadzawo nhungamiro dzokutonga, kutema chinoumba chinenge chiri pamutemo chekuzvitonga, uye kugadza mitemo nokuda kwouchapupu hwezvipameso.

Ganda Rorudzi Nemhinduro Yekurumidziro

Gavhuna vanobatira savatungamiriri-vakuru veNational Guard yavo. Ichi chiremera chinobvumira vakuru vehurumende kugovera mauto echiuto ehurumende nokuda kwemigariro inotambudza yomusikirwo, kubatanidza ngwavaira dzomusikirwo (hurricans, mafashamo, mwoto wedokero) uye nyongano dzavagari vemo. Varindi vanoshanda pasi pomurairo (Tit 32) pakuita mabasa ehurumende, akasiana nenzvimbo yayo yehurumende (Time 10). Uku kumira kuviri ichinhu chakatanhamara chesangano reAmerica renyika, kugovera nyika nehondo yakagadzirira nokuda kwemigariro yemigariro yomumba pasina kuda tendero yehurumende.

Kururamiswa Nokudzorerwa

Nyika dzinotarisira gadziriro dzetorongo dzinogara voruzhinji vavaferi vane mhaka muUnited States. Madhipatimendi ehurumende eruramisiro anokwanisa kusungwa, kubviswa kwapamberi pemhosva, uye gadziriro dzokuedzwa. Chiverengero chinowedzera chehurumende chakashandisa simba razvo kuvandudza gadziriro dzazvo dzoutsotsi, kupfuudza "bhana bhokisi", kuderedza mitsetse miduku inosungirwa, uye kuwedzera zvinotsiva kusungwa. Federal Eme Management Agency inosimudzira tsigiro yehurumende nokuda kwemhinduro yenjodzi yehurumende, asi mhinduro yokutanga nokunayamura kunopfuurira imabasa ehurumende zvikurukuru.

Utano Nemabasa Avanhu

Kukamuraniswa kwebasa pakati pezviremera zvehurumende nehurumende munharaunda iyi kwakaoma, kazhinji kacho kunosanganisira kutsigira mari pamwe chete uye kutarisira pamwe chete, asi nyika dzine simba rokusarudza.

Madhicaid Noutano Hwavose

Medicaid ipurogiramu yehurumende inobatira pamwe inopa purojekiti youtano kuvanhu vanowana mari shoma nemhuri. Nyika dzinotarisira mapurogiramu adzo eMedicaid mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende, zvinoreva kuti dzine chiremera chakakura pamusoro pemwero yokusagona kupfuudza, betsero dzakafukidzwa, uye mari inopfuudzira. Kukura kweMedicaid pasi pomutsetse woutano wavose (ACA) kwakava chisarudzo chemitemo yapamheneidzo, nedzimwe nyika dzinowedzera nokuramba. Chisarudzo ichi chakava nemiuyo isingachinjiki pamwero isingadzorwi nemari. Madhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende ndiwowo mutsetse wapamberi youtano hwavose, kunzvera zvirwere, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira hosha kwenguva refu.

Kupiwa Mazinesi Ounyanzvi Hwoutano

Simba rokudzora uye kubvumira vanachiremba, vanamukoti, vanogadzira mishonga, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvoutano rine mabhodhi ezvokurapa ehurumende uye masangano anotengesa mishonga.Izvi zvinovimbisa mipimo yehwaro yetarisiro asi zvinoparirawo mhinganidzo dzokubatanidza nyika, pfundo rinopesana iro kutaura kwakavamba kukurukura kupfurikidza namacomplum einterstate Medical Licensure Compact (zvakadai seInterstate Medical Licensive Conven Constition).

Masangano Okugara Nevanhu

Nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzehurumende dzeyamuro dzakadai seServetual Affery Families (TANF) Purogiramu yeSangano rePUPT neSomeral Nutrition Apption Program (SNAP, zvitambi zvezvokudya zvaichimbova). Nyika dzine machinjika akatanhamara mukugadzira mapurogiramu eTTANF, kubatanidza kugadza zvinodikanwa zvebasa, mwero yebetsero, uye ganhuriro dzenguva. Masangano eHurumende anodzivirira vana (CPS) ane mutoro wokunzvera kupomerwa kwokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwavana uye kuregeredzwa, kutarisira gadziriro dzokurera, uye kurera vana.

Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemanyuko Ezvinhu Zvomuzvarirwo

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera chakafara pamusoro pemhoteredzo, pfuma yomusikirwo, uye kushandiswa kwevhu. Nepo Environal Protection Agency (EPA)[FLT 1] ichiita mipimo yenyika pasi pemitemo yakadai seCease Air Act neClean Water Act, masangano ane mutoro zvikurukuru wokushandisa nokudzika mipimo iyi. Kuwedzerazve, masangano angagamuchira mirau yemhoteredzo iyo iri yakadzika kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Mhepo Nemvura Zvakanaka

Masangano ehurumende emhoteredzo anobvumidza kubudisa magetsi enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kumanikidza mipimo yemhepo yakanaka, uye kuvamba zvirongwa zvehurumende kuti zvisvike zvinangwa zvenyika. Muenzaniso mukuru wesimba rehurumende ichiremera chakasiyana cheCalifornia pasi peChease Air Act kutsvaka chirango kubva kuEPA kuti chigadzire, mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa necherokudzosa mvura. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona ipapo kusarudza kutora mipimo yeCalifornia kana kuti mipimo yehurumende. Pamvura, nyika dzinodzora kunaka kwemvura (pasi peNational Pollitant Divizection Irefiction Emion Sy Sy, kana kuti NPDES), kutarisira gadziriro dzokunwa mvura, uye kubvisa mvura nokushandisa zvinodzosa mvura, izvo zvinonyanya kunetsa munyika dzaMadokero okuMadokero umo mvura dziri nhau dzemitemo yapamutemo.

Kushandiswa Kwenyika Nokuzvimba

Simba rokudzora kushandiswa kwenyika ibasa rinodokuva rehurumende yomunzvimbomo. United States inoita mabasa anogonesa kugovera nokuronga nokuronga nyika. Hurumende dzinogadza mitemo pamusoro pemirau inodzorwa nenzvimbo dzinogarwa. Mabumbiro emitemo okuvaka, uye tapuro dzemhoteredzo. Hurumende dzinotarisirawo nzvimbo huru dzenyika dzavose (sokupesana nenyika dzavose dzakadai seNational Forests ne Parks) uye dzinodzora migodhi, kutema miti, uye mafuta negasi panyika dzakavakwa nedziri.

Kutarisira Marara Nokuchengetedza

Nyika dzinodzora kuraswa kwemarara akasimba ane ngozi, dzinotarisira mapurogiramu okugadzirazve zvinhu, uye dzinotarisira kucheneswa kwenzvimbo dzine utachiona.

Gadziriro Yezvemari Nokutengeserana

Simba rokudzora kutengeserana mukati memiganhu yenyika isimba guru rehurumende, rakasiana nesimba rehurumende pamusoro pokutengeserana kwenyika.

Gadziriro Yebhizimisi Nokugadzira Mari

Anenge mabhizimisi ose muUnited States anoitwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende. United States inogadza mitemo yokuumba makambani ezvokubhadharwa kwemhosva, makambani ane ganhuriro (LLC), masangano emimwe bhizimisi. Nyika dzinoda mabhizimisi nenyanzvi kuti vawane marezenisi uye mvumo yokushanda zviri pamutemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza zvose zvinobva mumarezesimu ebasa remagetsi nenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomuchadenga kubvumidza maresitorendi nefekitari dzokuvaka. Zvinodiwa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvendamupikicha yemari zvinosimu zvinosiana zvinosiyana zvikuru pakati pezvibvumirano, izvo zvakatungamirira kugakavadzano pamusoro pezvifambiso zvemibato zvemirayiridzo yepemhezi yera.

Kushanda uye Mutemo Webasa

Mitezo inoshingaira mukutungamirira basa. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigadza mari shomanene, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa simba radzo kugadza mubhadharo wakakwirira zvikuru wehurumende. Mitemo inogadzawo mitemo inodzora nguva yomuraudzo, zvokudya nezororo, muripo wevashandi, uye urovha. Nzvimbo inotanhamarisa yesimba rehurumende inoitwa "kusvikira kubasa rapashoma" mitemo inorambidza zvibvumirano zvechengeteko, kana kuti mhuri inobhadharwa purogiramu dzezvipatara, izvo hurumende yehurumende isina kugadza. U.S. Dhipatimendi reBasaro rinoisa mitaro yakasiana-karo iri mumitsetse yehurumende, kuratidzira nhevedzano yemipimo yemiitiro yezvemari.

Kubhadhara Mutero

Simba remitero rinokosha kuuchangamire hwehurumende. Nyika dzinoisa mitero yemari, mitero yebhizimisi, mitero yemitero yenzvimbo, uye mitero yemitero pazvinhu zvakadai sepetureyi nefodya. Mitero yehurumende chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokubudirira kwezvemari, nehurumende dzichikwikwidzana kukwezva mabhizimisi kupfurikidza nesundo dzemitero nechikwereti. Kusiyana mumitoro yemitero yehurumende kuri kukuru, nemimwe mitero yemari (seTexas neFlorida) nokuda kwokubvisa mutero womunhu oga chose chose, nepo mimwe (seCalifornia neNew York) ine mitero inofambira mberi.

Kusarudza uye Kutonga Kwehurumende

Chikamu I, Chikamu 4 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinopa simba rokusarudza "Nguva, Nzvimbo neManner zvokuita Sarudzo nokuda kwaVamiriri naVamiriri". Ikoku kunoita kuti hurumende ive mudzori mukuru weSarudzo dzeAmerica.

Kunyoresa Nokutungamirira Kusarudza

Mitemo inogadza mitemo yokunyoresa muvhoti, kubatanidza miganhu, mitoo (pamutsetse, zuva rimwe chetero, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa). Mitemo inosarudza marudzi egadziriro dzokuvhota dzinoshandiswa (mapepa, michina yemagetsi), inogadza nguva dzokuvhota nokukurumidza, uye inodzora kuvhota tsamba (inowanzonzi ipo pakare kana kuti pavhoti papositi). Mitemo yakananga inodzora iyi miitiro inosiyana zvikuru, inoratidzira uzivi hwehurumende pamusoro pokupinda nokusarudza nokuperera muvhota.

Kuderedza

Masangano ehurumende (kana kuti masangano akazvimirira akaitwa nomutemo wehurumende) ane mutoro wokunyora maruwa ose emitemo neU.S. Congress maruwa ehurumende pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kwegore rimwe nerimwe. Iri simba rokuita kuti zvive zvapamutemo rine revo huru mune zvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo nzira iyo mitsetse yoruwa inonyorwa nayo inogona kusarudza kuti itende rinodzora mutezo wemitemo kana kuti nhume dzesangano kwegumi ramakore. Mipimo yapamutemo yokudzosa (yakadai se"munhu mumwe, vhoti" uye Voiting Act's dziviriro yedzinza pagerymaning) inogadzwa nematare ehurumende, asi kudhirowa kwokutanga kwemapuretsi kwenzvimbo ibasa guru rehurumende.

Mutemo Wemhuri Nezvinhu

Kuraira kwoukama hwemhuri nekodzero dzezvinhu inzvimbo inodokuva idzose. Iyi ndiyo mitemo inotonga upenyu hwomunhu oga zuva rimwe nerimwe.

Roorano, Chatanuro, uye Kodzero Yomwana

Nyika inopa marezenisi eroorano ndokugadza zvinodikanwa zveroorano. Mutemo wehurumende unodzora zviitiko zvechatanuro, kubatanidza kukamukana kwezvinhu zveroorano (kugovera zvinhu kwakaenzana), tsigiro inowirirana (antimony), uye kuchengetwa kwavana netsigiro. Nepo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakasimbisa kodzero yemitemo yeroorano imwe cheteyo mu ] Obergefell v. Hodges, kutarisirwa kweroorano nechisarudzo chenharo dzemhuri zvinoramba zviri chose chose mukati dare rehurumende.

Zvido Zvenhaka, Zvikwereti, uye Zvinyorwa Zvezvinhu

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora kuitwa kwezvido uye kutarisirwa kwezvivako. Matare ehurumende eprobate anotarisira kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu pashure porufu. Mutemo wehurumende unorondedzerawo marudzi akasiyana - siyana ezvinhu (zvakadai sokubatana uye kuva nesimba rimwe) uye unogovera gadziriro yokunyorwa kwemitengo yenzvimbo chaiyo (mabasa, zvikwereti, mari yemo).

mhedziso

Mienzaniso yamasimba ehurumende eAmerica yakakura uye yakadzika midzi mutsika youpenyu hweAmerica. Kuvambira panheyo yedzidzo nezvokufambisa kuenda kudzoreswa kweruramisiro, tarisiro dzoutano, sarudzo, uye ukama hwomunhu oga, zvirevo imatare makuru anodzora nokuda kwavagari vemo. Unyanzvi hwehurumende yeAmerica ndehwokuti inobvumira misiyano yakakura, inogonesa hurumende kushanda senzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwokuvandudza matongerwe ezvinhu uye kuratidzira mipimo yakasiana yavagari vemo vavo. Vagari vanorarama pasi pegadziriro yapamutemo inoumbwa, inotsigirwa, uye inodzorwa nehurumende yavo. Kuziva kufara noudzame hwamasimba aya kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kudzora kweAmerica uye kubatanidzwa zvine revo mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo zvisarudzo zvikurusa zvinotapura upenyu hwavo zvamazuva ose zvisingawanzoitwa muWashington, DC.