Hurumende yeUnited States yehurumende inoshandisa marudzi amasimba anopesvedzera zvikuru upenyu hwavagari vemo vayo.Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba anoshandiswa sei mumigariro chaiyoiyo yenyika kunobetsera kuvhenekera basa rehurumende yorudzi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pakudzora upfumi kugovera chengeteko yorudzi, masimba ehurumende anoumba anotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwenzanga yeAmerica.

Kutanga Kumasimba Anotonga Akabudirira

Masimba eFederal anotorwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., zvikurukuru muZvikamu I, II, uye III. Aya masimba anogona kuiswa mumapoka, anorehwa, uye masimba okuberekwa nawo. Masimba anorongwa anorongwa anorongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo; masimba anodikanwa ndiwo ayo ari madikanwa kuparadza akarongwa; uye masimba okugara nhaka ndeerudzi rupi norupi rune chiremera. Nyaya ino inonzvera mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo yenzira iyo aya masimba anoratidzirwa nayo mukushanda, inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana pamupimo wehurumende yenyika.

Simba Rinoshanda

Masimba anokosha zvikuru anobatanidza kupa simba kuCongress, zvakadai sesimba rokutera, mari, kudzora zvokutengeserana, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositifomu.

Kudzora Kutengeserana

Commercial Claus (Mazita okutengesa I, Chikamu 8, Classia 3) inobvumira Congress kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda. Simba iri rakashandiswa kupfuudza mitemo yose inotapura kubvira pamipimo yebasa kusvikira kumirairo yemhoteredzo. Somuenzaniso, Foir Labor Sight Act[ AC] ya1950 yakagadza mari shoma nedziviriro dzomuraupamhiko, inoruramiswa pasi peCern Clausce. nguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FL:]] Afford Carect Act [[FLD: 3]] [AC]]) yakavimba zvikuru neClassing Clausstion, chisarudzo chakatsigirwa neDare gurusaikuru reUNICES]

Kubhadhara Mutero

Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mitero kuti iwane mari yemitero yayo, kubatanidza mutero wemari yaipiwa. Iyi mari inotsigira mapurogiramu akasiyana- siyana, kubatanidza Social Security, Medicare, dziviriro, uye manyuko. Internal Revenuve Service (IRS) inotungamirira miraudzo yomutero, iyo yakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka kuti iite miitiro yakati, yakadai semuridzi weimba (mubereko wefashoni) uye mari yakachengetwa pamudyandigere (401(k). Kombiso ye 16 (13) inobvumira zvakajeka kubhadhadharwa kwomutero wehurumende, manyuro anotsoropodza.

Kutenga Mari uye Kuronga Mitemo Yokusashandisa Mari

Congress ine simba rakakwana rokuumba mari uye kudzora ukoshi hwayo. Iri chiremera chinopiwa kuFederal Reserve, iyo inoisa mwero yemubereko uye inodzora kugoverwa kwemari. Somuenzaniso, mukati menjodzi yemari ya2008, mari yakaderedza mwero yemubereko kusvika kudombo uye yakaita mhindu yematanho kuti inyandure upfumi. Iri simba rinotapura zvakananga kukwira kwemitengo, basa, uye simba rokutenga reAmerica iri rose.

Kugadza Mahofisi Eposi Nemigwagwa Yepashure

Constitution inopa simba rokutanga mahofisi epositi uye migwagwa yepasi. Nhasi, United States Postal Service (USPS)[FL:1]] inoendesa tsamba kukero dzinopfuura mamiriyoni 160, ichigovera basa renyika yose pamwero usingabhadharwi. Kunyange panguva yemitengo, USPS inoramba iri basa rinokosha rehurumende, inochinja kutengeserana kupfurikidza nokupa nokupfuudza nokubatira nharaunda dziri kure uko vatakuri vehurumende vangasashanda.

Vapfumi Namanyoro

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 8, Claus 8 chinopa simba rokusimudzira fambiro mberi yesayenzi nounyanzvi hunobetsera kupfurikidza nokuchengetera nguva dzakaganhurirwa kuvanyori navavambi kodzero yakananga kuzvinyorwa zvavo nezviwanwa. U.S. Paten and Trademark Office (USPTO)[FL:1] inopa manyuko nezviratidzo, zvinosimudzira. Somuenzaniso, manyuko emishonga anobvumira makambani kugadzira zvinhu zvinobvumira kuti ashandiswezve, nepo mutemo wekodzero yokugadzira zvinhu unodzivirira mabasa akafanana nenziyo, mabhaisikopo, mabhaisikopo, uye purogiramu yekombiyuta.

Masimba Akashandiswa Netapuro Yawo

Masimba anoshandiswa haataurirwi zvakajeka asi ari madikanwa kuita masimba anodudzwa. Nheyo yamasimba anorehwa ndiChinodikanwa naSeant Claus (Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), inopa Congress chiremera chokuita mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuuraya masimba achangobva kududzwa. Chitsama ichi chakagonesa hurumende yomubatanidzwa kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja.

Kusikwa Kwechipata

Yakagadzwa kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve Act ya1913, iyi sangano rinodzora muitiro wemari werudzi, richipesvedzera mwero yemitengo yemari nemabasa. Nepo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, Fed yakasikwa kudzikamisa gadziriro yokubhanga ndokudzora mugove wemari. Nhasi, zvisarudzo zveFedal Reserve. Zvakadai sokukwidziridza mwero wezvibereko kurwisa kukwira kwemitengo nemari, kutapura mwero yemari, kukwereta, uye kukura kwebasa. [ External: Federal Reserve History]

Mitemo Yezvoutano

Affordlable Care Act yakakudza kusvika kwoutano uye yakaruramiswa musimba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira yakawanda yeACA muna 2012, kunyange zvazvo rakaganhurira Commerce Claus yairangarira murairo womunhu oga, panzvimbo pokuiwana iri pamutemo pasi pesimba reBhunga raMakurukota rinorevesa. ACA Serferatems inobvumira sei hurumende yehurumende kuti ipedze zvinetso zvenzanga zvakaoma.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakaitwa nemurairo mukuru muna 1970 wokumanikidzira mirau pasi peChease Air Act neClean Water Act. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi dziviriro yemhoteredzo, Congress rakashandisa simba rayo rokutengeserana kudzora kushatisa mitsetse yehurumende. Chiremera cheEPA chakashandiswa kugadza mipimo inobudisa mhepo inobudiswa nokuda kwemotokari, ganhurira tsvina yemagetsi, uye kuchenesa nzvimbo dzine tsvina. [External act: EPA recurective]

Kumanikidza Kwomutemo Wakabatana Noungwaru

FEDAL Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uye Tsvene yeHomeland Security (DHS) inoshanda mumasimba anorehwa kumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende nokudzivirira chengeteko yenyika. FBI inonzvera mhosva dzinoyambuka mitsetse yehurumende, dzakadai seICFCCCC, uganda, uye utsotsi hwakarongwa. DHS, yakasikwa pashure pe9/11, inobatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwemuganhu, kutama, uye njodzi. Masangano aya anotsamira paIS inowirirana neIstal kuti ifambire mabasa awo.

Simba Romuzvarirwo Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Masimba okuberekwa nawo ndiwo ayo hurumende yenyika ine nokungova bedzi chinhu chine uchangamire. aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chengeteko yenyika neukama hwemibatanidzwa.

Kudzora Kutama

Hurumende yehurumende inodzora mitemo yokubuda, kubatanidza vhisa inoshandiswa nechengeteko yomuganhu, inokosha nokuda kwouchangamire hworudzi. Kutora nokuchinja kweNationality Act inodzora kuti hurumende inogona kupinda, kugara, uye kuva mugari wemo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende yakashandisa simba rayo rayo rapakuvamba kuti ishandise zvirambidzo zvokufamba, kuwedzera zvinotanhanhanhapo, uye kugadziridza miitiro yechengeteko. Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa rasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti hurumende yehurumende ine simba rehurumende pamusoro pechitami, kureva kuti haigoni kuita miitiro yayo yokutama.

Kubatana Kwedzimwe Nyika uye Chibvumirano

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokuita zvibvumirano ndokubatanidzwa nenyika dzokumwe, idzo dzinokosha nokuda kwefariro dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) yakatangwa kupfurikidza nechibvumirano, achibvumira United States kudzivirira pamwe chete. Purezidhendi anoitawo kukurukurirana kwezvokutengeserana kwenyukireya neIran kana kuti kutengeserana. Nepo zvibvumirano zvinoda Dare ramabhinari, zvibvumirano zvavakuru zvinogona kuitwa pasina tendero yeDare, muitiro wakakudziridza simba rapurezidhendi munhau dzokumwe nyika.

Masimba Ekurumidziro

Munguva dzenjodzi yorudzi, hurumende inogona kuita matanho okudzivirira vagari vemo, akadai sepanguva yengwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti tyisidziro dzemagandanga. National Emertitutions Act (197] inogovera gadziriro yokuti purezidhendi azivise mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro enyika uye kuti ashandise masimba chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Trump akazivisa mamiriro okukurumidzira enyika muna 2019 okudzosera mari nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemadziro emuganhu. Mukati medzero eCHOVHOVAD-19, hurumende yakakumbira [[FLT:] Defense Ibuctive Irration Act [] kumanikidza makambani okubudisa migove yezvokurapa. Izvi, nepo zvichimutsa nharo, zvinoratidzira ukufararira kwamasimba makuru.

Zvidzidzo zveChedical Case

Kunzvera nhau chaiyo kunopa nzwisiso yokuti masimba omubatanidzwa anoshanda sei mukushanda, kuzivisa kubatanidzwa kwemasimba anodudzwa, anorehwa, uye anoberekwa nawo.

Mutambo Mutsva

Mukati meKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, Purezidhendi Franklin D.Roosevelt akashandisa New Deal, achishandisa masimba ehurumende kugovera nyaradzo, kunaya, uye chinjo. Ikoku kwakabatanidza:

  • Sacial Security Act ya 1935: yakagadza dziviriro nokuda kwavakweguru navashandi, ichiratidzira kushandiswa kwemitero yehurumende namasimba anoshandisa. Purogiramu yacho yakabhadharwa kupfurikidza nokubhadharwa kwemitero uye yazova ibwe rekona rechengeteko yokurega basa.
  • Public Works Administration (PWA): Zvirongwa zvepfuma zvakadhijekwa zvakadai seHoover Dam, Lincoln Tunneln, uye zviuru zvezvikoro nezvipatara, zvichiratidzira basa rehurumende yehurumende mukunaya kwemari uye kugadzirwa kwebasa.
  • National Labor Relations Act (NLRA):[[FLT 1] inovimbisa vashandi maruramiro okuronga nokukwidziridza pamwe chete, kuisa chiremera chehurumende muChengete Claus. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira chiito chacho mu NLB v. Jones & Laugh Steel Corp.[FL:3] [1937], kuratidzira kududzira kwakafara kwesimba rezvokutengeserana.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Hurumende yehurumende yakaita basa rinokosha mukufambisira mberi kodzero dzevanhu muma1960. Zviito zvikuru zvaibatanidza:

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964:[[FLT: 1] Rusaruro runotenderwa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mudzimba dzavose nebasa. Chibvumirano chakavimba neChemmerce Claus, chichitaura kuti kutsaura muresitorendi nehotera zvakatapura kutengeserana kwenyika. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira uku kurangarira mu [[FLT:]] Atlanta Motel v. United States[FLT:]
  • Voting Rights Act ya 1965:[[FLT: 1] Yakaitirwa chinangwa chokubvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvhota nokuda kwevaAmerica veAfrica, kuchiratidzira kupindira kwehurumende munhau dzehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Chiito chacho chaida masimba ane chokuita nenhau yorusaruro kuti awane tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Dare rakashandisa simba raro pasi pePendedzero ye 15th Demendment kusimbisa maruramiro okuvhota.
  • Executive Order 11246 (1965): Yakabudiswa naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson, iyi murairo wakarambidza vagadziri vehurumende kubvisa uye kuraira kuti purogiramu dzebasa dzibvume. Yakaratidzira simba rapurezidhendi romuzvarirwo rokutarisira basa renyika nokuwana.

Hondo Iri Kutyisa

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, hurumende yehurumende yakakumbira ose ari maviri masimba omuzvarirwo neanorehwa kurwisa ugandanga. PARITIOTT Act (2001) inoita kuti pave namasimba makuru okunzvera, kubatanidza kufambisa matare enhau ebhizimisi. Purezidhendi akataurawo chiremera chaimo chokudzosa vavengi, kutanga masangano ehondo, uye kutungamirira drone munze. Dare rapamusoro mumhaka dzakafanana ne [FLT:] Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) na [[FLT] [FL:] Broueces. v [FFFF]

Masimba Anotonga Munhau Dzazvino Uno

Nhasi, masimba omubatanidzwa anopfuurira kushandiswa munhau dzakasiana - siana dzenguva ino, kazhinji kazhinji achibatanidza gakava pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chehurumende chine chokuita nehurumende navanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kurapwa Kunochinja

Pamberi pekurukurirano pamusoro pokuwana kwoutano nokukwanisa kuratidzira basa rehurumende mukutungamirira gadziriro yezvoutano. ACA inoramba iri nhambo inoyera, nenhamburiko dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzokuifutunura (g., kuderedza zera reMedicare regigituration) kana kuti repetal. Masimba anofurirawo ari pachena mu Medicare naMedicaid purogiramu dzemitengo, idzo dzinotsamira pakushandisa nokubhadhara mitero. Revuction Act[FLT:][202] [20])

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Kunoita Kuti Zvitange

Mitemo yeForence yakaitirwa kuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon inoratidzira kuzvipira kwehurumende kupedza zvinetso zvemhoteredzo. EPA's Pulani yeGumbi raMasimba (2015] yakatsvaka kuderedza kushatiswa kwecarbon kubva kunzvimbo dzinoshandisa Dreak Act. Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yakavharwa neDare reKarbon guru muna 2016, EPA inopfuurira kudzora mhepo inodziya inodziya pasi pevhuvhuvhuwa [FLT:]]] Massachusetts v. EPA [2007]], iyo yainoreva kuti carbon dioxide inodzorwa kumutemo. [[FLT:]

Mitemo Yokudzora Pfuti

Hurumende yehurumende yakaita mitemo yakasiana - siana yakarongedzerwa kutungamirira pfuti, kutapura chengeteko yavose nekodzero dzavanhu. Gun Control Act ya 1968 yakarambidza kutengesa pfuti kuvanhu vasina rezinesi. [[FLT:] Brady Hand Violence Depaltive Act [[[FLT:]] [1993] [1993] Mitemo yokuongorora zvinhu zvinotengwa nevatengesi vereze. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Bipartation Actives Pactives[[FFFFF:5]] [202])] Kunzvera kwemitengodziri pasi pe 21 uye mireza mitsvuku inobhadharo. Iyi mitemo inobviswa muClassicae, asi inotonga zvikuru muDare rePlamest]

Kuziva Mashoko Oga uye Kusazvidzora

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja, hurumende yehurumende yakarwisana nokudzora kuvanza mashoko neIndaneti. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) inoshandisa chiremera chayo kumanikidzira kurwisana nemiitiro isina kururama kana kuti inonyengera, yakadai semakambani anoshandisa zvisina kufanira mashoko evatengi. Cybersecurity neInfracturactive Security Agency (CISA) yakagadzwa kudzivirira masangano enyika yose uye kutsinhiranisa mhinduro dzechipo pachakavanzika. Miteko yehurumende, yakaita se [FLD:] CDAS]

Kutama - tama uye DCA

Kutora kunopesana nako kunoramba kuri nzvimbo inokakavadzana nesimba rehurumende. Chiito chakarevererwa nokuda kwokusvika kwavana (DACA) purogiramu, yakaitwa nenhevedzano yevakuru vakuru muna 2012, yakabvumira vatami vasina kunyorwa vakasvika savana kuti vapiwe mvumo yemvumo nedziviriro pakudzingwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira DCA mu Super aright Security v. Regets dzeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia[FLT] [FLT] 2020] panzvimbo dzinotemwarariranwa, asi kunogara pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Uyu muenzaniso unoratidza kuti bazu rinogona sei kushandisa muchuridziri wezvokudzo.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kushandiswa chaikoiko kwenyika yamasimba ehurumende yehurumende kunopa nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende yorudzi inoshanda nayo. Aya masimba anoumba anotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kuvambira kuterano yezvemari kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo, kuvambira pautano hwavanhu kusvikira kuchengeteko yorudzi. Gadziriro inochinjika yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo (yakapfuudzwa, inorevererwa, uye inobvumira hurumende yemo yemo inogarwa nhaka kuchinjika kuzvinetso zvitsva nepo inoramba ine chokuita navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mienzaniso yenhau neyazvinovapo panguva ino, tinowana murangariro wakajeka pamusoro pebasa rinokosha rehurumende yemubatanidzwa wehurumende munzanga yedu uye gakavarariro inopfuurira pamusoro pemigariro yakafanira yebasa iroro.