Masimba eHurumende Ari Mubasa: Kuongorora Kushanda KwemaFederalism

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende, gadziriro inodzora inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Iyi nharaunda haisati iri zvayo nheyo yebumbiro remitemo isiri yepamutemo; inheyo yemiitiro yezuva nezuva yehurumende inotapura zvakananga mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe. Kunzwisisa masimba enyika kunoreva kunzwisisa ukuru hwezvisarudzo zvinoitwa navatongi, matare ehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanoumba dzidzo, chengeteko yavose, utano, uye mari. Nyaya inonzvera mienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu hwesimba rehurumende mukushanda, ichigovera kunzvera kwakakwana nzira iyo nyika dzinoshandisa nayo chiremera chadzo, kuchinja kunogura nyika, uye tapuro dzinooneka paupenyu hwavagari vemo. Kubva kumakirasi eCalifornia kusvikira kumugwagwa mukuru weTexal, masimba ndeyenyika dzinodzose dzinodzorwa munzvimbo dzinoenda kunzvimbo dzinodzorwa kuruwa kuruwa.

Fandesheni Yebumbiro reMitemo Yechiremera Chehurumende

Dare reThine Remisi yeMitemo reU.S. rinochengeta kuhurumende masimba ose asingagoveri kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika. Ikoku kunoparira kuva mutariri mukuru [[FLT: 0] wechiremera [ anozivikanwa samasimba amapurisa — mano okubatanidza utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavose yavanhu vose. Iyi mitemo inobvumira chikonzero nei tichiona maindasitiki 50 akasiyana- siyana edemocracy, kuedza kumwe nokuedza kwemitemo kunogadziridzwa kumipimo yeruwa nezvinodikanwa. Nepo mutemo wehurumende uri mukurusase munharaunda dzakadai sezvokutengeserana zvoukurusanyika nedziviriro zvorudzi, masimba anodzora nzvimbo youpenyu hwezuva riri rose.

1. Murairo weDzidzo: Ganhuriro yeHurumende

Dzidzo inzvimbo umo chiremera chehurumende chinooneka zvikurusa uye chinotapura. Nyika dzinogadzira mapato adzo dzimene edzidzo, dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, dzinoshandisa kunzvera, uye dzinoparadzira mazana amabhirioni amadhora mukushandisa mari. Iri simba rinovakirwa muchitendero chokuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo nehurumende dzinopiwa nzvimbo yakanakisisa yokunzwisisa zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvedzidzo zvavadzidzi vavo, mungave mumisha yemaguta ine vanhu vakawanda zvikuru yakadai seNew York City kana kuti maruwa omumaruwa muMontana.

Mipimo Yegadziriro Nezvinodikanwa Zvokupedza Kufunda

Mitezo ine chiremera chapose chose chokusarudza icho vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza kuwana dhipuroma rechikoro chapamusoro. Somuenzaniso, zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda zveCalifornia zvinobatanidza kupfuura California High School Sup Exam (CAHHES) kutozosvikira yanyorerwa, apo Texas inoshanda pasi peTexas Essential Known nass (TEKS), iyo inoraira kosi dzakananga mumari, zvidzidzo zvedzinza, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neFlorida, dzinoda kosi yomunhu oga yokudzidza, nepo dzimwe dzinonangidzira zvikuru pasayenzi yemakombiyuta. TS itsoropo dzinodzoka dzinoda vadzidzi kuti vapedze kosi yedzidzo yemari, nedzeromedzo dzemari, nedzeronze dzezvikoro zvechikoro zvenyika dzomunzvimbomo.

Zvirongwa Zvokusarudza Pachikoro Nezvirongwa Zvevaoucher

Masimba ehurumende mudzidzo akanyandura kurukurirano yenyika yose pamusoro pechisarudzo chechikoro. Arizona akatanga imwe yegadziriro hurusa dzenyika yose inoyera, achibvumira mudzidzi upi noupi kushandisa mari yavose nokuda kwedzidzo yapamusha kana kuti yechikoro. Nenzira inopesana, matauriro akafanana neWashington akaramba arambazve mapurogiramu edzidzo kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvebholati. mwero wetsika yenyika [ inoratidzira kuti masangano ehurumende namagavhuna — kwete hurumende yehurumende yehurumende — ivavaki vedzidzo yedzidzo yapamusoro. Mu2023 moga, anotaura seArkansas, Florida, uye Oklahoma yakakudza chisarudzo chechikoro, nepo vamwe vakachengeta kana kuti vakasimba mumiitiro yezvikoro zvamagamuchidzanwa.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kusasarura

Hurumende dzinosarudzawo nzira dzemari dzinoshandiswa pakupa mari yedzidzo yeK-12, inowanzotsamira pamitero yezvinhu. Ikoku kunoparira kusaruramisira pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo. Somuenzaniso, Illinois ine imwe yemitemo yemari inodzorwa zvikurusa munyika, uko maruwa ane mipimo yemitemo yakaderera zvikuru anogamuchira yamuro mishoma yehurumende pamusha mumwe nomumwe kupfuura akapfuma. Musiano, kutaura kwakafanana neNew Jersey neVermont akagamuchira mipimo yemari inonangidzira mitengo yokuwedzera kumitengo inowana yakaderera. Muuyo weiyi miraudzo inotapura zvakananga ukukura kwekirasi, mubhadharo, uye kuwanika kwekosi yakakwirira.

2. Gadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi: Kubvisa Utsotsi Nechirango

Masimba ehurumende mururamisiro youtsotsi ari pakati pekusvasvavirira kukurusa. Hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta bumbiro rayo rimene rechirango, masangano anodzikamisa mutemo, uye gadziriro dzokururamisa. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inotonga mhosva dzakati dzakadai sokutengesa mirimo muruwa kana kuti kudzorwa kwezvisakafanira kwokubuda munyika, ruzhinji rwemibato youtsotsi — kuvambira pakuba kusvikira kukuponda — inotongwa nomutemo wehurumende. Iri chiremera chinopa chisarudzo chikuru mukugadza zvirango, kurondedzera mhaka, uye kushandisa chinjo.

Kunyoreswa Pamutemo: Muzinda Wehurumende

Zvichida hapana chinyorwa chinoenzanisira zviri nani masimba ehurumende mururamisiro rwoutsotsi kupfuura kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje. Pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chehurumende muGutentenment Act yeGuiced Substances, hurumende dzakaita musimba radzo dzimene. Colorado neWashington dzakava nyika dzokutanga kushandisa nenzira yapamutemo nhandaro muna 2012 kupfurikidza nokuvhota. Chifo cha 24, nyika neReslat of Columbia zvava neReligion yenzanga zvinobvumirwa neyamunyoreswa zviri pamutemo yenhandaro, nepo 38 zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Hurumende imwe neimwe [FLT: 0] inogadza mitemo yayo imene [[[[FLTL:1]]: Oregon inobvumira kurimwa kwemimba yeminda ina, nepo Utahnabis yakaganhurirwa zvikuru kuti izivikanwe kuruwa rwezvokudzo rwezvokudzo.

Kutongerana Uye Kuparidzwa

Hurumende dzinosarudza kuranga nhungamiro dzemhosva, kuchitungamirira kumisiyano ye yezvikamu zvemajeri. Three Signat Law yeCalifornia, yapfuudzwa muna 1994, inoda mitongo youpenyu nokuda kwedaviso yechitatu yenhau dzakatenderwa, ichibetsera kuchiverengero chikuru chetorongo. Mumhinduro, hurumende yakachinjirwa kugadziridza nokusunungurwa pakuvamba kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai sePronce 57, kupa mabhodhi akangwara zvikuru. Nenzira inopesana, kutaura kwakafanana naLouisiana yakatsamira kare pamitsetse yakare yave yakatengwa nemitongo mitongo mirevedzero mirevedzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuvura inodzo yetoo. Simba rokutonga risingadzoregine masimba makuru.

Kuedza Kumanikidza Mapurisa

Masimba ehurumende anotambanukirawo kumitemo yokuchengeta mutemo. Kutevera kushandiswa kwakakwirira kwesimba, mashoko akafanana neCalifornia neNew York akagadza mitemo yokuchinja inoda makamera omutumbi, kurambidza miganhu, uye kugadzira mabhodhi anotarisira. Mativi akafanana naIdaho akapfuudza zvikwereti zvinoganhurira mano ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kurumadza mapurisa. Hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza nenzira isingabhadharwi miraudzo yamasangano ayo okuchengeta mutemo.

3. Kutanga Kwoutano Hwavose: Kudzora Kurwara uye Kuva Neutano Hwezuva Nezuva

Utano hwemapurisa ndehwepamutemo, hunobvumira hurumende kuti dziparadzanise vanhu, dzipedze kudzivirira vanhu, uye dzitarisire utano.

Kurapa Kunoitwa Zvikoro

Mitezo yose 50 inoda kudzivirira vanopinda chikoro, asi zvinodikanwa nokusabvumirwa zvinosiyana. California yakabvisa kuhesvura kusiri kwemishonga yenhomba dzechikoro muna 2015 pashure pokumuka kwegwirikwiti yakabatana neDisneyland. Mississippi neWest Virginia dzakagara kwenguva refu dzisina mitemo yokuparadza zvirwere, nepo nyika dzakafanana neOklahoma dzichibvumira kusunungurwa kworudzidziso nokwemasangano omunhu oga. Iyi [FLT:] misiyano yetsika yepachikamu chenhumbu yakabatana neFLTY] inotapura zvakananga mwero yepfumba uye kudzivirira mapoka emo munzanga. Simba rokugadza iyi mitemo, zvisinei, inorambira nemitemo yehurumende uye masangano outano.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Mukati MePandemic

Mukati medenda reCHOVAD ne19, magavhuna akashandisa masimba ekurumidziro kuti ape mhinduro yezvirango zvemusha, kupfekedza mabhakitire, uye kugovera zviwanikwa zvemishonga. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naMichigan, dzakaisa miganhu yakakomba yakadenhwa gare gare mumatare ehurumende, nepo hurumende dzakadai seFlorida neSouth Dakota dzakachengeta mabhizimisi akawanda akazaruka. wirirano mumhinduro [[ yakaratidzira kuti masimba ehurumende anogona kutungamirira sei kumigumisiro yakasiana nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu noupfumi.

Kutarisira Utano

Kupfuura migariro yekurumidziro, hurumende rezinesi nokudzora zvipatara, misha inochengeterwa vakwegura, uye nzvimbo dzokugadziridza. Vanogadza zvikamu zvevashandi, mipimo yokudzora hosha, uye gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira. Somuenzaniso, California inoraira mwero yakananga yomukoti kuvarwere muzvipatara, muitiro usingatevedzerwi muTexas kana kuti Mississippi. Mitezo inotarisirawo kushandurwa kwezvipatara zvisingapinduri nokuda kwemibato yemhindu, kuvimbisa kuvadziko yenzanga inodikanwa kunosangana.

4. Mitemo Yemhoteredzo: Kubva pamhepo yakachena Kuenda Kudziviriro Yemhuka

Dziviriro yemhoteredzo mutoro unogoverwa wenyika yehurumende, asi nyika dzinowanzotungamirira nzira mukunangana nokushatisa, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye kuchengetedzwa kwevhu. MuMutezo weCeac Air Act, masangano anopiwa simba rokukudziridza Hurumende Ipmentation Programation Programs (SIPS) kuti isvitse mipimo yemhepo yakaisvonaka yenyika. Nyika zhinji dzinopfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Chiremera Chechienzi cheCalifornia

California ine nzvimbo yechienzi mumitemo yemhoteredzo. Yakagamuchira chirango chinobva muEPA pasi peEpepe Air Act kugadza mipimo yayo imene yokubudisa motokari, uye dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mitemo yorumano yeCalifornia. Kubvira muna 2024, 17 hurumende dzakashandisa purogiramu yemotokari dzakachena yeCalifornia, nenzira inobudirira kugadza mupimo wenyika yose wavanogadzira motokari. Iyi inoita nhano yezviito zvechipameso kumichina yemagetsi nokukurumidza kupfuura zvinodikanwa nemitemo yomubatanidzwa. United States yakadai seNew York neMassachusetts yakagamuchirawo murairo wekufambisa basa reCalifornia (ZEV).

Mvura Yakanaka uye Kushandiswa Kwomoto

Mitengo inodzora kunaka kwemvura mukati memiganhu yayo. Somuenzaniso, Florida yakatanga mipimo yezvokudya zvokutaura nezvemaruva ealgal muEverglades, nepo Oregon akagadza ganhuriro dzakasimba pakubuda kwemicheto muRwizi rweWillamette. Kumadokero, nyika dzinotarisira kodzero dzemvura, simba rakakomba mukati memvura. Mutemo wemvura, unobva paappropriation, unodzora kuti mvura yakawanda sei inogona kushandiswa. Mukuwedzera, kufanana neCalifornia neOregon inoisa mari mukudzivirira tsvina, inoisa miganhu yokuvaka mumidzi yemoto uye zvivako zvinona.

Kugadzirwa Kwenyika Kwakadzivirirwa

Nyika dzinogadzira mapaki adzo dzimene namatura emhuka. Texas ine mapaki enyika anopfuura 90, nepo gadziriro yepaki yeruwa yeCalifornia inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzakadai senzvimbo dzeruwa dzaJosemite dziri pedyo. Mitezo inobvumirawo kuvaka nzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo kudzivirira nzvimbo dzakachena nemhemho. simba rokuchengetedza nyika iri mumitezo yemitemo namasangano, kubatanidza mapuraidhi enyika anotarisira mamirioni amaeka enyika okuvimba navanhu.

5. Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso: Kuvaka Nokuchengeta Manete

Hurumende yacho inogovera mari inokosha kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, asi hurumende inodzora nzira iyo mari iyoyo inoshandiswa nayo uye inoisa pokutanga payo.

Kuronga Kumhanya Zvishoma uye Mitemo Yemotokari

Mumwe wemienzaniso iri pachena zvikurusa yesimba rehurumende kugadza ganhuriro dzekumhanya. Nepo hurumende yehurumende yakamboraira ganhuriro yemwero we55 mph yorudzi (yadzorwazve muna 1995), inogadza zvino ganhuriro pamigwagwa mikuru yeruwa. Montana haina muganhu wezuva wamakumi amakore asati agara pa 80 mph. Hawaii inogadza ukuru hwe 60 mph pamatation ayo. Mitemo inodzorawo kutyaira kunodzorwa: Georgia inodzivisa magetsi api neapi anoshandiswa apo inotyaira, uye Texas inorambidza kunyora mashoko asi inobvumira runhare rworuoko. Iyi mirayiro inodzorwa napamhiko yemitezo yemitezo yetsika inoda kuti vatyairi vadzori vadzori vadzori vadzori vadzore mufambiro wavo apo vanoyambuka mitsetse yehurumende.

Kutsigira Zvirongwa Zvokuvaka

Masangano ehurumende anosarudza nzira yokusimudzira nayo mari nokuda kwemigwagwa nokufamba. Mitero yeOregon parita rimwe remafuta asi iri kuedza nomuripo wemaira yakavakirwa pamutero webasa. California yakatendera wedzero yemutero wegasi (SB 1) muna 2017 uyo unokwidza mabhiriyoni gore negore nokuda kwokugadziridza migwagwa. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neWashington, dzakatanga gadziriro yecarbon crirage inobudisa mari yezvirongwa zvokufambisa. Munguva inotemwa seAlaska migwagwa inobhadhadhadhadha zvikurukuru nemari yeoiri yemafuta, inosiya njodzi kumutengo wezvifambiso.

Kuchinja Kwavose neRail

Nyika inoshandawo uye inoshandisa gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose. MTA yeNew York isangano gurusa rokufambisa muNorth America, rinoshandiswa nehurumende. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority yehurumende. United States inodzora kuvakwa kwenjanji yemagetsi, njanji inofambirwa, uye kukwidzwa kwebhazi. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza kukura kweVirginia’s Silver Line neColorado’s Den Regionary Transportation District (RTD).

6. Kufambira Mberi Kwezvemari: Bhizimisi Rinonyengera uye Riri Kukura

Nyika dzinoshandisa zvikarakadzo zvemitero, zvikwereti, uye kupa mapurogiramu kukweva makambani nemavambo anosimudzira. Uku kushandisa kwakananga simba rehurumende kuumba upfumi hwadzo, kwakasiana nomuitiro wemari womubatanidzwa.

Kutapa Mitero Nokutamiswazve

Apo Amazon akazivisa kutsvaka kwayo dzimbahwe rechipiri (HQ2), maruwa akapa mabhiriyoni munhambo dzemitero. New York neVirginia pakupedzisira yakawina, asi dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakadai seTexas neNorth Carolina dzakapa zvisundo zvikuru nokuda kwemabasa maduku. Nyika dzakadai seNevada naDelaware dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwezvivako zvakanaka zvemitero yesangano zvinokwezva dzimbahwe nesangano. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvinonyandura zvinomutsa nharo; maruwa akafanana naWisconsin akatarisana nokunzvera nokuda kwokupa Foxconn pasurubhurari yemabhiriyoni 4 (mabhiriyoni 4 mabhiriyoni) iyo yakatungamirira kumabasa mashoma zvikuru kupfuura akapikirwa. [[FLT: 0]] izvi zvisarudzo zvapamusoro zvesangano repamusoro zvinokwezva zvivako zvemari zvinokwezva .

Kufambira Mberi Kwebasa

United States inopa mari yemakoreji enzanga nepurogiramu dzokurovedza basa dzinowiriraniswa nezvinodikanwa zveindasitiri yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Michigan ine purogiramu ye "Going Pro" inobhadhara vashandirwi nokuda kwendyiko dzokurovedza. Purogiramu yeCompt Start yeGeorgia inopa rovedzo yapachena yemabhizimisi matsva. Hurumende dzinoshandisawo kudzidzira mukugadzira, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye ruzivo rwemashoko. Zvirongwa izvi zvinogadzirirwa kumisika yebasa yehurumende uye chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwokukura kwemari.

Dzimba neZoning

Masimba ehurumende pamusoro pokushandiswa kwenzvimbo ndiwo makuru kukubudirira kwezvemari. Zvizvarwa zvakawanda zvinopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo simba rokukurudzira kugadzirwa kwedzimba. California yakapa mitemo inoda kuti maguta atendere zvirongwa zvedzimba zviri pakati pezvifambiso, ichiita kuti zvive zvibvumirano zvenzvimbo. Oregon yakarambidzwa nyika imwe chete inodzorwa muna 2019. Zviito izvi masimba enyika anoshandiswa kukurukura nedzimba dzinokwanisa kugadzirisa njodzi, kazhinji kacho inoita kuti dzisaramba kugadzirwa.

7. Roorano Nomutemo Wemhuri: Kuremekedza Ukama Namaruramiro

Hurumende yehurumende ingaziva roorano nokuda kwebetsero dzehurumende (muchib., Social Security, transmist), asi masangano anosarudza kuva ane maruramiro nokuparadzana.

Mitemo Yeroorano Nerezenisi

Nyika dzakagadza zera reroorano nebvumirano yavabereki uye pasina. Nyika dzose dzakamutsa zera duku reroorano kusvikira ku 18 mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, asi kunze kuripo. Arkansas akabvumira 16 wemakore okukura kuroora netendero yedare kutozosvikira muna 2023, apo yakasimudzira zera kusvikira ku 18. Hurumende dzinorondedzerawo kuti ndiani anogona kuroora kana kuti kuroorwa; roorano imwe cheteyo yapamutemo munyika yose pashure pe Obergefell v. Hodges, asi dzinotaura kuti ichiri kutarisira muitiro wokuisa. Vamwe vakafanana naAlabama vane marambirwe eroorano apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoramba kuvadenha vakaroorana.

Chatanuro Nekodzero Yokuchengeta Mwana

Dare rehurumende rinobata nhau dzechatanuro, kutanga zvikonzero zvokuparadzana, kupesana kwezvinhu, uye antimonius. Zvinhu zvomunharaunda zvinobatanidza kufanana neCalifornia zvakakamuraniswa zvakaenzana, nepo kuparadzirwa kwakaenzana kuchiita seNew York zvinhu asi kwete zvakaenzana. Zvisarudzo zvekodzero yokuchengeta mwana zvinosiyanawo: dzimwe nyika dzinodawo kuwirirana kwekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana, nepo dzimwe dzichirangarira kuti kufarira mwana kuri nani kusingatengwi. Iyi [FLT:] misiyano yomutemo inosimudzika [[[[FLT: 1] inoreva kurambana kwavabereki muTexas kunotarisanawo nemirayiro yakasiyana - siyana kupfuura vaviri muMassachusetts.

Kurerwa Nevana Vasiri Vako uye Kutarisirwa

Nyika dzinotarisira gadziriro dzokurera nokurera vana, dzichigadza zvinodikanwa zvavabereki vokurera uye dzichitarisira sangano rehurumende regarikano yavana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUtah, dzinobvumira masangano orudzidziso okurera vana kurambidza kuiswa kwevana kuLGBTQ+ vakaroorana, nepo California ichidzivisa rusaruro. Mitezo inosarudzawo kana vabereki vokurera vanogona kurera vana pasina kugumisa kodzero dzomubereki asiri mwana. Kusiyana mumutemo wokurera mwana kunotapura zvakananga mhuri dzakawanda dzinotsvaka kukura kana kutarisira vana.

Kupedzisa: Basa Rinokosha Remasimba eHurumende

Mienzaniso iri pamusoro apa inoratidzira kuti masimba ehurumende haasati ari erondedzero — iwo inheyo yokutonga kwezuva nezuva. Kuvambira pamabhuku anoshandiswa kurava mukirasi kusvikira kuganhuriro dzinomhanya mumigwagwa, kuvambira pakuva pamutemo kwechikwata chemubato kusvikira kumitemo nokuda kwemitemo yeroorano, inoumba mhoteredzo yapamutemo nedzoredzo inoumba upenyu hweAmerica. Sangano rehurumende rinobvumira nenzira yamaune kuti aya marudzi ashande senzvimbo dzinoshandira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kugonesa masangano anoedza gare gare gare gare kupesvedzera chiito pamwero wenyika kana kuti kuraswa pashure pokukundikana. Kunzwisisa aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwevagari vemo vapi vanotsvaka kuputsa mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica. Sezvirwo runopfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva — chinjo yezvoruzivo rwezvoutano hwapachena, njodzi dzenzanga, uye kusaenzana kwenzanga — chiremera chawo chicharamba chiri pakati penyika inotonga uye kudzongonyengedzero yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inopfuurira, asi kupfuudzodzodzo dzoupenyu chaidzo dzogaro dzinopfuureidzo dzogaro dzinopfutese.