Miganhu Yengozi Yakaviri Mumhosva Dzougandanga Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Nheyo yenjodzi dzinopetwa kaviri inomira senheyo yemiitiro youtsotsi mugadziriro dzakawanda dzemitemo, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu pamiedzo yokuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Inobatanidza mipimo yokupedzisira, kururama, uye dziviriro pamitongo yehurumende. Zvisinei, apo kupomera kunobatanidza ugandanga kana kuti nhau dzechengeteko rworudzi, iyi nheyo yemitemo inopesana neganhuriro dzinotyisa neganhuriro. Madare nemirairo yemitemo akaveza miganhu yedzidziso inobvumira kukwikwidzwa kwakawanda, kudzorwa kwouchangamire kwakasiana, uye kunyange kudzorwa kwehurumende kwechikwata chehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuumbwa kwapamutemo kwengozi dzinopetwa kaviri, zvinetso zvakananga zvinoparirwa nougandangando nenhau dzehurumende, uye kunyandukarira kupfuurira pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nevoko dzavanhu nedzekese.

Simba Rapamutemo Rokuparadza Kuviri

Mavambo Nenzvimbo

Chirambidzo chokudzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri chinotangira kumutemo weRoma nomutemo wapakuvamba, chichiwana ratidzirwo muchirevo chezvemitemo chechiNgezi . Nemo debet bis vixari — hapana munhu anofanira kutambudzwa kaviri nokuda kwechisakiso chimwe chetecho. MuUnited States, yakadzorwa muFindment: "Hapana munhu upi noupi achaiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo yokuiswa mungozi youpenyu kana kuti rutivi rwedandero." Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa iyi dziviriro kupfurikidza nePrimendement mu . Mary v[FLT] [FLT] [F] [FLT]]

Ruramisiro huru nokuda kwomutemo yakasanosimbiswa: inodzivisa hurumende kushandisazve kuroverera kunodzokororwa kutambudza munhu, inodzivisa kusaruramisira kwokuda munhu kudzivirira pomero imwe cheteyo kanopfuura kamwe, uye inochengeta mhedziso yorutongeso. Seizvo Mutongi Black akanyora mu [[FL:0] Blue v. United States[FLT] [1957], ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzivirira "munhu wacho arege kuiswa mungozi dzekutongwa uye kupwirira kunobvira kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva inotaurwa."

Apo Kuora Mwoyo Kunoisa Pamberi

Mutongo wedare redare redare redare redare ramatare unenge wangotongwa bedzi dare rinobetsera vatongi rinotonga kana kuti kupika; mudare rebhenji, kana chapupu chokutanga chapikirwa.

Misiyano Yezvikwereti: Machira Anoita Miviri

Changamire Akaparadzana

Zvichida ganhuriro hurusa mumiitiro yougandanga nechengeteko yenyika idzidziso inoparadzanisa madzimambo [. Mumutemo uyu, chitsama chenjodzi chapamberi hachiisi muganhu wokukwikwidza kutevedzana kupfurikidza namadzimambo akasiyana- siyana nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. chiito chimwe chinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nehurumende, kana kuti mitemo yenyika mbiri dzakasiana------- siyana, inogona kutongwa nenzira yakaparadzana pasina kukanganisa Pendexmendi. Dare rapamusorosoro rakasimbisazve dzidziso iyi mu GGgashb v. United States (2020), inobata kuti hurumende yehurumende nehurumende idzoseronge dzaparadza njodzi.

Mumashoko amarudzi ose, ikoku kunoreva munhu mumwe nomumwe anogona kuedzwa mune imwe nyika nokuda kwemhosva dzinobatanidza ugandanga uye ipapo kupiwa mhaka kana kuti kupiwa mhaka mune imwe nyika nokuda kwezviito zvimwe chetezvo zvinoparira. Somuenzaniso, anonyumwirwa anosungwa muEurope nokuda kwokuronga kudenha angatarisana nepomero dzose dziri mbiri munyika yeEurope uye muUnited States, nengozi yakapedzerwa dziviriro. Dzidziso yacho nenzira inobudirira inobvisa njodzi mbiri apo marudzi akasiana - siana anobvumirana pamibato yamagandanga.

Kupomera Kwakasiyana, Mufambiro Wakafanana

Mumwe musiyano mukuru unomuka kubva ku mhaka imwe cheteyo. muedzo we “stamburger [, unobva pa [[FLT] .United States [1932], unobvunza kana mhosva imwe neimwe inoda uchapupu hwechinhu icho chimwe chinhu chisingaitwi. Kana mhosva mbiri dzine zvinhu zvakasiyana, dzinorangarirwa semhosva dzakaparadzana kunyange kana dzichibva mumufambiro mumwe chetewo. Ikoku kunobvumira vachuchidzi kupomera mhaka dzakawanda dzinorevererwa — somuenzaniso, kuranga kwougandanga, uye kushandisa chombo chombo choruparadziko — kana kuti kuparira zvikanganiso zvakatevedzerwa mberi.

Munhau dzougandanga, hurumende inowanzoshandisa nzira ye "kurayira kwakananga": kuunza pomero dzechirongwa muimwe nharaunda, pomero dzechitsotsi muimwe, kana kuti kushandisa kuputswa kwokubuda munyika sechiwirirano. Dare reZvikumbiro nokuda kweTsika yeChipiri, mu United States v. Feliciano [1993], raidavira kuti kubviswa parangano yemazango, hakuna kuisa mhaka gare gare nokuda kwoutsotsi hwokutengesa mirimo yezvipembenene yezvipembedzo hunokwira muzvinoitika zvimwe chetezvo, nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvakasiana.

Mabasa Ehondo Nematare Ehurumende

Ukuvapo kwemitemo yapamutemo inowirirana — matare eutsotsi namabasa ehondo — kunoparira mumwe mukaha. Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu United States ex rel. Toth. Quarles (155]) rakakarakadza kuti ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ingasadzikisa kutongwa kwehondo pashure pokutongwa kwehondo nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chetecho kana kuti dare rehurumende rikabatira fariro dzakasiana. Nepo zviitiko zvakaganhurirwa icho chine dzidziso youchangamire [[FLT]] [FLT: 3]] yave yave ichiregwa kururamisa uganda hunofungidzirwa muhondo mose muri muviri namauto. Chipomeso chapa njodzi. Chipomeso chapameso chapamhindi chehondo chakanzikanwa [FFM] [5]

Chivande Chokuchengeteka Chorudzi Nezvinotsiva Kuuraya

Miganhu yengozi yakapetwa kaviri inoparadzwa nokushandiswa kwo kuchengetwa kwokuisa utsotsi. , [FLT] , mari inorashwa [, uye [[FLT]]] zvirango zvinodzorwa nehurumende [[[FLT:]] zvingatevera kana kuti kutangira kurovererwa kwemhosva dzoutsotsi. Munhu mumwe nomumwe anganzi haacharambwa somuvengi, anoiswa muvengi anorambidzwa, kana kuti ane zvinhu zvakachingwa panzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa dzenyika. Iyi mipimo hairangari "Tsvudzi" nokuda kwemadonzo aviri, kunyange kana vachiisa ganhuriro dzakakomba parusununguko nepfuma. Dare gurusaresa re [FLD] United States.[5]

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kubatanidza Kunoita Mamwe Masangano Emitemo Maviri

United Kingdom uye European Convention

Chitendero cheUnited Kingdom chokuparadza njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri chakava nechinjo huru pashure pama1990. Chibvumirano cheCriminal Justice Act chakatanga kusabvumira kutongwazve kwemhosva dzakakomba — kubatanidza ugandanga — apo "ufakazi hutsva nohusingabvumiki" hunobuda. Ihwohwu hwakaparadza nenzira inobudirira nheyo yokupedzisira yemhosva huru. Kuwedzera, Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu, mu [[FL: 0]] Swery Zolotinhin v. Russia [2009] [2009], rakashandisa muganhu wakafara "Mufambiro] pasi pechikamu 4 cheProtokostiko. Nheyo 7 yeKonquisiro yeEurope paNdoka, iyo inorambidza njodzi dzinopedzerwa napa njodzi dzavanhu vose. UK yakatarisana nokupoka kwechipoka chapa pamutemo chavanhu vose.

European Union Nes muIdem

Mukati meEuropean Union, Chikamu 54 cheSchengent Convention yeSchentegen neEU Charter of Fundament Rights chinosimbisa nheyo yakasimba yebikomupiti kuti kukwirira kwechipiri muhurumende ipi neipi iri mitezo apo kutonga kwokupedzisira kwangopiwa mune imwe nyika yemitezo nokuda kwezviito zvimwe. Dare reRumbidzo reEurope, mu Kosski [20], rakadavira kuti nheyo iyi inoshanda kunyange apo kupomera kwokupedzisira kunenge kwapera mukusatongwa kwakakwana. Zvisinei, nhau dzouganda dzinowanzobatanidza kudzora kwamarudzi ose nokushandiswa kwechengeteko, sokushorwa kwakakomba kwamarudzi, sokureva chibvumirano cha 4 (2) cheEurope Union, icho chinobvumira mitezo yavo "inehashatisiro yenhau iyi. Yakasaita kuti kugadziriswe chose chose.

Canada neDare Remhaka Remarudzi Akawanda

Mupambo weCanada weChikamu cheRevoitswotions, pasi pechikamu 11(h), unovimbisa dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kusasarura kwemhosva mumitemo yakasiana. Mu R. Van Rassel [1990], Dare rakava nemhosva yokuti kutongerwa mhaka muUnited States hakuna kudzikatirwa muvakirwo nokuda kwetsika imwe cheteyo muCanada, richishandisa kuedza "mhaka" panzvimbo pe "mufambiro". Ikoku kunowirirana nedzidziso yakaparadzana. Pachikamu chamarudzi ose, Chirevo cheRoma chedare reInternalment Agement Court (C) chinobatanidza nabiem mugadziriro yezviito zvechinyakare 20, asi inobvumira kudarika matare uye kutendeka nokuda kwezviito zvedare.

Nzvero Dzemhosva Mungozi Huviri Nokurwisa Ugandanga

Kutongwa kwaZacarias Moussaoui

Zacarias Moussaoui, "20th broator," yakapomerwa mhaka muUnited States nokuda kwerangano ine chokuita nedenho dzaSeptember 11. Kutonga kwake kwakamutsa funganyo dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri apo hurumende yakatsvaka kusuma ufakazi hungagona kuva hwakashandiswa muzviitiko zvapakuvamba mukurwisana navamwe vapanduki. Pakupedzisira, Moussaoui akateterera ane mhaka uye akatongerwa upenyu mutorongo. Zvisinei, kuoma kwenhau yacho kwakasimbiswa kuti pomero dzakaparadzana sei — chitsoro, ugandanga, uye kuparadzwa kwendege — zvaigona kuunzwa nenzira yenhema mumativi akasiyana - siyana kana kuti semariro akaparadzana pasina kumutsa njodzi yakapetwa kaviri, nemhaka yokuti maruramiro mamwe namamwe anoda mativi akasiyana.

Lockerbie Kubhomba: Pan Am Flight 103

Kubhomba kweLockerbie kunoenzanisira ganhuriro dzakapetwa kaviri muugandanga hwamarudzi ose. VaLivan vanonyumwira vaviri vakaedzwa mumutemo weScotland padare chairo muNetherlands. Mumwe akanzi haana mhaka; mumwe akawanirwa mhaka. Mukwirirwi asina mhaka, Al-Amina Khalifa Fimah, gare gare haana kutarisanazve nemhosva, asi mhaka yacho yakamutsa mubvunzo: aigona kuve akaedzwa mune imwe nyika, zvakadai seUnited States? Mupamberi peU.S., murambiri wedzimwe nyika haarambiri mutengi, nemhaka yokuti mambo wokumwe munhu anorangarira kuva mukuru mukuru. zvisinei, zvisinei, U.S.

Guantánamo Bay Detaines

Detaines dzakaitirwa paGuantámo Bay dzakatarisana nenhau dzengozi dzakapfuura dzose. Vamwe vakaedzwa pamberi pemasangano ehondo ndokusunungurwa kana kuti vapiwa mhaka, kuzongoramba vari mutorongo bedzi se "varwi" kunyange pashure pokupera kwemitongo yavo. Mu Al Bahlil v. United States [202015], D. nharaunda yakadavira kuti tsigiro yezvinhu nokuda kwougandanga yakanga iri mhaka yehondo yaidzoserwa neboka rehondo, asi Dare rapamusoro rakaramba kuhwirudzura. Kana kutemwa kwapamutemo kutongwa kusingadzorengwi nehurumende kunoramba kusingadzorengwi. tyisidziriwi tyisidziro. Obama yakataura kuti dzidziso mbiri mbiri dzouchangamire dzingabvumira kupondwa, asi mukuita basa rehurumende yakatsvaka kudzorwazve kutongwa pashure pomutemo wehondo. [FTB]

Nharo Dzemitemo: Kuchinja Kana Kuti Kuchengeta Zvikamu Zvisingabvumirani Nemitemo

Makakatanwa Ezvakawanda

Vatsigiri vokubvumidza kupondwa kwakawanda mumhaka dzougandanga vanotaura kuti rudzi rwechienzi rwetyisidziro dzamagandanga dzazvino uno — kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparirwa munyika yose, dzinopararira, uye dzinochinja — runoda kuchinjika kwapamutemo. Chiito chimwe chingaputsa mitemo yenyika inoverengeka, chinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri utsotsi nehondo, uye chinobudisa ufakazi hutsva munguva. Dzidziso yakaparadzana, muuyu murangariro, inoremekedza uchangamire hwenyika imwe neimwe uye inobvumira chiremera chimwe nechimwe kutsigira fariro dzayo. Uyezve, chengeteko yorudzi ingaraira kuti kunyumwirwa kubatwa kwoudzori kana kuti kuedzwa mumauto ehondo kunyange pashure pekusunungurwa mudare ravasiri varwi, kudzivisa kusunungurwa kwavanhu vane ngozi avo vangave vachiri kubatanidzwa muurongwa hunopfuurira.

Magakava Okudzivirira

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunze kwokubudirira kubvisa chiverengero chengozi mbiri mumhaka dzechengeteko yenyika, vachisiya vakwirirwi vari mungozi kukubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende. Vanonongedzera kungozi ye "kutenga kwokuzvidira" navachuchisi — kutsvaka chiremera choushamwari pashure pokuzvinyima kumwe kwakaipa — uye kuvadziko yendangariro nemari yemiedzo yakawanda. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakataura kuti kubvumira kukwirira kunotevedzerwa kwapanguva imwe cheteyo nokuda kwemufambiro mumwe chetewo. uye kukumbira mutungamiriri wehurumende kudzori mukuru mukuru wehurumende akacherekedza kuti dzidziso yakaparadza `permits] zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo uye hurumende kudzosa mufambiro mumwe chetewo, uyo zvikurukuru wakaoma apo mumwe wavapomendi voganwa vanosundwa vanosundwa kana kuti chengetedzwa nevavanongerwe norudzi.""

Kudana Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Vamwe vachinji vakakarakadza kuganhurira dzidziso yakasiana yamasimba makuru zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzougandanga, zvimwe kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti zvimwe nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, "Mufambiro Wetsika, Mitengo Imwe" muenzaniso ungaisa mhaka yechipiri kana yokutanga iri nokuda kwezviito zvimwe chetezvo, pasinei zvapo namambo. Vamwe vanotsigira nokuda kwokuraira kubatana pakati pemitemo kuti idzivise zvinoitika zvamagandanga. Kusvika kweUK kwokubvumira kunzvera bedzi apo "ufakazi hutsva nohusingachinjiki" kunomirira nzvimbo yapakati — inochengeta mhedziso asi kubvumira kubvira kwokupedzisira kwapashure chengeteko yakakomba yorudzi.

Kuedza Kupindirana Munyika Dzakawanda

Pamwero wamarudzi ose, zvibvumirano zvakadai seUnited Nations Convention for the Juncilion of Terrist Bombings zvinoda nyika kuti dzitonge kana kuti zvimwe zvikafungira kuti zviitwe, asi hadzina kurangarira ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. International Law Commission yakaongorora "mabhisi mumiitiro yemhosva dzamarudzi ose, asi fambiro mberi yave ichinonoka. Rome Sigminitis inogovera chirongwa chimwe, asi inoshanda bedzi kutaura kuti iri mubato kuICC. Chibvumirano chenyika yose pamusoro pougandangabatanidza ngozi huru zvikuru ingaderedza ngozi yokukwidziridzwa, asi ingada kubvumirana neuchangamire.

mhedziso

Nheyo yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, nepo iri inokosha kukururama kwemitemo, inoshanda mukuganhurirwa kukuru apo inotarisana nezvinorwisana nougandanga neitiro hanya dzenyika. Dzidziso yakasiana, kupoka kwakasiana kwemitemo, uye kuvapo kwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinowirirana kunoparira nzira dzakawanda kuti hurumende dzitonge munhu kanopfuura kamwe chete nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Idzodzi dzinoratidzira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pemifungo yokupedzisira yapamutemo neukoshi hwekotsekateko yavose munhambo yetyisidziro dzemichinjikwa.

Sezvo ugandanga hunochinja, gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kuramba dzichidzikamisa dzikamo pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nechengeteko yakabatana.United States, United Kingdom, European Union, uye dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa nzvimbo iyi zvakasiyana, asi hapana yakapedza kurwisana kwacho zvizere. Makore anouya achaona zvimwe chiito chemitemo sokutongwa kwematare nezviitiko zvitsva — zvakadai sokutongwa kwevarwi vokumwe vakatotongwa nematare omunharaunda mukurwisana.

Pakupedzisira, ganhuriro dzengozi yakapetwa kaviri mumhaka dzougandanga hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo nhau yemitemo younyanzvi asi ratidzirwo yemipimo yakadzama: kuti imhedziso huru sei iyo nzanga inogona kugona kubhadhara apo inotarisana netyisidziro hurusa, uye kuti idziviriro yamaune yaichatambanukira sei kuavo vanopomerwa mhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa. Mhinduro yacho inoramba isina kugadzikiswa, uye gakava racho richaramba richiumba mutemo unorwisana neugandanga kwamakumi amakore achauya.