Kunzwisisa Mavambo Omutemo Wevagari Vemo Nowematsotsi

Gadziriro yapamutemo muUnited States nemimwe miganhu mizhinji yomutemo inoshanda munzira mbiri dzakasiana: mutemo wavagari vemo nomutemo woutsotsi. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvakarongedzerwa kuchengeta nhevedzano nokupedza gakava, zvinobatira zvikurukuru madonzo akasiana ndokuparira miuyo yakasiana zvikuru nokuda kwamapoka anobatanidzwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vomutemo, vadzidzisi, uye munhu upi noupi anoshandisa nhevedzano yapamutemo, kunzwisisa iyi misiyano haisiwo zvayo yedzidzo − kunokosha nokuda kwokukarira miuyo, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kunzwisisa miuyo yechiito chipi nechipi chepamutemo.

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora gakava pakati pemabato avanhu vamwe navamwe(individo), mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuita kuti vakuvara vave vose, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neripo remari kana kuti mirairo yedare yakananga. Mutemo weutsotsi, mukupesana, unobatanidza mufambiro unorangarirwa kuva unokuvadza kunzanga yose. Hurumende inotambudza mupomerwi, ichitsvaka kuranga zvakaipa, inodzora mhaka dzomunguva yemberi, uye kudzorera kana kuti kudzosa. Miuyo yekutenderwa kweutsotsi inogona kubatanidza kurasikirwa norusununguko, faindi, uye chinyorwa choutsotsi chechigarire, nepo kuva nemhaka yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoguma mumisengwa yemari kana kuti mishonga isingasarumbirwi.

Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kukuru kwemiuyo yenhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi, kunzvera misiano mikuru mumitoro yechibvumikiso, mapato, miitiro, uye zvirango zvinobvira. Tichanzverawo mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo ndokushandisa mapango anobatanidzwa murudzi rumwe norumwe rwenhau.

Ita Kuti Zvive Nechinangwa uye Zvaunoita Zvisiyane

Chii Chinosunda Mhaka Yavagari Vemo?

Mhaka yavagari vemo inotangwa apo mumwe mubato (mupokapoti) anoparira nyunyuto pamusoro pomumwe (mukwidziridziridzo) achipa mhaka yapamutemo. Chikanganiso chingabva mukuputswa kwebvumirano, tort (zvakadai sokuregeredza kana kuti kuzvidza), gakava rezvinhu, kana kuti nhau yemhuri. Mutengi anotsvaka mushonga (kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji) mari yakakuvadzwa (* asi anogonawo kukumbira mukubetsera kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu chakananga. Zvinokosha, mutungamiriri anotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa mhaka yavo kupfurikidza nouchapupu [[FLT]], kureva kuti zviito zvomushoripo zvinoparira kuvadziko. Ikoku kwakaderera kupfuura mutengo wemupimo wetsoro mukuru nemhaka yokuti utsotsi hunoganhurirwa.

Panzvimbo pezvo, murwi unorasikirwa angarayirwa kubhadhara zvirango (kufukidza kurasikirwa chaikoiko), chirango (kuranga kusazvibata kwakaipa), kana kuti kuvadziko yezita (kuziva maruramiro apamutemo kunyange pasina kuvadziko huru). Mishonga inotenderwa, yakadai semirairo kana kuti mirairo yokuita chaidzo, inozivikanwawo mubvumirano kana kuti rwisano dzezvinhu.

Chii Chinokonzera Mhaka Yeutsotsi?

Nhau dzinomuka apo munhu kana kuti sangano rinopomerwa mhaka yokuputsa mutemo unorambidza mufambiro wakati(kutyora, kudenha, kutengesa mirimo, kuuraya, uye mamwe akawanda. Hurumende (mutongi, hurumende, kana kuti nzvimbo) inoshanda somuchuchisi, inomirira fariro yavose. Mupomerwi anofungidzirwa kuva asina mhaka uye anofanira kubvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka kusava nechokwadi chine mufungo [[. Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa woufakazi mugadziriro yapamutemo, unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba inogona kutevera kutendwa: kutenderwa, fashoni huru, chikwereti, uye chinyorwa choutsotsi icho chinogona kutapura basa, dzimba, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Mumutemo woutsotsi, pfungwa inonyanya kuiswa pachirango, kudzorwa, uye kudzorwa. Kutongwa kunosarudzwa nomutemo uye mutongi, kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirirwa nenhungamiro dzemitemo.

Mutoro Woufakazi: Musiyano Wakavakirwa Pafandesheni

Musiyano mumwe unokosha zvikurusa pakati penhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi mutoro woufakazi.uyu mupimo unoratidza kuti ufakazi hunofanira kuva hunonyengetedza sei nokuda kwemutori weidi (mutongi kana kuti mutongi) kuti atonge achitsigira dare rinouya nenhau.

  • Chivil Cases – Presance of the Epidence: Iyi mitoo inoda mutevedzeri kuti aratidze kuti shanduro yavo yezvinoitika ingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kusadaro, kureva kuti 51%. Ibvunzo inodzikamisa. Somuenzaniso, muchinoitika chespt-eaf, mutect-fast, mutengi anofanira kuratidzira kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti kutera kwomuri webhizimisi kwakaparira kuwa. Kutaura kwavagari vemo vazhinji kunopedzwa pahwaro huno, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwevarwisi kuwana chirango kupfuura nokuda kwokuwina zvitendero.
  • Nemhaka dzakakwirira zvikuru kuderedza ngozi yezvitendero zvisina kururama . Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rasimbisa rasimbisazve, rutivi rwuri rwose rwoutsotsi kusvikira kumwero wakadaro zvokuti hapana munhu ane mufungo angagona kupokana mhaka yemukwiridzirirwo. Iyi murairo wakakwirira zvikuru namaune kuderedza ngozi yemhindu yemhosva. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro reU. raP. rakasimbisazve, [[FLT:]] princip yeuchapupu kupfuure kupfuure kupanikira kune mufungo [ ibwe rekona retsika retsika youtsotsi yeAmerica, rinoratidzira uko kuri nani kurega vanhu vane mhaka gumi vachienda pachena kumunhu mumwe asina mhaka.

Mune dzimwe nhau dzehurumende dzinobatanidza pomero dzakakomba zvikuru, dzakadai semhiko dzechitsotsi kana kuti musengwa wehurumende, matare angashandisa mupimo wapakati unonzi ufakazi hunooneka uye hunopwisa. Zvisinei, ikoku kunoramba kuri kuduku zvikuru kupfuura mupimo woutsotsi.

Mitambo Nemifananidzo: Ndiani Anobatanidzwa?

Mapoka Okutonga Kwehurumende

Nyaya dzavagari vemo inharo pakati pemapati avanhu vamwe navamwe. Mukwiridziridzi unotanga dare; mukwiridziridziri anopindura. Mumwe mubatanidzwa ungava munhu mumwe, sangano, sangano rehurumende (rakaitwa munzvimbo yaro samuridzi wezvinhu kana kuti muvaki), kana kuti sangano risingabudisi purofiti. Masangano anowanzoripira magweta akavanzika, kunyange zvazvo vanhu vane mitooresi yakaganhurirwa vangakwanirisa nokuda kweyamuro yapamutemo. Mudzimwe nhau dzehurumende, dzakadai sezvibvumirano zviduku, mapoka angazvimirira amene ( prote ). U.S.

Mitambo Yemhosva Dzeutsotsi

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, hurumende (inomirirwa nomuchuchisi wegweta reruwa, U.S. Attorney, kana kuti gweta guru rehurumende). inounza pomero pamunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti pasangano (mukwiridziri). Mukwirirwi ane kodzero yokumirira pamutemo. Kana asingagoni kupa gweta, mumwe anofanira kugadzwa pamutengo wavose mu SANTM] Amendment [. Hurumende inotakura mutoro wose woufakazi; mukwidzi haidirwi anosungirwa kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka. Vanyajambwa veutsotsi havasati vari vatsigiri vemhosva, kunyange zvazvo vangagovera zvibvumikiso zvanyajambwa mukati momuto.

Migumisiro Nemigumisiro: Kuputsika Kwakakwana

Migumisiro Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Apo mhaka yehurumende inoguma (8) kupfurikidza nokutongwa, kugadzikiswa, kana kuti mutongo wakarongwa — muuyo unoreva mushonga wacho. Miuyo yechinoitika inobatanidza:

  • Kukuvadza kwamaune: Mushonga unozivikanwa navose. Kubhadharwa kwezvisakiso zvinofukidza zvikwereti zvokurapa, mibhadharo yakarasika, kugadziriswa kwezvinhu, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Kurashikirwa kunopiwa mumiitiro yamaune kana kuti yakashata (mh., utsotsi hwechigadzirwa) kuranga mukwiridziridziridzo ndokudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana. Zvisinei, chirango chinorango chinobviswa mune dzimwe nyika uye chinoda ufakazi hwakajekasha.
  • Rusununguko Rwokusaziva: Murayiro wedare unoda kuti mubato aite chimwe chinhu kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu. Somuenzaniso, dare ringapa murairo wechigarire kurambidza kambani kushandisa chakavanzika chebasa rakabiwa kana kuti kuraira muvakidzani kubvisa fenzi yakavakirwa panhumbi dzomumwe.
  • Specific Application: Yakakurumbira mubvumirano yekakavadzano apo kuvadziko yemari inenge isina kukwana. dare ringaraira mutengesi kupedza kutengeserana nzvimbo sezvakabvumiranwa.
  • Chisarudzo chamashoko: Chisarudzo chedare chamaruramiro ebato pasina kutsiva. Chinowanzoshandiswa mukukakavadzana kweinishuwarenzi kana kuti kududzira chibvumirano.

Mukuwedzera, mubatanidzwa wacho angaparira mibhadharo yedare yakapararira yebato racho nendyiko dzedare, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusiri kwokuzviitikira mumatare eAmerica (Kutonga kweAmerica" kunowanzoda kuti rutivi rumwe norumwe rubhadhare mibhadharo yarwo rumene kutoti mutemo kana kuti chibvumirano chichitaura neimwe nzira).

Migumisiro Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Migumisiro yemhosva yakakomba zvikuru uye inogona kutapura anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwomunhu.

  • Kuisa. Jail (zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosho, kusvikira kugore rimwe) kana kuti jeri (pamifungo, kazhinji kazhinji refu). Kuendesa kungava kwechirevo (kuiswa) kana kuti indeterminate (kamwe). United States ine mumwe wemwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yesumo munyika, navanhu vanopfuura 1.9 miriyoni muhurumende nomujeri rehurumende sereji re2023, maererano ne Prison Poligition [
  • [ Matare neRestitution: anogona kuisa zvirango zvemari. Zvakaisvonaka zvinoenda kuhurumende; kuripira kunobhadharwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kunoparirwa zvakananga nemhosva. Kukundikana kubhadhara kungaguma nokuedzwa kana kuti rutongeso rwehurumende.
  • Chirango: Panzvimbo pekuwedzera kusungwa, mutongi angarayira kuti munhu agadzirirwe mamiriro ezvinhu akadai secheki dzenguva dzose, kuedzwa kwemirimo, zvinodiwa zvokuwana basa, uye kusaonana nevanyajambwa. Kudzorwa kwokuongororwa kunogona kutungamirira kuusungwa.
  • [ Basa reCommunity Service, Programs, uye Dzidzo: Mitsetse yokutsiva yakaitirwa pakudzorera kumashure, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavapari vemhosva vasina masimba masimba kana kuti venguva yokutanga.
  • Chinyorwa chomutemo: Kupwiswa kunoguma nechinyorwa chechigarire chinooneka panzvero dzenzvimbo. Ikoku kunogona kuganhurira vanhu vachibva mumabasa akati (mutoo, ungwaru hwezvoutano, dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo), marezenisi ounyanzvi, pokugara, uye kunyange maruramiro okuvhota (kutsamira pahurumende). Kuviga kana kuti kuiswa kwezvinyorwa kunogona kubvirira asi kazhinji kazhinji kunoda makore akamirira.
  • Chirango chapamberi: Muzvishomanene zvehurumende uye pasi pomutemo wehurumende, chirango chorufu chinowanika nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa, dzakadai sokuponda kwokutanga. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wokupedzisira uye usingachinjiki. Kushandiswa kwechirango chorufu kwaderera, uye nyika dzinoverengeka dzakachiparadza.

Mimwe Migumisiro Yacho

Kupfuura mutongo wakarongwa, kutenderwa kwoutsotsi kune miuyo yokuzvimiririra inogona kuva inokuvadza sechirango chimene.Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kudzingwa nokuda kwavasiri vagari vemo, kurasikirwa nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurasikirwa nezvinhu, kurambwa kwechikwereti chavadzidzi, uye kunyadziswa kwenzanga. Migumisiro yemunhu asina kururama inogona kuva youpenyu hwose.

Kuongorora Nguva Nenguva: Nzira Iyo Vane Ngozi Vanofamba Nayo Vachienda Mberi

Nhau dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinotevera nzira dzakasiana. Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinovamba nokunyunyuta nemhinduro, dzinoteverwa nokuwanwa (kuchinja ufakazi), kugarisa, uye zvimwe kugarisa kana kuti muedzo. Nhau zhinji dzevagari vemo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokugadzikiswa dare. Kutongwa kungava bhenji (kutonga bedzi) kana kuti dare. Mutongi wehurumende anofanira kunyora nhau yavo mukati momutemo weganhuriro.

Zviitiko zvoutsotsi zvinotanga nokusungwa kana kuti namadaidziro, chitarisiko chokutanga, uye kutonga kukuru kwedare rinotonga. Kuwanwa kwaganhurirwa zvikuru, uye mukwirirwi ane dziviriro dzapamutemo mukurwisana nokuzvitonga uye kunzvera kusina mufungo. Purea inotaurirana mhedziso hurusa dzemhosva dzoutsotsi (apo 90%), apo mupomeri anoteterera ane mhaka mukutsinhaniswa nokuda kwepomero yakarevedzwa kana kuti mutongo. Kana mukwirirwi akaitika, ane maruramiro kudare kudare rapamutemo kuva dare redare revo, uye mutongo unofanira kuva unowirirana mumiitiro yose iri miviri. Zvikumbiro zvinowanika mumasangano autsotsi, asi vapomendi voutsotsi vane dziviriro yakafara, kubatanidza maruramiro okukwidza kukwidza panzvimbo dzakawanda. Cherekedza kuti kukwidza kutongwa kusati kuri kutongwa kutsva; kuhwirudzura kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kwapamutemo kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nezvikanganiso zvapakuvamba.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Inoenzanisira Misiyano

Muenzaniso 1: Slip-all v. Ault

Rangarira chinoitika apo muridzi wechitoro anokundikana kuchenesa kurasika, achiparira mutengi kuwa ndokuputsa ruoko. Mutengi anogona kukwidza muridzi wechitoro mudare ravagari vemo nokuda kwokusangwarira. Kuti ahwine, anofanira kubvumikisa kupfurikidza noufakazi hwokuti muridzi wechitoro aiziva kana kuti anofanira kuva akaziva pamusoro pokudeuka kwacho uye kukundikana kutaura nezvako. Mushonga wacho ungava mubhadharo wemari nokuda kwendyiko dzezvokurapa, kurasikirwa nemari, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Kana mutengi mumwe cheteyo akasundi akasundwa namaune nomumwe munhu, ikoku kungava kudenha kwoutsotsi (kutambudzwa nehurumende) uye bhatiri (kubvumira nyajambwa kukuva muuyo nokuda kwokurasikirwa). Chikanganiso chacho chingagona kuguma nenguva yokuchengetwa mutorongo; chinoitika chougari wehurumende chiwi.

Muenzaniso 2: O.J.

Kuratidzirwa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwemisiyano yavagari vemo. Vatongi vamatsotsi vakaona kuti kwakanga kune panikiro ine mufungo. Makore maviri gare gare. Muna 1995, Simpson akanga ari dare ravagari vemo nokuda kworufu rwakaipa. Vatongi vehurumende vakamuwana [[[FLT:] achisungirwa mudare routsotsi rokuponda Nicole Brown Simpson naRon Goldman] neakaona kusava nechokwadi. Zviratidzo zvamadhori zvinopesana. Nemhaka yezvibvumikiso zvinobvira kusunungurwa mudare ravagari vemo nokuda kwemhosva asi zvinowanikwa zvichiitirwa utsotsi. Paakarega kuparadziswa nedare repamutemo, akadzivisa kuparadzwa nemhosva.

Tapuro Pamapati Nenzanga

Migumisiro yokutonga kwehurumende inogona kutapura bhizimisi zvakakomba: kuvadziko huru ingamanikidza kubhuroka, kana kuti murairo unogona kudzongonyedza mabasa.

Kutenderwa kwoutsotsi kunonzwisiswa seshurikidzo yetsika nehurumende. Munhu akawanirwa mhaka yemhosva anorasikirwa kwete bedzi norusununguko asiwo nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzakawanda. Muhurumende dzakawanda, vaferi havagoni kuvhota kana kuti kubatira pamatare edare, uye vanotarisana nerusaruro mukurovha nedzimba. Chinyadzo chenzanga chikuru. Ndyiko dzemari dzetsika yeruramisiro yeutsotsi dzakakurawo; United States inopedza mabhiriyoni anopfuura $80 paruramiso, mukuwirirana ne Prison Politive Politive[FL:1].

Kubva mumurangariro wenzanga, mutemo woutsotsi unoronga kudzivirira vanhu kupfurikidza nokurerutsa vapari vemhosva vane ngozi nokudzivisa vapari vemhosva. Mutemo wevagari vemo, kune rumwe rutivi, unokurudzira vanhu voga kuti vashandise kodzero dzavo vamene, uko kunodzivisawo mufambiro unokuvadza kupfurikidza netyisidziro yemhosva. Miitiro yose iri miviri inokosha nokuda kwenzanga inoshanda, asi inobatira zvitendero zvakasiyana ndokubereka marudzi akasiana eruramisiro.

Kukwirira uye Kusarudza Kutevera

Munhau dzevagari vemo, mumwe nomumwe angakwidza mhaka. dare rinoongorora kana dare redare ratonga rakaita zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakatapura mugumisiro. Kana zvakadaro, dare ringachinja, kudzosa, kana kuti kuchinja rutongeso. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mukwirirwi bedzi anogona kukwirira mhaka (Reappy Claus adzorese hurumende kuti irege kufadza kusunungurwa). Zvikumbiro mumhaka dzoutsotsi dzingataura nhau dzakadai sokubvuma kusina kufanira kwoufakazi, mirayiridzo yedare, yamuro inoshanda, kana kuti kuputsa mutemo. Post-corporation, zvakadai sezvikumbiro zvedare, zvinowanikawo mumhaka yemhosva kudenha kuchengetwa kusateerera mutemo kusiri pamutemo.

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinogadziriswa kukwirira kusati kwapera, uye kutendwa kwemhosva kushoma kunobviswa pahumbiro (hunoonekwa pamhosva dzisingasviki 5 muzana).

Mugumo: Vatsva Vevadzidzi Nevatengesi

Kunzwisisa misiyano pakati penhau dzechimurenga nedzeutsotsi hakungori kwokufungidzira chete; kune revo inoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugakava rapamutemo kana kuti kufunda mutemo. conconssions dzenhau yevagari vemo [ zvikurukuru imari kana kuti inosaregwa. Mutoro wezvibvumikiso, mativi anobatanidzwa, uye mishonga iripo. [[FLT:]] Aditions retsotsi retsotsi zvakakomba zvikuru, zvinovambira pazvakaisvonaka napamberi zveutsotsi. Mutoro wezvibvumikiso, zvikamu zvinobatanidzwa, uye mishonga yose inoratidzirwa: mapikirwo omutemo akavanzika, nepo nepopo utsotsi.

Vadzidzisi vanofanira kusimbisa misiyano iyi kuti vabatsire vadzidzi kuvaka nheyo yakasimba mukunyora pamutemo. Ungave uri gweta, muridzi webhizimisi, kana kuti mugari wemo womunguva yemberi, kuziva njodzi dziri mumutemo wehurumende unorwisana neutsotsi kunokosha kuti udzivirire kodzero dzako uye unzwisise tsika yokutonga.