Kunzwisisa Hurumende Murau Wehurumende

Gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica inoshanda mugadziriro youchangamire huviri yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Supremacy Claus muChikamu VI inozivisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, asi Tenuth Amendment inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira kusagadzikana kukuru uko hurumende dzinogona kushanda se "mitemo yedemokrati" nepo mutemo wehurumende uchiisa uriri kana kuti sirini inotsamira panharaunda. Preation(* nheyo iyo mutemo womubatanidzwa unodzora mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nehurumende (jeko inobudisisss) inoumba, uye matare anodzika miganhuro iyi. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mitemo inochinjika sei idzore uye inotapura kudzokorodza chinhu chose kubva kukodzero dzavagari vehurumende.

Miuyo yokupesana kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa mutemo, mabasa ebhizimisi, mitero, uye rusununguko rwomunhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzvera nzvero dzenhau chaidzoidzo dzinozivisa miuyo inoshanda yeiyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Pasi apa, tinonzvera nharaunda nhanhatu umo kurwisana kwe( kana kuti batira pamwe) pakati pehurumende nechiremera chemubatanidzwa zvakaumba muitiro noupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Fundo Yenyaya 1: Kunyoreswa Pamutemo Kwemari

Kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwechikanzuru nokuda kwokushandiswa kwemishonga nenhandaro kunoramba kuri muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa werwisano yehurumende. Muchikwata cheSubstances Act (CSA), mbanje inorangarirwa seSangano reMirimo I, ine zvirango zvakakomba zvehurumende nokuda kwokuva naye, kugovera, uye kurima. Chifo cha 1996, apo California akatanga kunyoreswa mbanje inonyoreswa pamutemo, nyika 38 neReligiot of Columbia zvakagadza mitemo inobvumira mishonga kana kuti kushandisa chipundo. Ikoku kunoumba nzvimbo yachena yapamutemo umo mabhizimisi ehurumende anotenderwa anoshanda mukuputswa kwakananga kwomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Evhangeri Yacho YeCole Nokudzorerwa Kwayo

Mukati mevatungamiriri veObama, Septemba Attorney James Cole akabudisa memorandum (203) inoraidza vachuchisi vehurumende kusaisa mitemo muruwa idzo dzakanga dzine gadziriro dzakasimba. Ikoku kwakapa misika yekoreyi yedziviriro. Zvisinei, muna 2018, Attorney Jeff Sessions yakabvisa Cole Metriranlum, kudzorera kungwara kwakakwana kuU.S. Attorney. Pasinei zvapo nokudzorwa kwacho, Congress yakabatanidza Rohbaker / Harater rendition mumikorosipo kubva muna 2014, achirambidza Departmenter Jeffy Restionss kuti adzore kudzorwa purogiramu dzezvokurapashopu yezvokuranga. Ikoku kwakabvumira kuti indango dzezvokura dzikure, asi tyisidziro yebhizimisi renyika yemibatanidzwa yemibato yemibato yemibato yemibato inova

Kupfuura pamutemo, rwisano inoparira mitoro inoshanda. Mabhizimisi echiCannabis haagoni kushandisa mabasa okubhangi nemhaka yeitiro hanya dzemari dzehurumende, kumanikidza kuti ashande nemari. SAFE Banking Act, uko kungabvumira mabhangi kubatira mabhizimisi echikanzuru, akapfuudza Imba kakawanda asi akavharwa muDare. Panguva ino, kugadzirwa kwe [Mariana Offroment Revestment neMeement (MERIment) Act muNhaudzo yechiratidzo chenyika inochinja ndangariro, kunyange zvazvo kusaitwa basa rokubhadhaka. Muuyo unoguma nokusanwa kwomutemo, unoparira kushambadzwa kwemitengo.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Kugara Munzvimbo Yakasiana

Mutemo wokutora wave uri nzvimbo yakakwana munhau yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende mudzidziso yesimba reBumbiro reMitemo. Kunyanguvezvo, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakaedza kusimbisa kana kuti kuwedzera mitemo yokubuda yomubatanidzwa, kuchitungamirira kunhau dzinooneka dzeDare Gurusa dzinorondedzera ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende.

Arizona SB 1070 uye Chisarudzo cheDare Repamusorosoro cha2012

Arizona’s Tsigir Law Trease Inforcement and Safed Hourferences Act (SB 1070) ya2010) wakanga uri mutemo mukurusa wokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika munhau yazvino uno. Yaida vakuru vakuru vanoona kuti mutemo wehurumende mutengi wehurumende unoshanda kuti vaone mugariro wokutama womunhu upi noupi wavakamisa kana kuti kusungwa kana pakanga pane nyumwiro ine mufungo. Mutemo wakaitawo zvirango zvehurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kutakura magwaro okunyoresa ehurumende. Dare rapamusoro reObama rakakwikwidza, richiita kuti kudzorwa kwekudzoro kutamiswa kwehurumende ibasa rehurumende. [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [FLT]] [1]] [FLT]] [1] Arica v. United States [2] [2] , , Dare remitemo repamusoro-moripo rakashamira kudzorwa , kunyange zvazvo 2016, makore akawanda, makore akawanda.

Muuyo weSB 1070 wakaona chiverengero chezvikwereti zvehurumende zvakafanana muAlabama, Georgia, uye South Carolina, zvizhinji zvazvo zvakatarisana nedenho dzedare uye zvakavharwa zvishoma. Nenzira yakapesana, California yakaita se “yakatangwa nemitemo inodzorwa nezviremera zvehurumende zvokubudira vanhu. [FLT:] United States v. California[FLT] [20208] [8], dare rakadenha mitemo yeCalifornia, asi matare akatsigira zvikuru chiremera cheCalifornia, achidudza Penduru yegumi reRemendment nedzidziso inorwisana nerevedzo. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo inokashairwa zvikuru apo munhu anochengetwa mumugariro wekuchengeta. Ikoku ikoku hakungotsigiriki bedzi asi kunogara munyika inobvumirwa nomutemo.

Kufunda Nha. 3: Mitemo Inodzora Pfuti

Second Amendment yamaruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, sezvinorondedzerwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, inogadza uriri hwebutiro remitemo, asi inotonga ine rusununguko rwakafara rwokuita mitemo inoganhurira zvikuru kana kuti iri pasi pemirau yehurumende. Pashure pa Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [FLT] [FLT] [] [] McDonald v. Chicago[[FLT:]] [2010], Dare rakajekesa kuti maruramiro ezvokushanda kuruwa, asi harina kuchinja gadziriro iripo yepfuti. Ikoku kunoparira kukamuraniswa kukuru pakati pezviito zvekotseko nemirairo yepfuti zvakasimba uye izvo nemitemo inoregeredza.

Kusunungurwa Nehurumende Nokudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Hurumende zhinji (_kanyanya muSouth neWest) dzakaita “mirau inorambidza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuisa mitemo yepfuti inodzorwa zvikuru kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Texas inorambidza maguta akadai saAustin kurambidza pfuti mumapaki avose, kunyange pashure pokupfura kukuru. Musiano, nyika dzakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Massachusetts dzakadzika mitemo inorambidza, kubatanidza zvombo zvinorambidzwa, mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo ose, mitemo mitsvuku yemireza, uye kumirira nhambo. Un - Un SEUNUNICERF MB - Act inoda mifananidzo mitsva yepfuti itsva yokusangana nemitemo miduku yakananga yokudzivirira, zvinodzivisa nenzira inobudirira kutengesa.

Hurumende yehurumende inogadza mitemo inoyera kupfurikidza neGun Control Act ya1968 uye Brady Act, inoraira kunzvera kwemamiriro okunze nokuda kwokutengeswa navatengesi vane rezinesi. Zvisinei, inonzi “pfuti inoratidzira chikwerete” inobvumira vatengesi vapachivande kupfura mumaruwa akawanda. [[[FL:0] Bipartatican Sactical Act [[FL] Act [FL:1] ye 2022] yenzvero yemitengo yekare inonatsiridza nokuda kwemitemo mishavo mitsvuku, asi haina kuvha musiyano wokutengesa kwapachivara. Somuuyo, mugari weChinjo anogona kufamba kunzvimbo chapedyo nemitemo inoregwanwa ku kutenga chipfutiso, ipapo inodzosera shure. Chisarudzo chedare chikuru chaPrective 2022 muChirevoti

Kuongorora Zvakaitika 4: Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unogovera muenzaniso wakatanhamara webatira pamwe yehurumende, apo hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo midukusa uye hurumende dzingagamuchira dziviriro dzakasimba. Ceaner Air Act, Cleian Water Act, uye Resource Conservation and Recovery Act zvose zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzokuita mipimo yehurumende. Zvisinei, kusawirirana pamusoro pokudzikamiswa kwemipimo yehurumende yehurumende, uye mano enyika okuipfuura, zvakatungamirira kukuwedzera kukweverwa kwechiito netsika kukwevera.

Muitiro Wakachena Wendege weCalifornia

California ine nzvimbo yechienzi pasi peGaratiko reDevice Air: nemhaka yokuti yakanga ine mipimo yemotokari pamberi pokugadzwa kwehurumende yehurumende, hurumende inogona kunyorera vapara kubva kuEPA kuti itsigire mipimo yayo imene yorumano. Chifo cha 1970, California yagamuchira mirakatira mizhinji, ichiibvumira kuisa miganhu pamhepo inodziya, nitrogenoxide, uye kudzosera kumipimo yemotokari. Dzimwe nyika dzingagamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia pasi peChikamu 177 cheChiteko, kuumba mupimo wetsika wenyika yetsika nokuda kwezvina. Muna 2019, kutungamirira kweTrus California kunodzosa mijeko yemo yemo yemo yemota yemota yemota, inodzongodzosa mhepo dzinodzorwa pamotokari dzose mbiri dzechika.[0]

Kupfuura motokari, nyika dzinosiyana zvikuru mukushandisa kwadzo simba rinobudiswa, mipimo inomutsidzirwa yemagetsi, uye kuraswa kwetsvina. Texas, nepo mutungamiriri musimba remhepo, akashora kare mitemo yeEPA panzvimbo dzinopiswa nemoto wemarasha uye akabatikana mukuisa mari kuti avhare Ecle Power Plan. Panguva ino, nyika dzeNortheam dzinotora rutivi muRegional Greenhouse Gastifitie (RGI), chirongwa chekepisi nerakabhuro chisati charayirwa nehurumende yehurumende. Iyi inonyungurira mira mipimo yehurumende inoparira kukunda nokurasikirwa nesimba, inopesvedzera kufamba kwesimba resimba rakachena, uye kuedza muganhu wehurumende pasi peDecondalcesmeace naDeat Act.

Fundo Yenhau 5: Tsika Dzinotapura

Dzidzo mutoro wenyika uye womunzvimbomo pasi peTenth Amendment, asi hurumende yehurumende yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma basa rayo nokushandisa mari uye mutemo wemitemo unoratidza zvinhu.

Mudzidzi Ari Wose Anobudirira Muitiro Nekuchinjika Kwehurumende

The Students Fuevered Act (ESSA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2015, yakatsiva pasina child Child Chile Chirech Chiri Behind (NCLB) ndokudzorera udzori hwakasimba pamusoro pekuzvidavirira nokuedza mipimo kunyika. MuNe NCLB, masangano aidikanwa kuedza vadzidzi gore negore mukurava nenhamba uye kusangana nezvirango zvinowedzera, nezvirango zvakakombamira zvikuru zvezvikoro zvakapfupika. ESSA yakachengeta zvinodikanwa zvokuedza asi yakabvumira nyika kugadzira zvinangwa zvadzoro, ndokusarudza kupindira kwezvikoro zvakaderera. Uku kuchinja kwakatungamirira kumativi akawanda okusvika: kumwe kukura kunosimbisa mipimo yezvidzidzo kana kuti kugadzirira, uye shomanene zvakatama kubva pakuongorora.

Mutemo weFederal unopesvedzerawo dzidzo kupfurikidza nemirau yamaruramiro avagari vemo , yakadai seTitle IX (gener equity) uye Antes ane Mitemo yeFundo yeUrema inodzivisa zvakafanana. (iyo inoshanda zvakafanana. Asi kushandiswa kweiyi mitemo kunosiyana. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakatora nzvimbo pamusoro pokuti kuti Title IX inofanira sei kushanda kuvadzidzi, nezvimwe zvinoda kuti zvibvumire kutora rutivi ruvara rwechirume uye vamwe vanopfuudza mitemo inochirambidza. Department of Education yakananga pasi pebumbiro remitemo rakananga, richisiya zvikoro mumugariro wokusava nechokwadi. Nenzira yakafanana, kutsigira dzidzo, mipimo (yakadai sokugamuchirwa kweHurumende inodzokoro, iyo inoti gare gare gare inoda kupfuutsa mitemo yeBhinde, uye zvinodikanwa zvakasarudzwa nemitemo zvose zvamabhishopuko, uye kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwemitengo yedzidzo.

Fundo 6: Mitemo Youtano Hunoberekana uye Kubvisa Nhumbu

Kwaanenge makore 50, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Roe v. Wade [773]) rakagovera maruramiro ehurumende okubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo masangano aigona kudzora mukati memiganhu. Kuchinja kwe [ Roe mu [FLT]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202])) yakadzorera mubvunzo wokubvisa mimba kutsika kwapamutemo kumaruwa, kuchikwidziridza nokukurumidza uye kukwirira kunoshamisa mumitemo munyika yose.

Kunaka Kwemabheji Anobva Pashure

Mumwedzi yechisarudzo maDobbs . Pakanga patanga “inenge nguva inorambidzwa kwechitsama chimwe” kupfurikidza nemitemo yapamberi penguva kana kuti mutemo mutsva. Iyoyi yaibatanidza nyika dzakadai seTexas, Oklahoma, uye Missouri, umo kubvisa mimba kusati kwabvumirwa kusitongori mumimiitiro yezvokura kana kuti kuvhiya. Ikoku kwakaparira kukamukana kukuru kwavakadzi (nezvimwe zvakasiyana). Panguva imwe cheteyo, dzimwe nyika dzakafanana neCalifornia, New York, uye Illinois dzakaiswa pasi pemitemo inodzivirira nokuwedzera kuwanikwa, kubatanidza mipiro yokudzivirira nokunzvera kubuda muhurumende. Ikoku kwapanyika yakaparira kuparadzanisa nzvimbo umo vakadzi vakafanana naLouisiana madaro emakiromita akawanda kuti vawane kubvisa kubvisa pamuviri, rwendo rwakaoma zvikuru kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemirayiridzorwa kwemirayiridzo.

Basa rehurumende rinoramba richipokanidzwa. Vatarisiri vehurumende vakarangarira kuti mitemo yehurumende, yakadai seEmergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), inoda zvipatara kugovera kubvisa pamuviri mumamiriro ezvinhu engozi, kunyange muhurumende nerambidzo. Nzvimbo iyoyo yakadenhwa mudare, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumira Idaho's iri pedyo namose zvinorambidzwa kuita basa apo rinopfuurira. Congress haina kupfuutation inopfuudza kodzero dzokubvisa mimba, ichisiya nhau yacho chose chose chose kumitemo. [[FLT:] Dare reSaupme's redare mu [FLT] murongeriolet , apo purogiramu yomutemo inotemwaradziro. United States [FLT] [FF] [F]

mhedziso

Nzvero nhanhatu dzenhau dziri pamusoro apa dzinoratidzira kuti ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende nechiremera chehurumende hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinoumba upenyu chaihwoihwo, maindasitiri, uye miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira pamitemo yemari nekodzero dzokubuda munyika kukodzero dzepfuti, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, dzidzo yokubereka, dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende inoronga miuyo yemiuyo yeAmerica. Ukurusarusaidzo yomutemo wehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinovapo namaruramiro avagari vemo zvinowirirana nokuedza kwehurumende kwakasimba, uye matare anoita basa rinokosha mukubudisa rwisano. Sezvichinjo dzenzvimbo yebazu nedzero dzedare, uye sezvo Supreme eDare renhau dzinoronga miuyo yenhau dzinotapura migariro itsva panhauro yehurumende nedzetesi, nzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzichapfuurira kupfuurira kutevedzamira mberi nokuda kwevadzidzisi vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye kuidzo yetsika.