Murangariro wehurumende wokunyengera unomirira kundikano huru mudzikamo yakakomba pakati pesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Zvinoitika apo mutumbi unodzora unoshandisa chiremera chinopfuura mwero unobvumirwa nomutemo, bumbiro rawo, kana kuti nheyo dzakavakirwa dzenzanga yakasununguka. Nepo hurumende dzichipiwawo hadzo simba resangano rokuchengeta nhevedzano, kugovera zvinhu zvakabatana, uye kuva nechokwadi chechengeteko yorudzi, bviro yesimba iroro richashandiswa mukurwisana navagari vemo vamene inoda kudzivirirwa injodzi inogara. Kunzwisisa ratidziro dzenhau nedzemazuva ano dzeiyi nyanzvi hakusiwo zvayo bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo; muitiro uri madikanwa wokuchengeta zvinhu zvakaoma, uye kunzvera nhau yehurumende inodzorwa, kubvisa zvinangwa zvayo, uye zvidzidzo zvinodzorwa nokuda kwenguva yemberi.

Miitiro yenzvero yakasiana- siyana. Dzinogona kuoneka sedzinononoka, dzinodzorwa nebureaucracy jenal jects() kuunganidzwa kwemirairo yehurumende isina kurongeka kana kuti kukura kwemirayiridzo yesangano rinodzorwa. Zvingava, zvinogona kuva, kubatwa nesimba kwapakarepo, kusingatyiswi nokutya, hondo, kana kuti nhamo yemari. Munenge zviitiko zvose, kururamisa kwapakarepo kwakafanana ndiko kumwe chete: chengeteko, chengeteko, kana kuti zvakanaka zvikuru. Bva, migumisiro yenguva refu inowanzoratidzira mufananidzo wakaoma zvikuru uye unotambudza. Kubva pakudzorwa kwezvidzwa kwevagari vemo vehurumende, kudzokororodzokerero dzekare dzinobatira senyeresaidzo pamusoro pokuzvizvidzora uye kushaiwa vanhu vose.

Nhoroondo Yokukunda Kwehurumende Zvikuru

Kurwisana nesimba roudzvinyiriri kwave kuchiripo kare sehurumende imene. MuRoma yekare, panhambo nenhambo Dare raizopa mutongi ane simba rakakwana munguva dzekurumidziro, muitiro uyo pakupedzisira wakagadzirira nzira udzvinyiriri hwechigarire hwaJulius Caesar uye mugumo weRepublic. Tsika yemitemo yeEngland inogovera chimwe chinhu chinokosha, zvikurukuru hondo inorwisana neStar Chamber, dare rine mbiri yakashata nokuda kwemitemo yaro younyengeri, nhau dzapachivande, uye kushandiswa kwokutambudza kubvisa kureurura.

Vavambi veUnited States, vanoraviwa zvikuru muidzi nhau, vakagadzira nomutoo wokungwarira gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba. Vakaumba hurumende yemasimba anonyorwa neganhuriro dzakajeka, dzakadai seidzo dzakaiswa muBill of Rights. Zvisinei, runako rusinganzwisisiki rwebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa harwungopiki pamutemo raro. Dare rokutanga chairo rakagadza Alen ne Sédtion Mabasa, rinoratidzira kuti muedzo wokunyengera hautongobvisi kure kure nechigaro chesimba. Kudzoroka kwaAbraham Lincoln kwehabeas paRound Warn and Woow Wilson hakupio rinovimbisa kuchengetwa kwaro. nhambo imene yedzvinyiriro yorudzi mukati nhambo yehondo yeNyika I inoparirazve dzvinyiriro yehurumende yorudzi.

  • Roman Republic to Empire: Kuchinja kwakaratidza kuti masimba ekurumidziro echinguvana angagona sei kuva zvishandiso zechigarire zvoutongi hunodzvinyirira.
  • Chikamu cheStar: Chiratidzo chekodzero dzoumambo dzinodzora kodzero dzemitemo yavose neruramisiro yetsika.
  • Mirangariro yapakuvamba yeAmerica:[[FLT: 1] Mabasa eAlien neSedition, Kudzikwa kweHondo yavagari vemo, uye WWI-era kupomera kwakagadza mitoo inotambudza nokuda kwokudzvinyirira kwokupesana.

Fundo Yokutanga: The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Yakazivikanwa pakati pe "Quasi-War" neFrance, mitemo mina inozivikanwa pamwe chete seAlien naSedition Acts yakamirira muedzo wokutanga mukuru weFirst Amendment. Federalist Party, inodzora zvose zviri zviviri Congress nemonitor pasi paJohn Adams, yakatya pesvedzero yeFrance nevokumwe vatami vaitsvaka kutsigira Democratic-Republican Party inorwisana neRepublican. Chiratiso chaNatural chakatambanuro chinodikanwa chougaro chevagari vemo kubva pa 5 kusvikira ku14 kanyamo. Alien Friens Act yakabvumira purezidhendi upi noupi aisava chizivikanwo chainzi "chinongozi kurugare nekotseka rweUnited States". Algien Missies Act kundo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inorwisana noruwari yerudzi rwavanhurume panguva yenguva yehondo.

Zvisinei, yainyanya kuzivikanwa pamirayiro mina iyi yakanga iri Sedition Act. Zvakaita kuti ive mhaka kuzivisa kuti: "Inhema, inonyadzisa, uye kuti mashoko akaipa" mukurwisana nehurumende yeU.S. Congress, kana kuti purezidhendi. Uyu mutemo wakanga uri chombo chakananga mukurwisana nokusabvumirana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Migumisiro yawo yakanga iri yepakarepo uye yakakomba. Vanhu vanopfuura makumi maviri vakasungwa pasi peChiteko, kubatanidza vapepeti vepepanhau nomutezo weCongress, Matthew Lyon, uyo akaiswa mutorongo nokuda kwokutsoropodza Purezidenti Adams. Vatongi vakanga vari varwi vanodzosa zvikuru, vachishandura matare kuva zvishandiso zvokudzvinyirira.

Migumisiro Nekuzvidzwa

Mabasa akatanga mwoto wezvamatongerwe enyika. Thomas Jefferson naJames Madison vakanyoresa pachivande Pecky neVirginia Resolutions, idzo dzakataura kuti hurumende dzaiva nekodzero yokubvisa mitemo yenyika isati yavapo. Nepo dzidziso yokuparadza yaizova nenhau yayo imene inoparira chinetso, izvi zvisarudzo zvakabatanidza kurukurirano yapamativi enyika secherekedzo yehurumende. Kudzorwa kwapachivande kwapachivande uye kwakagovera zvakananga kurusarudzo rwaThomas Jefferson muna 1800, kazhinji kazhinji kacho ichidana "Rvolution of 1800". Jefferson akakanganwira avo vakawanwa nemhaka yeSdition Act, uye mitemo yasingadiwi (kunzvera anenge kuti Act) yakabvumirwa kupera kana kuti idzorwe. Chidzidzo chacho chakajekerwa zvakajeka: [FLD:]

[ Verenga rugwaro rwapakuvamba rweAlien neSedition Mabasa paNational Archives.

Fundo Yechakaitika Chacho 2: Kupindira kwevaAmerica veJapan (1942 - 946)

Zvichida chimwe chezviitiko zvinonzwisa urombo zvikuru zvehurumende yakatsoropodzwa munhau yeAmerica chakaitika mukati meHondo Yenyika II. Pashure pedenho paPearl Harbor, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akasaina Urairo Ukuru hwechisimba 9066, uyo akabvumira vakuru vakuru vehondo kududza "nharaunda dzehondo" umo vanhu vose vaigona kubviswa. Nepo murairo wacho hauna kududza boka rakati redzinza, wakashandiswa chose chose chose kubvisa nokumanikidza vanhu vanenge 120 000 vorudzi rwechiJapan, vagari veAmerica. Ichi chiito chakawedzerwa namakumi amakore efungira mano akaipa ourudzi, godo rezvemari, uye kudzorwa kwenguva yehondo.

Kururamisa kwehurumende , `chinodikanwa chehondo nechengeteko yorudzi) zvakaongororwa. Hapana kusungwa kwavanhu vazhinji kwakafanana kwakashandiswa kuvaAmerica veGermany kana kuti vaAmerica veItaly, pasinei zvapo neU.S. vairwa neGermany neItaly. misasa yokubatira, inotumidzwa nenzira yemari, yainzi "nzvimbo dzokugara," yaiiswa munzvimbo dzakaparadzwa uye yakakomberedzwa newaya ine minzwa nevarindi vane zvombo. Mhuri dzakapiwa mazuva okuparadza misha yadzo, mabhizimisi, uye zvinhu zvoupenyu, kutambura nokurasikirwa nengwavaira yemari inofungidzirwa kuva mabhiriyoni emadhora namamirire anhasi.

Mugumisiro Wacho Wepamutemo Nokukumbira Rudzi Kukumbira Ruregerero

Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kusabvumirana kwebumbiro remitemo mumhaka dzakafanana ne Korhematsu v. United States (1944), chisarudzo icho chisati chamborambwa zvikuru. Mutongi Robert Hoover naBato reHondo, Jackson akanga adzivisa kuti kutonga kwaizova kwa "se chombo chakatakurwa" chakagadzirira chiremera chipi nechipi chomunguva yemberi. Makumi amakore gare gare, ufakazi hwakabuda kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Mutungamiriri wehurumende J. Edgar Hoover neBato reHondo, akanga adzivisa mishumo yokuti vaJapan vaisazoparira tyisidziro yehondo.

Migumisiro yeiyi nharirire yaiparadza. Zvizvarwa zvakatambura marwadzo okurasikirwa norusununguko, chiremera, uye chivimbo muhurumende yazvo. Civil Liberès Act ya 1988, yakasainwa naPurezidhendi Ronald Reagan, akakumbira ruregerero nenzira yapamutemo ndokugovera kudzokororwa kwe $20 000 kumumwe nomumwe musara. Mhaka yacho inomira somuenzaniso une simba wokukundikana kwevatongi vashomanene uye ngozi yokubvumira kuvhunduka kwakakurumbira kubvisa dziviriro dzemitemo. Inosimbisa nheyo yokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzevane simba dukusa, kwete voruzhinji.

Kupfuudza ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rweAmerica kupfurikidza nezvigadzirwa paSmithsonian Magazine.

Fundo Yechitatu: Chiratidzo cheUSA PORTIOT Act (2001)

Kurwisa kwemagandanga kwakaitika musi waSeptember 11, 2001, kwakaita kuti pave nechido chikuru chokudzivirira kurwisa kwehurumende munguva yemberi.Congress yakamhanya kupfuura Uniting and Ementing America kupfurikidza nokugovera Titruduals Intect to Intercept neObstrucle Terrorism (USA PARITRIOTT) Ita mazuva 45 chete pashure pokurwiswa. Mutemo wakakudziridza zvinoshamisa kuongorora uye masimba okutarisira mutemo nemasangano ezve uchenjeri. Nepo vatsigiri vakautaura kuti wakanga uchikosha kuti ubatanidze madots munyika yazvino uno, yakaitwa kuti ive, mapoka erusununguko rwevanhu akanyevera kuti adzore nokukurumidza kudzivirira kunokosha.

Gadziriro dzeChibvumirano dzainetsana zvikuru dzaibatanidza "kufamba newaya dzemagetsi" (idzo dzakabvumira kuongororwa kwomunhu panzvimbo pechishandiso), kusvika ku "mapepa ebhizimisi" (kubatanidza mabhii eraibhurari, mafaira ezvokurapa, uye mashoko ezvemari) pasi pePhondo 215, uye issuance of National Security Letters (NSSL) dzaiva nemirayiro yaidzivisa vagamuchiri kuti vasatongogamuchira chikumbiro. Hurumende yakarangarira aya matururo akanga akakomba kumisa zvirongwa zvokutyisidzira. Zvisinei, kunzvera, zvikurukuru neBato reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano, zvakazivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakapararira nokushatiswa kwamasimba aya.

Kuzivisa Kwesinou Nokuchinja Kwomutemo

Kukura kwehurumende yaiongorora kwakatangwa pasi pePatriot Act uye mutemo wakatevera zvakaziviswa kuruzhinji muna 2013 nomupfuri weriva Edward Snowden. Mashoko acho akaratidza kuti National Security Agency (NSA) yakanga ichiunganidza mametabhu emafoni emamiriyoni evanhu veAmerica asingafungiki kuti ane mhosva ipi neipi. Iyi yakatanga kurukurirano yenyika yose pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pekuchengeteka nekuva wemunhu oga. matare akazoguma aputsa purogiramu yemitengo yeBhuta yakawanda seisiri pamutemo, uye Congress Comment yakaita kuti vhidiciation Free Act muna 2015 ipedze basa racho.

Miuyo yePatriot Act ichiri kunzwika. Vimba nokutarisirwa kwemashoko omunhu oga kwashata zvakakomba. Muuyo weku "zotaura noushamwari" pakutaura kwakasununguka nesonganiro. Uko vanhu vamene vanotya kuongororwa nehurumende, ikuva kuvadziko yakasanosano yakasarira yakapararira. Gakava rinopfuurira nhasi pamusoro pokucherechererwa kwa "madokero" uye kuvandudzwa kwamasimba anongwarira asingatendirwi pasi peChikamu 702. Nhau yePatriot Act inoratidza kuti mitemo inopfuura mumugariro wokutya, pasina kudzorwa kwapa, inogona nokukurumidza kuva zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvavose zvokunzvera.

[ ACLU inogovera kuputsika kune udzame kwamasimba okunzvera pasi pePatriot Act.

Nzvimbo Dzinotangira Dzokukunda Zvikuru

Chinoitika chehurumende chokunyengera hachisati chichingova bedzi mumabhuku enhau. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinopa mugariro mukuru wokunzvera kusagadzikana kunopfuurira kuripo pakati pesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Dambudziko reCHOVID renyika yose rakaona hurumende munyika yose richiisa ganhuriro dzisina kumboenzana pakufamba, kuungana, uye kutengeserana. Nepo njodzi dzoutano dzavanhu dzinoruramisa nomutoo wakajeka mwero wakati wokupindira kwekurumidziro, urefu noukombiso zvekuvhara kwechikoro, uye mirairo yenho dzinoparira nharo dzinotyisa pamusoro pokuti mabasa aya ari madikanwa akaitwa kana kuti zviito zvoutano zvapamutemo zvehurumende.

Mukuwirirana naikoku, kukura kwehurumende kwakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pebazu rechina rehurumende. Masangano ane chiremera anodzora, anoshandisa simba guru rokuita mitemo nokuzvidavirira kwakaganhurirwa kuvavhoti, anogona kuita mitemo inobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwemari nomunhu oga. Dzidziso isiri yomutemo inoisa muganhu wokuti Hurumende haigoni kuendesa masimba ayo emitemo kumasangano ehurumende, yave ichiraira zvikuru kumukazve. Kupfuurirazve, gakava pamusoro pemitemo yepashure pehurumende inoganhurira kubvisa mimba, kudzora hurukuro yenzanga, kana kuti kupedza kufunda zvinhu muzvikoro zvinosimbisa kuvira kwenguva dzose kwechibvumirano cheAmerica chehurumende, umo mwero yakasiana-pfuurevo yesimba radzo pamusoro pesimba rayomunhu oga oga.

Zvidzidzo Zvinotsungirira Nokuda Kwenzanga Yakasununguka

Kubatanidza zvidzidzo muiyi dzidzo kunoratidza mutoo usingachinji. Chokutanga, mutemo unofanira kuva wetsika, kwete wetsikawo zvayo. Hurumende inogona kutevera miitiro yayo imene yepamutemo ndokuita kusaruramisira kwakakomba. Rusununguko rwechokwadi runoda kuti mitemo inowirirana nenheyo dzehwaro dzehwaro dzegadziriro yakagadzwa yemitemo, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kutaura kwakasununguka. Kunzvera kwakanyorwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kutsigirwa nezvido zvavanhu uye chiziviso chakazvimirira kuti itsigire.

Chechipiri, masimba esimba ane ngozi yokugara. Mitanho yakaitwa mukupindura kunjodzi kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura njodzi. 'idzo mirangariro' ichava chinhu chitsva. Kunyura kwezuva kwakakomba, kunoda kunyorwazve kwemitemo, zvishandiso zvinokosha. Naizvozvo goverano nenhau dzinopanikirika. Vatori venhau vakaita basa guru mukushora Sédition Act, kungofanana navatori venhau vazvino uno vakafumura mamiriro ezvinhu okuchengeteka enyika.

Chechitatu, , uye kuparadzana kwamasimba hazvisi pfungwa dzechinyakare. Izvo igadziriro yerusununguko. Apo bazu rimwe kana kuti mwero wehurumende unova anonyanyoshivirira, vamwe vanogona kubatira secheke. Magweta ehurumende anopa mhaka hurumende, Dare rinoramba kubhadharira mari purogiramu dzehurumende, uye vatongi vanorova zvirango zvechiremera zvisiri pamutemo zvose mativi egadziriro yakarongedzero yakagadzirirwa kuputsa simba nokudzivirira munhu. Chidzidzo nokuda kwavagari vemo kupfuurira kusava nokupanikira kukuru kwesimba, kwete kuti vavariro yacho yakanaka sei. Vavility haisi chiito chapanguva nenguva, asi basa renguva dzose.[FFF]

mhedziso

Nhau yehurumende yokunyengera ingano yakapinza muchimiro chenyika iri yose. Kuvambira paAlien naSedition Acts kusvikira kunzverwa kukuru kwenhambo yemipimo, mutoo unodzokororwa: simba rorutyo kana kuti njodzi, kupiwa kwesimba rinoshamisa, ruramiso yezvinodikanwa, uye kurangarirwa kwokupedzisira kwemiuyo yorusununguko runorasika. Nzvero inonzverwa pano haisi zvinoitika zvakaparadzana asi zviri panzvimbo pezvo zviratidzo zvedenho inodzokororwa mukutonga.

Kunzwisisa iyi mienzaniso yenhau inhano yokutanga kukuvaka dziviriro inokurira zvikuru mukurwisana nezvinopinzwa mberi. Chaunga chakasununguka chinotsamira kwete pamutsa wavatungamiriri vacho, asi pamasangano akasimba enhau dzakasununguka, dare ramajangarija, mutongi akangwarira, uye kuomerera kwakakomba kumiganhu yemitemo. Sezvatinotarisana nedenho itsva dzinosimba, njodzi dzoutano dzenyika yose, uye tyisidziro dzinodzorwa kuchengeteko yekare dzinobatira senhungamiro inokosha. Nzvero hurusa pahurumende inovakwaniswa navanhu vose inoramba iri munhu akadzidza uye anoshuva kodzero dzayo dzisingachinjiki, uye simba iroro, muzvimiro zvaro zvose, rinoramba richizvidavirira nokubvumira kwavadzorwi.