Zviitiko zvikuru zvavose, kubva mumitambo yezvamatongerwe enyika nenziyo kusvikira kumitambo yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo, zvinokweva zviuru zvavatori rutivi navaoni. Kuratidzira chengeteko yavose pakuungana kwakadaro kunowira zvikuru pamapurisa ehurumende, ayo anofanira kudzora mapoka akakasharara, anowanzova anoshushikana nendangariro apo anenge achiremekedza rusununguko rukuru rwehurumende. Mipimo yapamutemo inodzora mapurisa ehurumende mukudzora boka inodzika midziriso yemitemo, mirairo yemitemo, uye mirau yapamutemo inowirirana nenhau. Iyi mipimo inoda vakuru vakuru vakuru kudzikamisa kugadziridza maruramiro avanhu, kuisa miganhuro yakajeka pakushandiswa kwesimba, kusungwa, uye unyanzvi hwapamutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvinokosha nokuda kwokuita kuti pave namasangano emitemo, nyanzvi dzezvomutemo, uye vagari vemo kuti vagove kuvimbisa rusununguko nerusununguko rwehurumende.

Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo Okudzora Boka

Kugadziridzwa Kutatu kwakakodzera zvikuru: Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment kwekuungana kune rugare, ganhuriro dzeFourth Amendment pakunzvera nokugwinha, uye vimbiso dzeKineth Amendment dzemuitiro nedziviriro zvakaenzana.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga - Kodzero Yokuunganidza

First Amendment inotaura kuti “kodzero yevanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende kuti igadzirise zvichemo” haisati ichizodzorwa. Chirango ichi chinotambanudzwa kunzvimbo dzavose dzakadai semigwagwa, migwagwa, uye mapaka, zvinonzi zvipfuudzirwa navanhu vose. Pazviitiko zvikuru, mapurisa haagoni kudzvinyirira kuungana nemhaka yokuti kuungana kukuru kana kuti kukakavadzana. Zvisinei, hurumende ingaisa nguva ine mwero, nzvimbo, uye nzira yokudzivirira nayo kuchengeteka, kubvumira kuti zvirambidzo zvakadaro zvive zvakaiswamo mumugwagwa, zvakaganhurirwa, zvakaganhurirwa, zvakaganhurirwa, uye zvinosiya mikoto yakazarukira. Somuenzaniso, chinodikanwa kana kuti kunyunyuta zvakarongwa chinobvumirwa kana kuti zvisashandiswa kuongorora. Apo mapurisa vanoparadzira, vane unyanzvi, unyanzvi hwakananga, sezviito zvechisimba chakajeka.

Kuongorora, Kushandisa Simba, uye Kushandisa Simba

Chinjo yeChina inodzivirira vagari vemo kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka. Mumashoko akapoteredza okudzora boka, kubatana kuri kwose kunodzivisa rusununguko (* kana kuti kumira kupfupi, kana kuti kusungwa) kunofanira kururamiswa nenyumwiro ine mufungo kana kuti chisakiso. Mapurisa haagoni kutungamirira boka “Terry kumira" kana kuti kunzvera vapindi pasina fungidziro dzisina ngozi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] r.[FLT:] [1968] [1968]) anobvumira vakuru vakuru kumisa uye kurangarira munhu kana vane mufungo kuti munhu ane tyisidziro ine ngozi, asi matare akanyevera pamusoro pokushandisa iri boka rose. Nomuto mukuru mukurusa wemhotoo, nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwechiito chavanhu vanodzorwa mumugariro wapasi pegumi na5 [FRA] [FRA] [FRA:] [3]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechina – Kushandiswa Kwakakodzera uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Mutengo we14th Amendment unogovera mibatanidzwa yokuwedzera yedziviriro. Izvo zvinorambidza zviito zvokumanikidza zvinobvumirwa uye inoda kuti miitiro yemapurisa nemiitiro zvive zvine chokuita nevavariro dzehurumende dzapamutemo. Matare Ecumelt Protection Claus anorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mapurisa achigara achishandisa nzira dzehasha dzokudzora boka revanhu dzine utsinye dzinotungamirirwa bedzi neboka redzinza rakati, mufambiro wakadaro ungaparira kuongororwa kwakakomba uye kuva nemhaka. Matare ehurumende akazivawo muitiro wakafanira wakarurama wakavakirwa pakuvimbika kwomuviri, uyo unogona kupunzwa nokudzorwa kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kudzvo hana hana hana kudzo.

Kushandiswa Kwemipimo Yesimba Nematandi Okudzora Mapoka

Mapurisa ehurumende anobvumirwa kushandisa simba kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, asi mupimo wapamutemo wesimba rakadaro wakajeka: unofanira kuva une mufungo, uri madikanwa, uye unowirirana mumigariro. Nzira dzokudzora kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza zvombo zviduku zvakadai segasi rinorira, mupepuri, mabara, uye kurova kwapabopo; pamutemo kwavo kunotsamira pakuti vakaiswa sei uye kana zvisarudzo zvishomanene zvokuisa mungozi zvaiwanika.

Kuva Nezvakawanda Kwacho

Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Graham v. Connor rakasimbisa kuti kutaura kwesimba kwakakomba kunofanira kutongwa mumurangariro womukuru mukuru ane mufungo panzvimbo pazvo, pasina kujeka kwenombo. Zvisakiso zvinobatanidza ukombi hwetyisidziro, kana nhau iri kudzivisa nokushingaira kana kuti kunzvenga, uye urefu hwemhosva iri panhau. Muboka, mukuru mukuru anofanira kunzvera mufambiro womunhu mumwe nomumwe panzvimbo pokuisa zviito zvavashoma kugungano rose. Kushandisa brine bhodhi rejeti kubvisa mugwagwa apo vanhu vazhinjisa vari kuimba norugare kungarangarirwa kuva kusina mufungo, nepo kuinzwa mukurwisana neboka rinokandirwa basa panzvimbo yangu.

Kurambidzwa Kwemitemo Pamiitiro Yakananga

Mitoo inoverengeka yokudzora nayo boka yave iri nhau yedenho dzapamutemo nechinjo dzemitemo:

  • Mafuta (gasi remvura, piripu): Ganhu reChina rakarangarira kuti kushandisa mivhenganiswa yamakemikari pasina nyevero kana kuti kurwisana navanhu vasina masimba masimba kunogona kuumba simba rakanyanyisa. Madhipatimendi mazhinji zvino anoda vakuru vakuru kunyevera namashoko uye kubvumira nguva ine mufungo nokuda kwokudzinga.
  • Zvombo zvinoshandiswa (mabara erubha, mabhenzi): Matare akawana kuti kuronga zvombo zvakadaro nomusoro kana kuti torso kunowedzera ngozi yokukuvara kwakakomba uye kungaputsa mupimo wokuva nomufungo wedonzo. Miitiro yakanakisisa inodzora pamigumo yakaderera bedzi uye kuzvishandisa bedzi apo simba rinouraya ringatongobvumirwa.
  • Mirairo yakaparadzirwa: Murairo wokuparadzira unofanira kuva wakajeka, unonzwika, uye unoperekedzwa nenguva ine mufungo yokuteerera. Kusungwa nokuda kwokundikano yokuparadzira kunoda kuti vose vari vaviri vanzwe murairo ndokuramba kuwirirana pasina chikonzero chakanaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] KUVAKANISA (kupoteredza nokuva navanhu vazhinji): Iyi nzira inoganhurira vanhu kubva munharaunda, kuchiparira kubatwa nenhano nenzira inobudirira. Matare akadai seNinth Freat in ACLU of Nevada v. City of Las Vegas [[FLT]] [2020] akarangarira kuti kubvisa pasina kunyumwiswa kuputsa Gadziridha rechina kutoti kwaitwe nenhevedzano yokubuda yomutemo.

Masangano akawanda amapurisa ehurumende akagamuchira kushandiswa kwesimba kunoda vakuru vakuru kuedza kuderedza njodzi nebatano pamberi pokutendeukira kusimba. Apo simba rinoshandiswa, mutemo wehurumende unowanzoraira kushuma kwakazara nokutarisirwa kwezvokurapa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akuvadzwa.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Yokusungwa Nokukanganwa Zviitiko Zvikuru

Mapurisa anofanira kushanda mukati mechinodikanwa chingava chinodikanwa cheFourse Amendment paanenge achitarisira dzvinyiriro dzezvirongwa zveboka guru, rinofamba - famba.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa Nomunhu Mumwe

Nokuda kwokusungwa kwapamutemo, mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nechisakiso chokudavira kuti munhu chaiye akaita mhaka. Kusungwa kwehondo kwavazhinji (8) uko mapoka ose aiiswa muchitokisi nemhaka yokuti akanga aripo mukati menyongano() ave achirohwa nguva dzose nematare. Mu Hasell v. Henkel [2029], D. nharaunda yakadavira kuti kusungwa kwevapanduki vose panzvimbo apo vamwe vakanga vakanganisa kushatisa mutemo Wechina nemhaka yokuti pakanga pasina hwaro hwomunhu oga nokuda kwokusungwa kumwe nokumwe.

Terry Stons naPat-Down Muboka

Kupfigirwa kupfupi kwenzvero pasi pe Terry v. Ohio inobvumirwa apo mukuru mukuru anonyumwira zvine mufungo kuti mubato woutsotsi wakashata. Zvisinei, kushandisira Terry kuboka rose hakuzivikanwi. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 2] Brown v. City of New York [[FLT] [[FLT]] [] (2011], dare rairangarira kuti “kumira nefrisk” kurostss yangaringiswa nefungidziro dzisina kukwana. Mugadziriro dzeboka, mapurisa anogona kusvika vanhu vamwe navamwe vakavakirwa pamiitiro dzakati shanduko apo vakanga vakaisa chinhu kana kuti vaidze kuita mativi echiito.

Kunyora uye Kuchengeta Zvatinoda

Kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti rwisano imwe neimwe igoitwa mukati mekudzora boka. Ikoku kunobatanidza hwaro hwekumira, kunzvera kupi nokupi kunoitiswa, uye muuyo (kunyora, kuisa musungwa, kusungwa). Kukundikana kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kuzvinetso zvinooneka mumhesva dzekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinotevera. Mukuwedzera, makamera eboka anofanira kugadzirwa mukati mekusangana kweboka, kunyange zvazvo mitemo inosiana paanogona kumiswa. Mimwe mitemo yehurumende inoraira kuti makamera arambe aripo mukushandiswa kupi nokupindwa kwesimba kana kuti kusungwa kupi nokupi.

Kuzvidavirira Kwapamutemo

Mapurisa ehurumende paanopfuura miganhu yepamutemo paanenge achidzora boka revanhu, pane nzira dzinoverengeka dzokuzvidavirira dzinobatanidza kuranga kwomukati, kutarisira vanhuwo zvavo, kukwikwidza vanhu pasi pe42 U.S.C., uye kupiwa mhosva.

Nyaya Dzomukati uye Kuongorora Kunoitwa Muhurumende

Masangano mazhinjisa amapurisa ehurumende ane zvikamu zvenhau dzomukati izvo zvinonzvera nyunyuto dzesimba rakanyanyisa, kusungwa kwenhema, kana kuti kusazvibata. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwehwirudzuro yomukati kazhinji kunotsamira patsika dzesangano nokuona. Pashure pezvinoitika zvemhomho inokakavadzana, dzimwe nyika dzakagadzira mabhodhi okuhwirudzura ezvisingashandisiwi zvesimba nemitezo isiri yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, boka reColorado’s Peace Perder Servection and Training (POST) rinogona kubvisa kana kuti kubvisa mapepa evakuru vakuru vanoputsa mitemo vanoramba mitemo yakadai sechirambidzo kana kuti basa rokupindira.

Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Pasi pa1983

Mushonga mukuru wehurumende wekuputswa kwemitemo nemapurisa ehurumende ndi42 U.S.C.193. Vanyajambwa vesimba rakanyanyisa, kusungwa kusiri kwapamutemo, kana kuti kutsiva nokuda kwokushandisa rusununguko kunogona kukwirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende mumifungo yavo. Zvisinei, dzidziso yevakuru vakuru vehurumende vanokwanisa kudzivirira dziviriro kana kusaputsa “mitemo kana kuti kodzero dzemitemo." Kudzora kweboka, kunoreva kuti kana dare risina kumboshora nzira yakananga yokushandisa. Yakafanana neripiriripo anoisa murwi anotya ari kupfuudzwa asingatyisiwi asingakanganisi. Vatsoropotengi vanodzivisa kukanganisa. Vatsoropoteveri vakakuita kuti kuomeredzeke kuzvidavirira mukudzora kwamapoka makuru, nepo vachengeti vanotaura kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoita zvisarudzo zvakakamuraniswa nemitemo yakakakwa pasi pemitemo yavakakwa namapurisa 201 pasi pekugadziriso.

Muenzaniso Kana Kuti Kuongorora Kwomuitiro

Department of Justice yeUnited States inogona kunzvera masangano emapurisa ehurumende nokuda kwe “muenzaniso kana kuti muitiro” wokuputsa kwemitemo pasi poMurayiro weRholth Crime Control neLaw Enkorcement wa1994. Mienzaniso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobatanidza nzvero muMinneapolits Police Department pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd uye muLouisville Metro Police Department pashure porufu rwaBremna Taylor. Kunzvera ikoko kunowanzofumura nhau dzegadziriro negadziriro yamabasa eboka guru rehurumende uye kutungamirira kubvumira mitemo inoda chinjo, kuvandudza, uye kuronga.

Kupomera Kweutsotsi

Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, vachuchisi vehurumende kana kuti vehurumende vangaunza pomero dzoutsotsi pavakuru vakuru avo vanoshandisa simba rakanyanyisa namaune.

Kurovedza uye Kurayira Mapurisa eHurumende

Masangano emapurisa ehurumende anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzakanakisisa kuti aone kuti vanhu vari kudzora vanhu vari munyika ino vanokwanisa kutevedzera mitemo yepamutemo.

Kurovedza Kuderedza Kushanda Nenhamo

Nyika dzakawanda zvino dzinoda vakuru vakuru kupedza rovedzo pamusoro pemiitiro yokudzora mapoka vasati vagona kubatira mumapoka. Ikoku kunobatanidza kurukurirano yamashoko, nzira dzenguva nedzekuziva, uye kuziva apo mufambiro weboka unoda kumira kwenzira panzvimbo pemhinduro ine simba. International Association of Kings of Police (IACP) yakabudisa miitiro yemienzaniso inosimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanofanira kurangarira kupararira sechirongwa chokupedzisira uye vanofanira kuisa kurukurirano huru. Kurovedza kunofukidzawo ganhuriro dzapamutemo dzokushandisa mazarira, mabhonya, uye mhinganidzo dzokunze kuti vadzore kufamba.

Kuvandudza Kwepamutemo Nokurovedza Musimboti

Nemhaka yokuti vadzori vomutemo vanodzora mamiriro ezvinhu makuru nezvinoitika zvemiitiro yakakwirira . Ntoo dzapamutemo dzakavakirwa pamiitiro dzinofanira kuvandudza nguva dzose rovedzo yapashure. Dzimbadzo dzakavakirwa pamitsetse idzo dzinotevedzera kutsutsumwa kukuru kwamasimba masimba kunogona kubetsera vakuru kurovedza kunoitwa sezvinobvira nokuda kwokusungwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, kubudisa zvirango zvapamutemo, uye kusarudza zvisarudzo zvapamutemo. Uku kurovedza kunosimbisawo basa kupindira: mutemo wehurumende mumitezo yakafanana neMinnesovia neCalifornia zvino inoda vakuru vakuru vanoshanda kumisa shamwari mukushandisa simba rakanyanyisa, murairo unoshanda zvakananga kuzvinoitika zvokuti dzvinyiriro yavaenzani ingawedzera masimba masimba.

Kuita Chibvumirano Chenzanga Nokuona Mitemo Yakajeka

Kubudisa mitemo inodzora boka risati ratanga kufambidzana nevarongi kunogona kuderedza ngozi. Kujekesera pamusoro pemitemo. Yakadai seinounganidzira vapanduki, apo mirayiridzo ichapiwa, uye kuti zvombo zvishoma zvichashandiswa sei kuvaka chivimbo uye kuti zvibvumire vagari vemo kudenha mirayiro isiri pamutemo mudare nouchapupu huri nani. Mamwe masangano ehurumende amapurisa akatanga mabhodhi enzanga anoongorora zviitiko zveboka uye anorumbidza kuchinja kwemitemo.

Zvinoitika Munguva Ichangobva Kupfuura uye Mutemo Wemhosva

Kuramba kutongwa kwemadzinza muna 2020 kwakaita kuti pave nokuongororwazve kukuru kwemapurisa anodzora mapoka.

Mu ACLU yeOregon v. Guta rePortland (2021), Nhengo yeNinth yakataura kuti vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo wehurumende vaishandisa kubudisa mheni netapuro mukurwisana navapanduki vane rugare zvikuru vakaputsa Gadziro Yokutanga neyechina. dare rakacherekedza kuti hurumende haigoni “kudzivisa simba mukurwisana navanhu pasina kunyumwirwa kwavanhu nemhaka bedzi yokuti ivo rutivi rweboka rinobatanidza mitezo mishomanene isingadzorwi.” Ichi chisarudzo chakadudzwa nematare ehurumende senhungamiro yokutonga mapurisa ehurumende mukati mamapoka akavhengana.

Mu Maxell v. County yeSan Diego [202], Dare reCalifornia reKukwirira rakatonga kuti vatevedzeri vakashandisa “kuzviisa pasi” vanobata munyunyuti akanga akagara uyo akanga achivhara dhoo asi asingadzivisi kusungwa vakaputsa chirambidzo chehurumende paganhuriro dzecarotid nesimba rakanyanyisa. Chisarudzo chacho chinosimbisa kuti kunyange kudzorwa kwakaderera hakupembedzi unyanzvi hunorwadza kutoti kwapane tyisidziro yokukuvara nokukurumidza.

Dzimwe nyika dzakapfuudza mitemo yaiisa zvirambidzo zvakati zveboka. Somuenzaniso, SB20-217 yeColorado inorambidza kushandiswa kwegasi reburi, pepiripiti, uye zvigadzirwa zvekinetic kutoti mutarisiri akabvumira kushandiswa kwadzo uye bedzi pashure pokunge boka rapiwa murairo wapamutemo kuti riparadzirwe uye nguva ine mufungo yokuteerera. Mutemo weColorado unorambidzawo zviteshi uye unoda vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vashandise unyanzvi hwokubvisa udzo kana hwava hwakakotseka. Mitezo yakadaro inoisa mutoro mukuru wenyika kupfuura mipimo yemitemo yehurumende.

Zvimwe zvinoitika zvinokosha zvinobatanidza kuumbwa kwemitumbi chaiyo inotarisira seNew York State Attorney General’s Office of Special Investigation, iyo yakaita panhau dzinobatanidza ngozi dzokudzora kweboka.Bato reRuramisiro reUnited States rakazivisawo nhungamiro itsva pakushandiswa kwezvombo zvishoma, richisimbisa kuti kugadzwa kwazvo kunofanira kubatwa somubato wakakomba wokushandisa kuraira ruramisiro.

mhedziso

Mufambiro wamapurisa ehurumende mukati mezvinoitika zvikuru unoshanda mukati megadziriro yakaoma yebumbiro remitemo, pamutemo, uye dare. Mitemo yeSangano Yokutanga neYechipiri inogadza miganhu yakajeka: mapurisa anofanira kuremekedza maruramiro okuungana, anofanira kuvakira kumira kumwe nokumwe kana kuti kusungwa panyumwiro yomunhu oga, uye anofanira kushandisa simba bedzi iro rine mufungo mumigariro. Mitemo yokuzvidavirira yapamutemo yapamutemo yapamutemo. “‘ Kuongorora kwapamutemo, matare evagari vemo, uye kupomera mhaka dzoutsotsi zvinonzvera kubatwa zvisina kufanira, kunyange zvazvo nzira yokutonga kuchifanira kunoramba kuri kwakaoma nokuda kwavanyajambwa vazhinji. Sezvo nzira dzokudzora nemirairo yapamutemo zvinopfuurira kushandura, kuisa mari inochengetwa murovedzo yakajeka, miraudzo yakajeka, uye kutarisirwa kwakajeka kuchava kuri madikanwa kuvimbisa kuti mapurisa voruzhinji vachengete kuchengeteko pasina kugovera rusununguko rwehurumende yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica inorondedzera Hurumende.