Kunzwisisa Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende: Kutarisisa Zvakadzama

Kuzvidavirira ikokuumbwa kwenheyo yokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichivimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano vanoramba vachizvidavirira nokuda kwezviito zvavo, zvisarudzo, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvavose. Pasina matanho okuzvidavirira akasimba. Hurumende dzinova dzisingadaviriki, dzinoshatisa, dzinoshatisa, kana kuti dzinotonga. Pfungwa iyi inopfuura utariri huri nyore; ine gadziriro yokuongorora uye ganhuriro inopa simba vagari vemo simba rokuda kururamiswa, kuva vatambi vehurumende, kuva nemabasa okururamisa kubva kuvatungamiriri vavo. Kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunovandudza, uye kunosimbisa migumisiro yemitemo. Nyaya inoongorora kuwanda kwezviito zvokuzvidavirira kwechapupuro, zvokutarisira, zvokutarisira, uye zvenzanga zvinonzvera kuitwa chaizvoizvo, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye basa renzanga.

Mavambo Okuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Kuzvidavirira muhurumende kunonongedzera kumiitiro nemiitiro izvo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanozvidavirira kumufambiro wavo nokuita. Hachisi chishandiso chimwe asi mubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzinotsamirana. Nheyo dzinokosha dzinosanganisira:

  • [ Mhinduro: Musengwa wavakuru vakuru wokuzivisa nokutsanangura zvisarudzo zvavo.
  • Kumanikidza: Uyero hwokuisa zvirango kana kuti matanho okururamisa apo vakuru vakuru vanokundikana kusvitsa mipimo.
  • Revoifiti: Mwero uyo zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa nezvinodiwa zvavagari vemo.
  • [ Kusawirirana: Kunamatira kumipimo yetsika nokudzivisa rwisano dzefariro.

Nheyo idzi dzinoshanda kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri masangano epamutemo (matare, masangano emitemo, mahofisi okuongorora) nemikoto isina kurongwa (minhevedzo, kunyunyuta kwapachena, mibatanidzwa yehurumende). Zvinhu zvipenyu zvine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvinobatanidza kutarisira kwakakwirira nokuvimbisana kwapasi kwomugari wemo, kuchiparira kuchinjika kukuru nokuchinja.

Marudzi Makuru Ezvitanho Zvokuzvidavirira

Nepo nyaya yokutanga ichironga mapoka mana, imwe neimwe ine michina miduku yakawanda inodiwa kuongorora muudzame.

Kuzvidavirira Mumutemo

Kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunotsamira pagadziriro dzedare nedzemitemo kuti itsigire mitemo inorwisana navatambi vehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wehurumende, matare anorwisana nouori, uye kutongwa kweutsotsi kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende. Zvishandiso zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FLT: 0] judicial Review: Matare anogona kurova zviito zvehurumende kana kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti ganhuriro dzemitemo. Somuenzaniso, simba reDare Gurusa redare reU.S. rakaumba kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kwamazana maviri amakore.
  • Officesman Institutions: hofisi dzinoongorora nhevedzo dzevagari vemo dzinorwisana namasangano ehurumende. Paramende yeSweden Ombudsman, yakatangwa muna 1809, ndiimwe yemienzaniso yekaresa neinopesvedzera zvikurusa.
  • Mitumbi ine mativi akasiana---moneroroma: Mitumbi yakafanana neIndependent Commission Against Uority (ICAC) muHong Kong kana kuti KPK muIndonesia ine masimba akafara okunzvera nokupomera ushati, kazhinji kazhinji ichishanda nedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo mudzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ `Wistleter Previcestions: Mitemo inodzivirira vanhu vanoshuma unyengeri, tsvina, kana kuti kushatiswa nokuda kwokutsiva. Whistlepuzer Protection Act (19989) uye EU Whistlehipherer Direct (209) mienzaniso inoshamisa.

Munyika dzakawanda, vatongi vanotarisana nokutyisidzirwa kana kuti kushaya kuzvimirira, zvichideredza mutemo.

Kuzvidavirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Vagari vemo vanoshandisa sarudzo kuti vape mubayiro kana kuti varange vanhu, nepo masangano emitemo achiramba achitungamirira bazi guru.

  • Free and Fair Evotions: Sarudzo dzenguva dzose, dzamakwikwi dzinobvumira vavhoti kubvisa pasi pavakuru vakuru vanoita basa. Zvisinei, kudzorwa, kusadzikama kwenhimbe dzemari, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti kunogona kukanganisa ichi chibvumikiso.
  • [ Utarisiro hwemitemo hunodzorwa: Paramende dzinotonga, magwaro okukumbira, uye mabhajeti anotenderwa. Matare anogona kupa uchapupu hwepopona ndokutanga kunzvera. Dare reU.S. kutonga kwechinetso chemari cha2008 kana kuti chinyadziso cheWatergate kunoratidzira simba rokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Nguva yokufunga: Mumiitiro yeparamende, vafundisi vanofanira kupindura mibvunzo inobva kuvaiti vemitemo mumarusando avose. UK House of Commons Mibvunzo yePrime Mikurusa muenzaniso wakakwirira weprofile.
  • Zvinodikanwa Nokushuma: Hurumende dzakawanda dzinoda mishumo yenhambo nenhambo pamusoro pemichina yebasa, kunzvera kwemari, uye purogiramu, izvo zvinopinda munharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemigove yemari.

Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoderedzwa apo chirango chebato chinodzvinyirira kusabvumirana, apo kuzvimirira kwezvinobudisa nhau kunodziviswa, kana kuti apo kusakendenga kwezviito zvokusarudza kusingadzorwi.

Kuzvidavirira Kuvakuru Vaduku

Anotarisira kuzvidavirira anobata nokudzora kwomukati mumasangano avose. Inovimbisa kuti vadzori vanotevera miitiro, kushandisa zvinhu nenzira inobudirira, uye kusvika nharidzano dzemiitiro. Michina inobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yeHurumende: Masangano eHurumende ane mibatanidzwa yokunzvera yomukati iyo inohwirudzura kutengeserana kwemari nemiitiro inoshanda. Office yeHurumende yeUnited States yeKuzvidavirira (GAO) muenzaniso wedare rinoongorora purogiramu dzehurumende.
  • [[NHAU] .P.] .P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [ Mativi eTsarudzo: mirau yebasa ravagari vemo inorondedzera mipimo yetsika, rwisano yemipimo yefariro, uye miitiro yokuranga.
  • Zvirori zvokurapa: Miitiro inoratidzirwa, kuongorora chibvumirano, uye matanho okudzivisa mari yavose anopedzerwa nokuchenjera.

Kuzvidavirira kwokutarisira kunogona kuderedzwa nokuramba kwehurumende, kushayikwa kwesimba, kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukupinza nokukwidziridzwa.

Kuzvidavirira Munzanga

Kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kunopa simba vagari vemo nenzanga yevagari vemo kuti vatarisire zvakananga uye vapesvedzere hurumende.

  • Chibizen Quarters and Community Monitoring: zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mukugoverwa kwebasa `zvakadai sekiriniki dzoutano kana kuti zvikoro] uko vashandisi vanopa mutengo nokushuma zvinetso. "Cizen Report Card" kusvika kwapiona muBangalore, India, kwakaregovererwa munyika yose.
  • Kuronga Ropa reBajeti: Vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga nzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari yavose, sezvinooneka muPorto Alegre, Brazil, uko yave ichishandiswa kubvira muna 1989.
  • [[NHAU] . Kutongwa kwavose uko vakuru vakuru vanopa maakaundi navagari vemo vanopanikira kusawirirana. National Rural Proclact Confincial Act (NREGA) inoraira kunzvera kwamagariro amabasa ake.
  • Media nePlatforms dzeChenology: dhipatimendi yemishumo, mahotera emashoko akazaruka (seData yeU.S.gov), uye maapps anofambisa anoshuma zvikwereti kana kuti chiokomuhomwe anoraira.

Kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kunobudirira mumhoteredzo dzine chaunga chevagari vemo chakasimba, zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka, uye zvokurava nokunyora. Zvisinei, inogona kuiswa mungozi nezvido zvapamusoro kana kuti kutungamirira ku "utariri" pasina muitiro wakafanira.

Kujeka Somubvumiri Wokuzvidavirira

Kuona mativi ndiwo musengwa wechinhu chokuzvidavirira. Kana mashoko ehurumende, miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, uye kupedza zvinyorwa zvichisvikwa pachena, vagari vemo nevanotarisa vanogona kusimbisa kutaura, kuziva zvinoda kutemwa, uye kutsanangura. Zvishandiso zvokuona zviri pachena zvinosanganisira:

  • Rusununguko rweMitemo Yemashoko:[ nyika dzinopfuura 120 dzakaita mitemo yeFOI, ichibvumira vagari vemo kukumbira zvinyorwa zvehurumende. Rusununguko rweIndiya rwave ruchichinja.
  • Avo vamabhajeti akarongwa: The International Bacten Bacten Parent Survice's Open Bacrow Survey inoita kuti hurumende dzigoverane pachena magwaro ebhajeti. Nyika dzakafanana neNew Zealand neSouth Africa dzive nenzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru.
  • Asteret Declarations: Nyika zhinji dzinoda vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuzivisa zvinhu zvavo, miganhu, uye mari. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji vachidzivisa, zviziviso zvakadaro zvinoparira kuzivikanwa kwokupfuma kusiri kwapamutemo.
  • Bheneficial Monister Register: Kurwisa kubhadharwa kwemari, UK neEU zvino zvinoda makambani kuzivisa varidzi vawo vechokwadi. Traxamp yeInternational vatsigiri vezvouori hweidzi zvinyorwa munyika yose.

Zvinetso zvokuona zvinosanganisira kuchengeteka kwenyika, kunetseka nezvakavanzika, uye kukamukana kwemichina. Uyezve, kujeka pasina kukwanisa kuongorora mashoko kana kuti kumanikidza kuzvidavirira kunogona kuva kusina maturo(apo chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "shootsved stative."

Kuramba Tichisangana Nezvinetso Zvokuzvidavirira

Pasinei zvapo nezviyero zvakawanda, kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kwakazara nezvinetso. Mhinganidzo dzakadzika dzinosanganisira:

  • Kuzvidzora neHurumende Kusvikira: apo fariro dzine simba dzinopinda mukuita zvisarudzo, mitoo yokuzvidavirira inoshatiswa. Bhangi reNyika yose Governince neInstitutions[ mishumo inosimbisa kuti uori hunoparadza sei kuvimba uye zvinotsausa pfuma zvinobva muzvinhu zvavanhu vose.
  • Raki yeChido chezvamatongerwe enyika: Vamiriri vangadzivisa kudzorwa kusimbisa kana kuchityisidzira simba ravo. Mahofisi anoderedza kunzvera kana kuti kubvisa zvisakafanira unyanzvi hwavose.
  • Mashoko Ane chokuita nechinhu: Hurumende dzinowanzodzora kufamba kwemashoko. Pasina kusvika kwazvigaro kumashoko akavimbika, vagari vemo havagoni kunzvera nenzira inobudirira kuita.
  • Kutyiswa nokudzvinyirirwa: Varwisi, vatori venhau, uye vanoshinga vanotarisana netyisidziro, kunetswa kwapamutemo, kana kuti masimba masimba munyika dzakawanda. Committee yokudzivirira Vatori venhau vanoshuma mazana avatori venhau vakaiswa mutorongo kana kuti vakaurawa nokuda kwebasa ravo.
  • Kuedzesera uye Chiyero: Hurumende dzazvino uno dzinotarisira mibatanidzwa mihombe yemitemo, zvibvumirano, uye masangano. Vagari vangaparapatika kuziva kuti ndiani ane mutoro webasa rinokundikana, kuparadzira kuzvidavirira.
  • Utera hwechiJudha: Mune dzimwe nharaunda, matare anoremerwa, anoshata, kana kuti anozviisa pasi pomukuru mukuru, achiparira kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kusingashandi.

Fundo Yevanyauri Dzakawedzerwa

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira kuti aya matanho anoshanda sei, anobudirira sei, kana kuti anokundikana sei mumigariro yakasiana - siana.

Fundo 1: Mutarisiri Mukuru wenhau weCanada Semuenzaniso Wokuongorora Kwokuzvimirira

Office yePunciblication General weCanada (OAG) inoita basa uye inoongorora zvemari yemadhipatimendi ehurumende nemasangano. Inoshuma zvakananga kuParamende, kwete hurumende, inosimbisa kuzvimirira. Gore rimwe nerimwe, OAG inozivisa kukundikana kukuru mukutungamirira purogiramu, kubva kumasangano eIUniversal kudziviriro yemhoteredzo. Kuongorora kwawo kunobudiswa pachena uye kubudisa kuongorora kwemitengidziro yepareji. OAG inopawo "kuongorora kwakatevera" kunzvera kana masangano achishanda. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yeOAG inopesvedzera mahofisi akafanana mune dzimwe nyika dzeMonde. Zvisinei, inotsamira pakuda kweDare rePrejimendero renhau.

Fundo 2: Kuona mativi Engarava kweBrazil uye Kutsigira

Brazil yakatanga Transparency Portal muna 2004 pasi paPrezidenti Lula, ichiita kuti mashoko anoparadzirwa paIndaneti asvike pachena. Vagari vanogona kunyora zvibvumirano, kutamisira, uye mibhadharo yavashandi vehurumende. Vakabatanidzwa netsika dzakasimba dzenzanga yeBrazil dzenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga. Yakakudziridzwa namapoka akadai se Transparência Brasalil[[F]][FL][FL]][1] , , zvamatongerwe enyika uye kudenha kwazvino unodzorwa, kubatanidza kuderera kwePUPUGU, kuratidzira uorivhi. Mubato mukuru "Lavato" (Choshash) (Chokushashasha), unoshuma nokuwana kwavose.[2]

Fundo Yechitatu: Dziviriro Dzechipfuro muUnited States

United States ine nhau refu yomutemo wokupfura mheto, kutanga ne 1863 Act yeChitemo chenhema, icho chinobvumira vagari vemo voga kukwidza nokuda kwehurumende. Whistlepuzer Protection Act ya 1989 yakasimbiswa pashure poMutemo weEntron. Zvisinei, misiyano yasara. Vashandi veFederal vanoshuma mashoko kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokushorwa pasi peEspionage Act, sezvinoonwa muzvinoitika zvaEdwa Edward Snow neMonetic Waner. Munguva ino, Dodd-Frank Act (2010) yakagadzira sundo dzemari dzekudzora magetsi muudzo, dzinodzorwa neU. Swerratiam (C) pasineiwo mitemo iyi inoramba kutsiva kwakapararira; Dare reHurumende reHurumende rinoshuma kuti varasikirwe mabasa avo anoshambarira kana kuti vashanyiswe mabasa avo anodzorwa nameso anodzorwa nezvinodzorwa nezvirongwa zvetsika.

Fundo 4: Kubatanidzwa Mukuronga Mari muPorto Alegre, Brazil

Kutanga muna 1989, Porto Alegre akatanga gadziriro umo vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga nzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari yemisika. Anopfuura makumi maviri amakore, kuronga mari yokugovera (PB) kwakaderedza uori, kuvandudza zvivako munharaunda dzine urombo, uye kudzorwa kwemitero kwakawedzerwa. Muenzaniso wakapararira kumaguta anopfuura 1 500 munyika yose, kubatanidza New York, Paris, uye Seoul. Zvisinei, kufunda kunoratidza kuti PB inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo ikabatanidzwa nesangano revagari vemo rakasimba uye musengwariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumamwe maguta, PB yave ine maruramiro echiito kana kuti yakatapwa navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo. [[FT.[FLT: 0] United Nations [[FLT:]]] yakasimudzira PB sechishandiro chokudzora, asi kudzosa bhajeka renyika renyika yose inoramba kuva denho.

Kuchinja Kwemadhigirii uye Kuzvidavirira

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kutsiva. Maturusi emagetsi anoita kuti zvinyatsoongorora zviito zvehurumende uye anoita kuti pave nemikana mitsva yokutora rutivi.

  • .Open Data Platforms: Hurumende dzakaita seEstonia neSouth Korea dzinobudisa mapepa anoshandiswa, basa, uye maminu emhoteredzo. Holy Government Partneralip (OGP), yakavambwa muna 2011, ine nyika 78 dziri mitezo dzakazvipira kuuvara.
  • Kuisa magetsi nokuda kwokushandisa Nhete: Mamwe madzoro anoedza nebhureki kunyora kutengeserana kwavose, kuchiita kuti kuve kudzivirira nokunzvera. Georgia inoshandisa brickchain kudzivirira mazita enyika.
  • Kunzvera kwapabudirwa: Apps dzakafanana ne [[FT:2]CWITI muIndonesia kana kuti Fix Mytreet[ muUK inobvumira vagari vemo kushuma kundikano dzebasa, nemhinduro dzehurumende dzinofamba.
  • AI nePredive Analytics:[ Masangano anorwisana nouori anoshandisa AI kucherekedza mashandiro amomu mukuwana mashoko kana kuti zviziviso zvemitemo. Zvisinei, tsvo neitiro hanya dzomunhu oga zvinoda udzori hwokungwarira.

Kuzvidavirira pachishandiswa magetsi kunoisawo pangozi yokurega kushandira vaya vasina kuvhura Internet, uye hurumende dzingashandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti dzitarise pane kuti dzione zvinhu zviri pachena.

Marobhoti Amarudzi Ose Nepfungwa Dzakaenzaniswa

Masangano enyika yose akakudziridza mipimo yokusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Chibvumirano cheSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose chinorwisana Nouori (UNICEF), chinosimbiswa nenyika 189, chinoda masaini kuti vagamuchire mitumbi inorwisana nouori, vanodzivirira vamhanyi, uye vanova nechokwadi chokuoneka mukuwanikwa kwavose. African Union’s Convention on Proventing and Combarrution Urroughtion inogovera mamiriro afananidzo mamwe. Bank's World World Province Globance [ inotsigira nyika kuvaka masangano okuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nezvikwereti, yamuro, yamuro, uye kubudiswa kwezvibvumidzo zvokudzora seWorld Genomegametictive Ices (WGI).

Misiano yenharaunda yakajeka. Nyika dzeNordic dzinoramba dziri panzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru muredhiyo seInternational Uority Perceptions Index, nemhaka yegadziriro dzakasimba dzemitemo, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye chivimbo chakakwirira munzanga. Mukupesana, nyika zhinji dzechiShararia yeAfrica nedzokumaodzanyemba kweAsia dzinorwisana nouori hwegadziriro nemitemo. Mukaha pakati pegadziriro dzepamutemo nezviitwa chaizvoizvo zvinoramba zviri chinetso chenyika yose.

Kuvaka Gadziriro Yokuzvidavirira Inodzorwa

Kuzvidavirira kunobudirira kunoda kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvigare zvakavharwa panosimbiswa zvimwe.

  • Kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo kunotsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika chokugadza vatongi vakazvimirira.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kujeka kuti uzivise vavhoti.
  • Kuzvidavirira kunoshanda kunoda kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kushuma kukundikana kukaderera.
  • Kuzvidavirira munzanga kunobudirira apo vanoridza mhere vane dziviriro dzapamutemo uye rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau.

Vagari vanoitawo basa rinokosha se "vatepi veco" vokuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokugara vakaziviswa, kutora rutivi mukubvunza pachena, kuvhota, uye kutsigira masangano enjanji. Pasina kuvimbisa nzanga yavagari vemo, kunyange masangano akarongerwa zvakanakisisa anoramba asina maturo.

Mugumo: Kusazvidavirira Kunotsungirira

Mipimo yokuzvidavirira haisati iri youmbozha hwezvokuzvidavirira; inokosha kuti hurumende dzibatire zvakanaka ruzhinji. Masangano emitemo, ezvamatongerwe enyika, edzoruzhinji, uye enzanga rimwe nerimwe rinobetsera kunharidzano yose yomutoro, udzori hunoda mhinduro. Nepo denho dzakadai souori, kudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mitengo yemitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika inopfuurira, mifungo mukuona, zvishandiso zvemifungo, uye batira pamwe yenyika yose inopa nzira itsva. Utano hwenzanga hwedemocracy hunotsamira panhamburiko dzinopfuurira kusimbisa aya matanho, kuvimbisa simba iroro rinoongororwa uye kuti manzwi evagari vemo. Sezvifundo dzinobva kuCanada, Brazil, United States, uye Porto Alegree inoratidzira, kuzvidavirira hakusi nzira yokupedzisira asi inodzorwa.