Mitemo yehurumende inoshanda segadziriro huru yokuumba miitiro yamapurisa, zvikurukuru munhamburiko dzokuwedzera kuratidzirwa kwevakuru vakuru vaduku navakadzi. Iyi mitemo nemirau zvakarongedzerwa kutaura nezvenhau iri pasi pekuvapo, kunatsiridza chivimbo chenzanga, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anochengeta mutemo anoratidzira uwandu hwevanhu vaanobatira. Nepo kodzero dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinodzika mipimo yakafara isati iri yekusasarura, nyika dzakaita mwero mukuru wemipimo yakafara yematemo nemhindu yakatongedzero dzemhatsa yokubatanidza nokushingaira vatendi vemari vari pasi pemapoka avanobatira. Nyaya ino inonzvera zvirongwa zvemitemo, miraurongwa hwemitemo, zvinetso zvemitemo, uye mirayiridzo yomunguva yemberi, ichiita pamatatimende enhau nemutemo.

Kuwanda Kwemitemo Yemhatsa Yenzvimbo Dzehurumende

Masangano ehurumende akatanga nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokusimudzira mhatsa mukurovha mutemo. Nhendo dzinozivikanwa navose zvikurusa dzinobatanidza zvirongwa zveparutivi penyika, kurudziro dzemari, kushuma kwapanyika, uye mitemo yokuwana mari yakasarudzwa. Iyi mitemo inosiana zvikuru mumipimo nokudzikamisa, inoratidzira mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wenyika imwe neimwe nemhoteredzo yapamutemo.

Set-Aside neComota Systems

Chiverengero chiduku chezvirongwa zvehurumende zvakashandisa zvirongwa zvakarongwa zvedare zvinochengetera chiverengero chemibato mitsva nokuda kwavada kufunda vashomanene navakadzi. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mapato emapurisa emirini muTexas neIllinois anoshanda mumirayiro yemvumo kana kuti mirairo yehurumende inoda mwero wakati wevanyoresi kuti vabve kumapoka asingapimiswi. Nepo zvikamu zvakadaro zvichiwanzodenhwa mudare, zvinoramba zviri zvishandiso mumativi ose nenhau yakatsikirirwa yebasa redhisikito. Zvisinei, mitemo yakawanda yazvino uno inodzivisa mipimo yakajeka, panzvimbo pezvo kushandisa “zvirongwa nenguva zvakaisvonaka” izvo zviri zvisaririra zvakapfava, zvisingatsigiriki.

Vane Simba Nezvipo Zvemari

Masangano anoverengeka anogovera tsigiro yakananga yemari kumadhipatimendi anosangana nezvirongwa zvemibato yakasiyana - siyana kana kuti zvishandiso zvokuendesa. Chikamu cheNew York cheChibvumirano cheCriminal Justice Service chinogovera mari zvakananga nokuda kwokunyoreswa kwevakuru vakuru vashoma nevakadzi. Commission on Peace Profectal and Traing (POST) inopa kudzorerwa kwemari nokuda kwemasangano anotora rutivi mumasangano anotenderwa nemarudzi akasiyana- siyana ehurumende. Mari iyi inogona kufukidza kushambadza, mashopu, kurayiridza vanoshanda, uye kugadzirira zvirongwa zvokuedza nokuda kwevadaviri vanobva mumapoka akabviswa mune zvenhau.

Kushuma Kwakagadzirwa uye Kuona Zvakajeka

Zvinodikanwa zvokujeka zviri pakati pezvirongwa zvakagamuchirwa zvikuru. Zvinoda masangano anochengeta mutemo zvino kuti ape mishumo yegore negore inodonongodza kunyorwa kwemadhamu avo edzinza, dzinza, uye kuti munhukadzi. Somuenzaniso, masangano eCalifornia edzinza neredic Profibiling Act: miraunding (RIPA) anoraira kuti masangano ose anochengeta mutemo aunganidze nokubudisa mashoko ezvevoruzhinji pakumira, asi anodawo kushuma pakunyoreswa nokubhadharwa. Nenzira yakafanana, marejiro 2021 ehurumende yeWashington anomanikidza masangano anochinja mamiriro ezvinhu etsika ehurumende (HB1267) kushuma nhamba dzawo kugweta rehurumende. Iyi rondedzero inobvumira mapoka ose anonyoresa mitemo uye madhipatimendi ezvo kuyera fambiro mberi nokuwana madhipatimendi anoshanda pasi peG.

Kupinda Munzanga Nezvirongwa Zvepaipi

Mitemo yakawanda ine zvinodikanwa zvakabatanidzwa nokuda kwokunangidzirwa kwekusvika kunzanga shomanene uye masangano edzidzo. Mitemo ingaraira kuti madhipatimendi ave nezvinoitika munharaunda dzenhau dzeBlack kana kuti Latino, mubiyake nenzvimbo dzemakoreji dzenzanga dzine mitumbi yakasiyana - siyana yavadzidzi, kana kuti kuita nzira dzemakireji anobva mumigariro yakaderera. Mutemo weMaryland Enfossictment Recruitment and Reent Moffice Force unokurudzira (uye mimwe mitemo yomunzvimbomo inoda) kuti masangano aro aronge anogovera zvirongwa zvechikwata uye betsero kuvadzidzi vashomanene vemibato mupurogiramu dzemitemo yemitemo.

Mitemo Inokosha yeHurumende Muudzame

Nepo nyika dzakawanda dzine mutemo wakasiyana - siyana unobatanidza kunyoresa, shomanene dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwoukuru nokutangwa kwemitemo yadzo.

California

California sezvinooneka ibasa rakakomba zvikurusa mukushandisa mutemo wehurumende kuumba mhatsa yamapurisa. Komishoni yehurumende inoda kuti madhipatimendi ose agamuchire gadziriro yakanyorwa inobatanidza nzira dzakananga dzokukwezva vakadzi navakadzi vashoma. Pasi peSB 960 2020 (20), masangano anofanira kunyora mabasa awo okunyoresa nemigumisiro, nokukundikana kuwirirana nokurasikirwa nemari yehurumende. Mukuwedzera, California inorambidza kushandiswa kwedzinza somupimo bedzi wokupinza, asi nenzira yakajeka anobvumira “kuwana nokupinza zvirongwa zvechipfuvako chechinhu chakati chakananga. RIPA .

New York

New York yakatsigira kwenguva refu mhatsa kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zvemari nezvirongwa. State Police Act ye2020 yakabatanidza gadziriro dze “Mubatanidzwa Nemibato Yevakadzi Mubhizimisi reInterprust” gadziriro yokuita kuti mutemo ushande, uye hofisi yagavhuna inotungamirira hofisi yakazvitsaurira nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokunyoresa. New York City, mudzvinyiriro yehurumende, yakagamuchira denho ye“ Diversity Hiring I iyatiction” iyo inogadza vakwikwidziridzi vamabhinya nomwero yakakwirira youtsotsi uye ruvimbo rwakaderera. Pasinei zvapo neiyi nhamburiko, 2023 kubva kuhurumende yakawana kuti rondedzero yevoruzhinji mumadhipati akawanda enyika yakaramba iripo, ichisimbisa denho yokushandura mutemo mukushandiswa.

Texas

Mutemo weTexas unobvumira zvakajeka chiito chokubvuma basa ravose, kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo, mumigariro yakati. Texas Commission on Law Encorcement (TCOLE) inoda kuti madhipatimendi ose achengete “gadziriro yokurovha yakarongwa” uye angarangarira kushayikwa kwemitengo yavashandi yesangano sechisakiso chokupa chibvumirano. Mamwe maguta, akadai seHouston neDallas, akagamuchira“ mufananidzo wechikwata chemariti" bhenjiro dzinoisa zvikamu zvezvirongwa zvetsorororo zvemari yakavakirwa pamirayiridzo. Zvisinei, chishoro chakasimba cheTexas chezvamatongerwe enyika ku “kurangarira na” chakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mukushanda, madhipati eTexas anovimba nokuwana nokuwana nokuwana mabhona pane kuwanda.

Illinois

Illinois yakapfuudza Safety, Accounting, Fairnes and Equity- Today (SAFE-T) Mu2021, iyo yakabatanidza chinodikanwa kuti masangano ose anochengeta mutemo agamuchire “kubatana uye gadziriro yokubatanidza” inoiswa kuMutemo weIllinois weKurovedza neFomatiration Board. Rongedzero inofanira kuronga zvirongwa zvakati zvokunyoresa nokuda kwavakadzi navanhu vane ruvara. Mutemo unorairawo kurovedzwa kwakakwana kwemirangariro nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vose navashandi vanopinza basa. Mashoko okutanga kubva kudare racho anoratidza kuti vanenge 80% yamadhipatimendiyu akabvumirana, asi kuchengetwa kunoramba kuchidzokorodzwa.

Maryland

Maryland’s Police Accountability Act ya2021 yakaita “Recritive and Rebiory Fund” yakazivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwokuwedzera kwemhatsa. MaGrant anowanika nokuda kwamasangano ayo mubiyakeri weMakoreji eBlack neyunivhesiti zvenhau dzakare (HBCUS) namasangano enzanga. Chiito chacho chakagadzawo nharidzano yokuva nechokwadi chokuti kuvakwa kwezvikamu zvitsva zvemakirasi echikwata muteshi mukati mamakore mashanu. Nepo kusati kuri kubatanidzwa, vavariro dzacho dzakasundira madhipatindiro kumanyuko chaiwoiwo ezvishambadzo nezvinoitika zvokupinzwa.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo Nezvepamutemo

Kushandiswa kwemitemo yedzinza neyomunhurume nemunhukadzi kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzepamutemo dzinokosha. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzemitemo mu City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. [19989] uye vavaki vadzori vedzimba, Inc. v. Peña [195]) yakaratidza kuti chirongwa chipi nechipi chehurumende chinobvumira chinofanira kupukunyuka nokuongorora kwakananga kupfurikidza nokuwana kusarura kusingatanhamari. Nokuda kwechikarirwa.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kutonga kweChivimbo chikuru kwa 2023 mu Sangano dzeFair Adgicts v. Harvard (iyo yakakurira kugamuchirwa kwemikana yedzinza kunzvimbo yechikoro inoziva dzinza) yakanyandura denho kugadziriro dzose dzehurumende dzakavakirwa padzinza. Kupomera kunoverengeka kwakachengetwa mukurwisana nemhatsa dzamapurisa, kubatanidza Texas neColorado. Somuuyo, magweta mazhinji ehurumende zvino anorayira masangano kuti agadzirise nhamburiko dzakasiana - site yedzinza “papo panzvimbo pokuwana kubhadharwa kwamadzinza. Somuenzaniso, nhungamiro yeCalifornia inofanira kuva yakazarukira pachena zvirongwa zvose uye isingagoni kushandiswa sechinhu chedzinza.

Zvinosarudzwa zvinotsigirwa ne Gender zvakatarisana nomupimo muduku zvikuru(wintermediate incherest) asi zvichiri kuda ufakazi hwokuti vakadzi vanopinzwa nemhaka yorusaruro rwekare. Nyika zhinji dzakatsigira nenzira inobudirira gadziriro idzo dzinorwisa vakadzi nokunongedzera kumuraudzo wenhau yavakadzi kubva mumapurisa uye kufundo dzinoratidza kuti vakuru vakurukadzi havangatongoshandisi simba rakanyanyisa uye vanovimbwa zvikuru navakadzi munzanga. Zvisinei, nyika dzapamutemo dzinoramba dziri mvura, uye masangano anofanira kunyora nokungwarira mutendiso wavo.

Kushanda Kwazvo: Zvinoratidzwa Nemashoko Acho

Kuyera tapuro chaiyoiyo yemitemo yenyika pamhatsa dzamapurisa kwakaoma. Mushumo wa2022 wakaitwa neNational Institute of Justice wakawana kuti nemhatsa yokushuma kwakaraira kwakaona wedzero mu 12% muvatsva vashomanene mumakore mashanu, zvichienzaniswa newedzero ye 3% munyika pasina mitemo yakadaro. Zvisinei, mushumo mumwe chetewo wakacherekedza kuti mufananidzo wavakadzi mumapurisa wakangochinja bedzi munyika yose (kuvambira pa 12% kusvikira ku 13% kumakumi maviri amakore apfuura(Dhaidzo dzoruwa dzakawanda.) Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti nepo kushuma kungavandudza kujeka, hakuvimbisi chinjo huru.

Zvirongwa zvokuwana zvinoratidzika kuva zvinovimbisa zvikuru. Nyika dzinogovera mari yokurovedza nokubetsera kwechikamu chetsoro chemari (muchib., Maryland neNew York) dzakaona mwero yakakwirira yokushandisa kubva kuvadai vashoma. Somuenzaniso, “Mutezo weTrooper Cadet Program" nokuda kwamapoka ari pasi apa yakaguma ne 40% muvakwidziridzwa muvashomanene mumakore avo matatu okutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukwirira kunoramba kuri chinetso: vakuru vakuru vakuru vebasa vashoma uye vakadzi vanorwisana nemhoteredzo dzebasa dzinorwisana nedzoro. Miteo yeHurumende inonangidzirazve kukwidziridza purogiramu dzechirongwa chezano uye kurwisa nhevedzano yemitengo inogamuchirwa nenzira inodikanwa.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaurawo kuti mitemo yehurumende inogona kuparira migumisiro isingakanwi. Mamwe madhipatimendi, achinetseka pamusoro pokuva pachena pamutemo, angaderedza zvikwaniriso zvokusvitsa vanyajambwa vechiverengero chavagari vemo, sezvingabvira kubvumiranisa chengeteko yavose. Mamwe angadzivisa kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa mumishumo miduku yezviito asi kwete chaizvoizvo kuchinja miitiro. Nzvero yakaitwa neUrban Institute yakawana kuti masangano ari munyika ane kushuma kwakasimba kazhinji kazhinji aisangana nezvikwaniriso zvakasiyana - siyana zvemiripo mitsva asi akakundikana kusimudzira vashomanene kuva vakuru vakuru, achisiya vashandi vemitemo vari vachena navanhurume vakapararira.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvinoshandiswa

Kupfuura mibvunzo yapamutemo, denho dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira. Chokutanga, masangano mazhinji amapurisa anoshora ganhuriro dzemhatsa, achisimbisa kuti anosekesa gadziriro dzakakwirira nedzinokosha. Mudzimwe nyika, zvibvumirano zvokutaurirana zvakaganhurira kusvika kwemitemo yokunyoresa. Chechipiri, chikwata chevanoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo chave chichiderera chose, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kukwezva vakwidziridziri vezvibvumirano, kusaregeredza kubva kumapoka anodenhwa. Yechitatu, mari yakadai sendyiko huru yerovedzo yechikoro chamapurisa.

Kusava nechokwadi munzanga kunobatsirawo. Munharaunda dzine mapurisa anobata vanhu zvisina kufanira munhau, vagari vashoma vangasava vaigona kushanda kudhipatimendi rimwe chetero rine mukurumbira wokusazvibata. Dzimwe nyika dzakapindura nokubatanidza utarisiri hwenzanga mumiitiro yokunyoresa, yakadai sokubvumira nzvimbo dzehurumende dzehurumende kuongorora mashandiro ehurumende. Pakupedzisira, kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika kunogona kuchinja: kuchinja mudare rehurumende kana kuti gavhuna kunogona kutungamirira kukuva mapurogiramu emhatsa, sezvinooneka muArizona neTennessee mumakore achangobva kupfuura.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nekuchinja

Vachifambira mberi, vaiti vemitemo yehurumende vari kufunga nezvokuchinja kwakasiyana - siyana kuti mitemo yokunyoresa ibudirire asi vachiramba vari mumitemo yepamutemo.

Kusimbisa Mashoko uye Kuzvidavirira

Chimwe chinhu chikuru ndechokuda kwete kungoshuma chete asiwo zviratidzo zvinoshanda nemigumisiro yokusawirirana. California iri kurangarira mutengi ungagona kubatanidza mari yehurumende kusangana nezvipfuro zvakasiyana- siyana, yakafanana nokuti sangano rinonzi Thit IX rinoshanda sei kumasangano edzidzo. Dzimwe nyika dziri kunzvera kushandiswa kwe “mabhodhi ezvikamu” anoita kuti mashoko esangano awanike pachena munguva chaiyoiyo, achibvumira mapoka enzanga kuita kuti madhipatimendi azvida azvidavire.

Kuwedzera Zvirongwa Zvepaipi

Masangano ehurumende ari kuwedzera kutsigira zvirongwa zvokurovedza vadzidzi vechikoro chapamusoro nerekoreji zvisati zvapiwa mari. Somuenzaniso, I-940 yeWashington (yakapfuudzwa muna 2018) yakagovera mamiriyoni $5 (Z $5) nokuda kwepurogiramu ye “Kurovedza Vapolitiki Cadet” inopfuudzira pwere munzanga dzine mwero yakakwirira youtsotsi. Migumisiro yapakuvamba inoratidza kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anowedzera nhamba dzekukumbira uye kunatsiridza kupfurikidza nokuvaka pfungwa yokuva munhu asati ava basa repamutemo.

Kurovedza Bias Nokunyengedza Chinjo

Masangano anoverengeka ari kuratidzira rovedzo yakakwana yeboka rose rinobatanidzwa mukunyoresa nokurovha. Nharidzano ndeyokuderedza rusaruro rusingazivikanwi mukubvunzurudza nzvimbo, kunzvera kwougwinyi, uye kunzvera kwepashure. Kuchinja kwechikwata kwe 2020 kweVirginia kunoda kuti inenge nhengo imwe yeboka ripi neripi rokuroja ripi rinofanira kuva rinobva muboka risingawaniki mudhipatimendi. Kuwedzerazve, dzimwe nyika dziri mipimo yomuviri inovadziko inovadziko inovadziko inova inovadziko inokosha zvikuru, inotendeukira kukunzvera basa kwavakadzi, panzvimbo penzvero dzemichina yehondo.

Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Nokuda Kwenhanho Dzakasiana - siana

Mumhinduro kuparadziro inopfuurira, Hurumende dziri kuronga mitemo inobvumira zvakajeka “kupinda nokunyoresa” pasina kushandisa rudzi kana kuti munhukadzi sechisakiso chokuita zvisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wemuenzaniso wakatangwa neNational Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inokurudzira masangano kuronda mashoko okuwanda kwevagari vemo uye kugadza zvinangwa asi inorambidza kubatwa kwezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira zvokupinza munhu.

mhedziso

Mitemo inodzora kunyoreswa kwamapurisa ehurumende nevakuru vakuru vanopfuurira, ufakazi hunomirira mutoo wakaoma wokuita mitemo yemitemo yakawanda inomirira. Kubva pakushuma kwakakomba kwemasangano eHBCU eMaryland uye kufambidzana kwemapurogiramu eNew York anopa. Mamirire ezvinhu apamutemo akasiyana- siyana uye anodzorwa. Nepo denho dzemitemo nemhinganidzo dzinoshanda dzinopfuurira, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti kusatsarukana kwemitemo kwehurumende kunoramba kuchiitwa. Zvikamu zvamakurukuru izvo zvinobatanidza kuoneka, mari, uye kukura kwemirirwa kwemichina yemichina yemvura zvichaita fambiro mberi. Zvingangopingamupindurira mberi zvenguva yemberi zvichanangidzira pakuzvidavirira kwedare. Sezvinoramba zvichidiwa kuti zvishandiswe uye zviremekerwe, mamiriro ehurumende anoramba aripo nokuda kweiri basa rakaoma uye kuoma.