Mitemo yehurumende inodzora batano dzamapurisa nendudzi dzemaIndia eAmerica nenzvimbo dzinogara inoshanda mukati meimwe yemhoteredzo dzemitemo dzakaoma zvikurusa muUnited States. Uku kuoma kunomuka kubva mugadziriro yakakamukana yesimba rehurumende, uchangamire hwedzinza, uye gadziriro dzemitemo dzehurumende dzakasiyana- siyana. Mamiriro adzo anoguma, anowanzorondedzerwa secherekedzo, anoparira denho dzinokosha nokuda kwamasangano anotarisira mutemo. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha mukuchengeta chengeteko yavose, kutsigira maruramiro avagari vemo, uye kusimudzira ukama hwehurumende hunoremekedza urongwa hwehurumende hunokudza dzinza roga.

Hwaro Hwouchangamire Hworudzi Noutsotsi

Utongi hwedzinza ikodzero yakagarwa nhaka inozivikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., zvibvumirano zvakawanda, uye mitemo yehurumende. Dare rapamusorosoro mu Georgia [1831]) (1) inorondedzera ndudzi se "marudzi anotsamira pahurumende," kugadza ukama hwehurumende hunotanga Dare remitemo. uchangamire inowanzopa ndudzi kodzero yokuzvitonga, kurondedzera mitezo yadzo, uye kudzora mufambiro mukati memaruwa dzadzo. Zvisinei, uchangamire ihwo hahuna simba rakakwana. Dare rine simba pamusoro pendudzi, hunogona kuganhurira kana kuti kubvisa kodzero dzedzinza kupfurikidza nechiito chokutonga.

The General Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 76 1152) uye Major Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 1153) mienzaniso mikuru yomutemo wehurumende unozvigadza umene munyika dzedzinza, kazhinji kazhinji uchivhengana nechiremera kana kuti kusunungurwa kwehurumende. Chirongwa chinovapo chinotsamira zvikuru pakuti hurumende yashandisa chiremera muMutemo waPasi, musi wa280, mugariro woutsotsi, mugariro wenyajambwa nomupari wemhosva (Indian kana kuti isiri Indian), uye nzvimbo chaiyo yechinoitika (nyika inobhadhadharwa, nyika, kana kuti nzvimbo). Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro yakaoma yerwendo umo mugariro, mubatanidzwa, uye hurumende dzamarudzi, kazhinji kazhinji, uye mabasa anorondedzerwa, mumutemo.

Mutoro Wechivimbo Chehurumende Nechiito Choutsotsi Hukuru

Hurumende yehurumende ine mutoro wokudzivirira zvinhu zvamarudzi ndokusimudzira maruramiro edzinza. Mururamisiro youtsotsi, ikoku kunoshandura kurovererwa kwemhosva dzakati dzakakomba dzinoitika muIndian Country. Major Crimes Act inoronga mhaka 15 idzo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chakakwana apo inoparirwa namaIndian Country muUniversity musati uri Mutemo 280. Idzi mhaka dzinobatanidza kuponda, kubira, kuba, kubata chibharo, kudenha nevavariro yokuponda, kupamba, uye kuba. Kana muIndia akaisa uhumwe upari mubatanidzwa mumugariro usiri womutemo wePuganda, kana kuti mumugariro wenyika inotengwa namapurisa.

Mabasa Ane Simba Ehurumende: Kushongedzwa Kwaiitwa Zviratidzo

Chiremera chehurumende panzvimbo dzamadzinza hachifanani. Ukuru hwemasimba ehurumende emapurisa hunosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira panhau yehurumende noMutemo waVose 280 uye kuchinja kwakatevera kwemitemo.

Mutemo Wavose 280 States

Muna 1953, Congress yakapfuudza Mutemo wePublic 280, uyo wakatamisira udzori hweutsotsi paIndian Country kubva kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Mandatory aibatanidza California, Minnesota (kunze kweRed Lake Reservation), Nebraska, Oregon (kunze kweHour Springs Reservation), uye Wisconsin (pashure pa 1968). Alaska yakawedzerwa pahurumende. Idzi nyika dzakaita kuti pave nomutemo wakafara, zvinoderedza zvikuru basa rehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji dare remapurisa anobatanidza:

  • Mapurisa ehurumende ane chiremera chikuru chokuchengeta mutemo pakangaidziko, kazhinji kazhinji chakaenzana nechiremera chawo murumwe rutivi rupi norupi rwenyika.
  • Mapurisa edzinza ari munyika dzePL - 280 kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa chiremera chokuita kuti mutemo wehurumende utsiviwe navasiri vaIndia, kuchiparira gadziriro yamativi maviri akaoma kunzwisisa.
  • Misiyano yokutonga inogona kumuka, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzinobatanidza vapari vemhosva vasiri veIndia mukurwisana namaIndia umo hurumende ingaramba kupomera uye dzinza risina udzori hwoutsotsi.
  • Pashure pa1968, Dare raida kubvumira kwedzinza kufungidzira kutsva kwePL - 280, asi nyika dzakawanda dzaifanira kusarudzwa dzakanga dzisisina chisarudzo, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pokuzvitonga kwedzinza.

Mutemo Usiri WePubles 280

Mumaruwa asara, akadai seArizona, New Mexico, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, uye South Dakota, hurumende yehurumende inochengeta chiremera chikuru pamhosva huru dzinoitwa neandien. Nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzine chiremera pamusoro poutsotsi hunobatanidza vaIndindia uye kazhinji kazhinji dzine chiremera chakabatana munharaunda dzakati dzakabviswa nomutemo kana kuti dare. Matare enyika aya anobata zvisakafanira nenhau dzavagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo chiremera chavo chokutonga chakaganhurirwa. mapurisa ehurumende anopinza njodzi muidzi nyika kazhinji kazhinji anoda mvumo yedzinza, chibvumirano cheyamuro chekare inosvika, kana kuti kurumidziro kuti ashandise chiremera.

Kusiyanisa Kutungamirira Kwehurumende Nevatongi Vematsotsi

Musiyano wakakomba uripo pakati pechiremera chehurumende yerudzi nehurumende yarwo youtsotsi. Marudzi anogona kushandisa chiremera chavagari vemo pavanhu vose mukati menzvimbo yavo, kubatanidza vaIndian, pamusoro penhau dzakadai sokuronga, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye kuvhima nokuredza. Zvisinei, zviremera zvoutsotsi pavagari vemo vemo veIndiya zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Dare Gurusa reSango rehurumende mu [FLT:] [[0] . Sucamish Indian Trand [788]) raidavira kuti ndudzi hadzina kugamurirwa noutsotsi kuti dzitongedzeri dzevaAmaindhia. Ichi chisaru chisaru chisakiso chikuru chekombere chavose, sezvipomedzo zvisiri zvehurumende zvehurumende kana kuti zvishandukire zviremera zviri kure.

Kusarudza Mitemo yeHurumende Huru Nezvibvumirano Zvokutonga Zvomuchinjikwa

Kuti dzigadzirise zvinetso zvinokonzerwa nokuongorora nharaunda, nyika dzakawanda nemadzinza akapinda muzvibvumirano zvakarongwa zvinojekesa chiremera uye zvinoita kuti kushandira pamwe kuve nyore.

Kushandiswa Kwomubatanidzwa Wechikamu uye Kuiswa Kwomutemo Chaiko

Zvibvumirano zvokuisa mubatanidzwa wedare zviri pakati pezvishandiso zvinoshanda zvikurusa nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo usina mireza miganhu. Izvi zvibvumirano zvinobvumira vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vendudzi kumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende namapurisa ehurumende kumanikidza mirau yedzinza. Mienzaniso inoverengeka iripo:

  • [[FOL:0]Formal Mutual Aid Advrects:[ inodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende, iyi rondedzero apo vakuru vakuru vanogona kushanda kunze kwechiremera chavo chikuru. Washington’s Revised Code (RCW 10.93) muenzaniso wakatanhamara.
  • Mitemo yeMutemo inodzorwa: vamiririri vanogamuchira mabasa kubva kuzvose zviri zviviri dzinza nehurumende, kuvapa masimba akazara amapurisa mumativi ose ose ari pakati pebvumirano.
  • Mabvumirano enzvimbo yapasi: pakati pendudzi neruwa kana kuti hurumende dzemanisiparati nokuda kwamasangano akati okuchengeta mutemo, akadai sa911 kutumira kana kuti mishonga inobatira pamwe.

Kubvumirana Kwokubatsirana Nezvibvumirano Zvehurumende Zvinobatanidzwa

Mitemo yakawanda yakagadza mitemo inobvumira zvakajeka zvikamu zvapamberi pemitemo kupinda muwirirano nehurumende dzamarudzi. Iyi mibatanidzwa inogona kufukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kumitemo yedavidzo yekurumidziro kusvikira kuufakazi hwokugoverana mashoko. Somuenzaniso, Hurumende yeMontana yataurirana zvibvumirano 638 namadzinza akawanda, ichibvumira ndudzi kuita mabasa okuchengeta mutemo aiitiswa kare neBureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Masangano aya anowanzoda nyika namasangano edzinza kuti atange miitiro inowirirana yokuronda kune shungu, mabhii, uye kuwedzerwa.

Masimba Masimba Anorwisana Navakadzi Act (VAWA) uye Chisimba Chaicho Chomumba

. Zvinyorwa zvamabhinya zvinopesana naMasimba masimba eMadokero [[FLT:] zviitiko zvezvisingachinji muudzori hwematsotsi hwendudzi. Kwenguva yokutanga kubvira Oliphant[, ndudzi dzinogona kushandisa masimba outsotsi padzisiri vaIndia vanoita mabasa echisimba emhuri, kuronga misi yamasimba masimba, kudzivirira, kana kuti kuputsa mirayiro yokudzivirira munyika dzemaruwa. Iyi Chisimba chaicho chenyika cheCrimiancrigin Juriscion (SDCJ) inoda kugovera kodzero dzakati dzakati kuti vakwikwirira, kubatanidza zano repamutemo rapachena uye rinoshanda pasina rusaruro. Hurumende inoziva mitemo yemadzinza uye kudzivirira kutakura kuchengetwa kwemadzinza pakati pedzinza redzinza redzinza rekuchengeterwa. Hurumende yehurumende inoziva kushandira

Mhinduro Yekurumidziro Nemitemo Yokuronda Nokushingaira

Mitemo yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru pakuvhiringwa kukuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kupinda munzvimbo kuti vasunge kusungwa kusingabvumirwi nokuda kwokurondwa kutsva kwemhosva. Mimwe inoda chikumbiro chetsika chemvumo yedzinza kana kuti chibvumirano cheyamuro chisati chavapo. Mapurisa edzinza anotarisanawo neganhuriro apo anotsvaka kunyumwirwa munyika isiri yamadzinza. Kurerukirwa kwakanyorwa nokuda kwedavidzo yekurumidziro, kubatanidza mitemo inoda kutendwa kwechibvumirano chenhau neredhiyo, zvinokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira nokuchengeteka kwavose.

Matambudziko Anopfuurira Mumutemo Womunyika yeIndia

Pasinei nezvibvumirano zvepamutemo uye kushandira pamwe, zvinetso zvikuru zviri kupfuurira muNyika yeIndia yemapurisa.

Dambudziko Ravagari Vemo Vasipo Navakapondwa (MMIP)

Kushaikwa kwoudzori hwakajeka nohuwadzani hwemifungo zvakaziviswa sechinhu chikuru chinoparira njodzi yeMMIP. Juristional "hayi nyika dzomunhu," apo pasina sangano rinotaura zvakajeka chiremera, rinogona kunonotsa kana kuti kudzokororwa. Not Act isingaoneki ya2019 uye [FLT] SAVANNA] donzo rokuvandudza kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, kubatanidzwa, uye mhinduro kumativi enyika. Mitemo yehurumende inozivisa nguva yakafanira yavanhu vakarasika uye kupinda mumitengo yorudzi inogara mumitengo yeMPUP.

Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko uye Kupomerwa Kwemuchinjikwa Kunobvumirana

Kugoverana mashoko pakati pokuchengetwa kwemitemo kwedzinza, hurumende, kwomunzvimbomo, uye kwehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunodziviswa nemiitiro yokutarisira zvinyorwa zvisingawirirani, mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemirayiridzo yakashata, uye itiro hanya pamusoro pouchangamire hwemibatanidzwa yedzinza. Nyika dzingaganhurira kusvika kumanyuko enhau youtsotsi nokuda kwamatare amarudzi kana kuti mapurisa, kudzoresa nzvero dzekare nenzvero. Nenzira inopesana, mirairo yedare rendudzi nemitemo zvingasazivikanwa zvizere negadziriro dzehurumende. Kutaura neiyi misiyano yetsinhirano pamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwekotsekanwo yavose.

Misiyano Yokushandisa Mari Nemhinganidzo Dzepfuma

Masangano anotarisira mutemo amadzinza anodzorwa nokusarongeka zvikuru kana achienzaniswa nehurumende yavo neyavo yomunzvimbomo. Hofisi yeBaIA yeMirimo yeRuramisiro inogovera mari, asi inowanzokundikana kuwana zvinodikanwa zvakatsigiwa. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumibhadharo yakaderera yavakuru vakuru, vakuru vakuru vashoma pamunhu mumwe, midziyo yechinyakare, uye kusvika kwakaganhurirwa kurabhuro dzechienzi nerovedzo. Mitemo inogovera mari yokuwedzera kana kuti betsero yezvoruzivo kumasangano eruwa inogona kuva netapuro yakanaka pamiuyo yokuchengeteko yavose.

Kusavimbana Kwezvakaitika Kare uye Kudiwa Kwokukwikwidzana Kwetsika

Nhau refu yezvibvumirano zvakaputswa, kumanikidzwa, uye zvinoitika zvamasimba masimba ehurumende zvinonyandura mamiriro ezvinhu zvakaparira kusavimba kukuru kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwokunze munzanga dzakawanda dzendudzi. Mitemo yehurumende iyo inoraira kurovedza kwetsika nokuda kwavakuru vakuru, inoda kukurukura nehurumende dzemadzinza, uye kusimudzira kubhadharwa kwavakuru vakuru vemaIndia okuAmerica inhano dzakanaka. Chivimbo chokuvaka chinoda kuvimbisana kwenguva refu kunoremekedzwa uye kuzvidavirira kuzvidavirira.

Kutanga Kuchinja Zvinhu uye Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Zviitiko zvepamutemo zvinoverengeka zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zviri kurambidza kushanda kwemapurisa munyika dzemadzinza.

Chiremera Chinotongerwa Mumutemo Nonhevedzano Zvakawedzerwa

Mutemo naMashoko emitemo (TLOA) ya2010 yakabvumira ndudzi dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzakafanira kudzivirira kuisa mitongo yamakore matatu (kana kuti yakaisvonaka $5 000) nokuda kwemhosva imwe, uye makore mapfumbamwe nokuda kwenhevedzano yemhosva. Uku kwakanga kuri kukura kunokosha kubva kumuganhu wegore rimwe rakapfuura. Hurumende dzinofanira zvino kutanga miitiro yokuziva nokubatira pamwe nemitsetse iyi yedare yemadzinza yakawedzerwa, kubatanidza miitiro yokubatanidza vaparadzi vendudzi vehurumende kana kuti zvivanze zvehurumende.

Kukura Kwechisimba Chaicho Chomumba Chinoitirwa Mhosva

Sezvo ndudzi dzakawanda dzinoshandisa SDVCJ pasi peVAWA, miitiro yakanakisisa iri kumuka. Iyi inobatanidza kutangwa kwemirairo yokudzivirira yedzinza, masimba masimba chaiwo omumba, uye kubatana kwakasimba navachuchisi vehurumende kubata nhau umo kudzorwa kuripo panguva ino. Mitemo yehurumende iyo inoziva zvizere mirairo yedziviriro yedzinza nemirau inopfuudzwa yakakomba kukuita kuti vapari vemhosva vazvidavirire.

Basa reBureau of Indian Affairs Office of Justice Services

ZVINOTAURWA ZVINOTARISA ZVINOTARISA ZVINOTARISA ZVINOTAURWA ZVINOTARISA ZVINOTANGA UTSVA. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yezvikwata zvehurumende yezvikwata zvehurumende kunoda kuziva basa chairo reBIA munharaunda imwe neimwe. Mitemo yehurumende inorerutsira kugoverana upfumi hwehurumende, zvakadai semarabhurari outsotsi nokurovedza zvikwata zvemaganda, neBIA uye mapurisa edzinza inobetsera nokuda kwemibato yemapurisa muIndian Countria.

Mugumisiro: Kutungamirira Kumasangano Okubatsirana

Kubatanidzwa pakati pemitemo yehurumende, murairo wehurumende, uye uchangamire hwedzinza hunogarwa nhaka zvinoparira imwe yemhoteredzo dzine simba zvikurusa dzapamutemo muchengetedzo yomutemo weAmerica. Mazuva emiganhu yakapfava yehurumende aenda kare, achitsiviwa nechinodikanwa chehurumende inobatira pamwe inoremekedza kuzvitonga kwedzinza nepo ichivimbisa kukotsekana kwapachena. Nokuda kwehurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo, ikoku kunoreva kufamba kupfuura kuwiriranawo zvako nomutemo womubatanidzwa kuvaka nenzira yokushingaira ukama hwehurumende nehurumende nendudzi dzamarudzi.

Politiki inoshanda muIndian Country inoda zvibvumirano zvakasanogadzirwa zvekudzorwa, nzwisiso yakakwana yenzvimbo dzakati muruwa rumwe norumwe, uye inokwanisa mutsika, mitemo yedavidzo yekuvadziko yakagadzirwa. Kupfurikidza nokushanda pamwe chete uye kuremekedza kodzero yakagarwa nhaka yendudzi kuti dzizvitonge, nyika nendudzi zvinogona kuparira nzanga dzakachengeteka, dzakarurama zvikuru nokuda kwavagari vose mukati nepedyo pemiganhu.