Kunzwisisa Chisakiso Chinoshanda

Chisakiso chinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo icho mapurisa anofanira kusangana nacho vasati vagona kunzvera munhu, nzvimbo, kana kuti chinhu nenzira yapamutemo. Gadziriro yeChina kuBumbiro reMitemo yeU.S. inodzivirira pa "kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari" uye inoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvipiwe pachisakiso chingabvira bedzi. Iyi nheyo inobatira sedziviriro yakakomba nokuda kwechivande chomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye inoganhurira simba rehurumende rokuvhozhokera pasina ruramisiro.

Tsananguro Netsika Dzapamutemo

Chisakiso chapamutemo chiripo apo vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo vane hwaro hune mufungo hwokudavira kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa kana kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi hwakaitwa munzvimbo yakati. Mupimo wacho uri panzvimbo yakati: unofanira kuvakirwa pamaidi nemigariro izvo zvingatungamirira munhu akachenjera kuwana mhedziso iyoyo. Kunyumwirwawo zvako kana kuti kunyengera hakuna kukwana.

Illinois v. Gates chisarudzo [19983] chakatanga "kuyera migariro" nokuda kwokunzvera chinobvira. Muiyi muedzo, matare anonzvera mashoko ose anowanika kumukuru mukuru (kubatanidza maripo dzisingazivikanwi, mashoko echapupu, uye tsinhiro dzamapurisa) uye sarudza kana kuchiparira bviro huru yokuti chive kana kuti ufakazi huchawanwa. Ikoku kwakatsiva muedzo wechakakomba Aguilar-Spinellillic, uyo waida kuvimbika kwezviziviso zvamashoko anozivisa uye hwaro hwezivo.

Nhoroondo

Murangariro wechisakiso chinobvira une mavambo awo mumutemo wechiNgeziwo zvawo, uyo waida "chisakiso chine mufungo nechinobvira" chokusunga kana kuti kutsvaka. Zvisakiso zveU.Garamende yeMitemo yeChinese zvaibatanidza zvikurukuru kudzivisa maruramiro avose nezvinovakisa zvebetsero izvo zviremera zvehurumende yekoroni zvakanga zvashandisa kunzvera misha nenzira yamaune. Chinodikanwa chokuratidza chakananga kwechisakiso chinoramba chiri ibwe rekona retsika dzeutsotsi dzeAmerica.

Kushandisa Mundima Dzakasiana

Chisakiso chinoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera nokunzvera kusina pamutemo. Dare rinoyera chisakiso chinobvira chakavakirwa pamaidi chaiwo enhau imwe neimwe. Somuenzaniso, apo mukuru mukuru anonhuwidza mbanje inopisa mukati mokumira kwemotokari, kunhuwidza ikoko kwoga kungaumba chisakiso chinobvira chokunzvera motokari. Nenzira yakafanana, kutaura kwouchapupu, kubhururuka kubva kumapurisa, kana kuti mufambiro unonyumwira mumiitiro inoratidzirwa yembato woutsotsi kunogona zvose kuparira kuwana chisakiso chinobvira.

Zvisinei, mupimo wacho hausati uri wakakwana. Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakaziva kuti chisakiso chinobvira chinogona kutangwa kunyange apo chikanganiso cheidi chinoitika, chero bedzi chikanganiso chiri chine mufungo. Iyi dzidziso, inozivikanwa sechikanganiso chine mufungo mutemo une mufungo [, inobvumira kunzvera apo vakuru vakuru vanonzvera nenzira ine mufungo asi nenzira isina kururama vanodavira maidi anoenzana nemvokate.

Kusiyana Kwehurumende Mukutsvaka Zvinodikanwa Zvinobetsera

Nepo Fine Amendment ichiita uriri hwehurumende, hurumende imwe neimwe yakasununguka kuisa dziviriro dzokuwedzera nokuda kwavagari vemo. Mitemo mizhinji inovimbisa maruramiro akasimba kuva voga, uye matare ehurumende anodudzira gadziriro dzawo amene dzokutsvaka nokuzivisa dzakazvimirira mumatare ehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira kusiana kunokosha mumawanirwe emitemo ndokuitwa munyika yose.

Federal Baseline

Mumutemo wehurumende, murairo wokutsvaka unofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chakapikirwa chinobvira, chakasainwa nomukuru wedare, uye nokurondedzera nechaiko nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mapurisa anofanira kubatira rugwaro mukati mamaawa emasikati kutoti maruramiro acho achibvumira zvakananga basa rousiku. Varwi vanofanira kugogodza ndokuzivisa kuzivikanwa kwavo nedonzo vasati vapinda, kunze kwemumigariro yakaganhurirwa.

Mitemo Ine Mipimo Yakasimba Zvikuru

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagamuchira zvinodikanwa zvakawedzerwa zvokutsvaka zvinopfuura zvinorayirwa neFreadter Yechina.

  • Chiratidzo chinoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvose zvive zvakavakirwa pamirayiro yakapikirwa ine maidi chaiwo. California anorairawo kuti vatongi vanzvere mupikidzani kana affidavit ikakundikana kutanga chisakiso chinobvira pachiso chayo. Hurumende yakagadza ganhuriro dzorumano pakusaita kickingss pashure porufu rwaBrenna Taylor; Sate Bill 2 [2011] ganhuriro dzinoita zvinhu zvakadaro munzvero hurusa yemirimo uye inoda mabharakitari okuuraya kwavo.
  • New York: Bumbiro reMitemo reNew York State rinopa dziviriro dzakavanzika dzakafara kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Dare rokukwirira rakati Hurumende inovimbisa kuti tarisiro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika" inotambanudzira kuzvinhu zvinosiiwa kunze kwenzvimbo yokugara. New York inorambidzawo kushandiswa kwe "zvibvumikiso zvokuvanza" mumimwe migariro kutoti mipimo inoiswa zvakajeka mumutemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • `Massachusetts: Dare rehurumende rakagamuchira manyuko makurusa aizivikanwa" mupimo wamarudzi okunzvera, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokumira kwemotokari. Massachusetts inoda kuti zvibvumikiso nokuda kwoufakazi hwemichina zvijekese madhirapidhi namashoko zvinotsvakwa nechakatanhamara.

Nyika Dzine Gadziriro Yechienzi

Dzimwe Hurumende dzakaita zvinodikanwa chaizvo nokuda kwokupa pamutemo kana kuti dzakaganhurira kushandiswa kwamarudzi akati oufakazi. Somuenzaniso, FLORIDA inoda kuti ndandanda yezvinhu zvakabatwa ive yakaiswa mudare mumazuva matatu ebhizimisi pashure pokunyorwa kwepamutemo. TEXAS inobvumira kuti zvibvumiro zvipiwe nokuda kweropa muDWI zvinoitika zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru pacherechedzo yomukuru mukuru mukuru wokutyaira kwakakuvadzwa, pasina kusimbisazve ufakazi hwekuwedzera, asi denho kubvumiro dzakadaro dzakawedzera.

Mitemo ine dziviriro dzinoganhurira “kanock ndokuzivisa” mutemo. Mapurisa anofanira kumirira chitsama chine mufungo chenguva pashure pokugogodza asati apinda. [5] masekondi 15-20, kunyange zvazvo nguva ichigona kusiana. Dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa kana kuti kuganhurirwa kukuru miraudzo [. Muna 2023, Virginia House Bill 1363 [[FLT:]], hapana kurambidza mazati-kivhooksi magaro akarerusa kunze kwemigariro youpenyu.

Muitiro Unopa Ngwavaira

Kuwana rugwaro rwokutsvaka kunotevera muitiro wakarongeka unovimbisa kutarisira kwedare uye unodzivirira simba ramapurisa roudzvinyiriri.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana

Vashandi vemitemo vakagadzirira mashoko anenge apikirwa (mashoko akanyorwa pasi pemhiko) anodonongodza maidi nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinotsigira chisakiso. Appidavit ingabatanidza mashoko anobva kuvazivisi vakavanzika, kuongorora, ufakazi hwechapupu, kana kuti bvunzurudzo. Kana mashoko acho achibva kumunhu anoziviswa, mukuru mukuru mukuru anofanira kuratidza kuvimbika kwemuzivi uye hwaro hwezivo yavo kuti agutse muedzo wemasero. matare ehurumende akatsigira mirayiridzo yakavakirwa parumbiso isingazivikanwi apo anotsigirwa nenzvero yamapurisa yakazvimirira.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Mutongi kana kuti mutongi anohwirudzura mutongo nezvinyorwa zvipi nezvipi zvinotsigira. Mutongi anofanira kuita chisarudzo chakazvimirira chechisakiso chinobvira, kwete kungova bedzi murabha yaidiwa nomukuru mukuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mutongi kuti abvunze somunhu oga kana mutongi akaremara. Ipapo mutongi anorega kana kuti kuramba rugwaro. Mumigariro yekurumidziro, kodzero dzinogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza norunhare kana kuti mitoo yemagetsi mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi muitiro wacho uchiri kuda kupika namashoko nokurekodha kurukurirano.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokutaura Zvakajeka

Gamende yeChina inoraira kuti nzvimbo itsaurwe uye zvinhu zvibatwe. Zvibvumikiso zvinobvumira kuvhura mudzimba dzose kana kuti kubata “zvinyorwa zvose” zvisashanda. Mu Andressen v. Maryland [1976], Dare Rapamusoro rinobvumira kubvutwa kwezvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvakati kuti zvishandiswe mumapoka anoshandiswa se“ mapepa echirongwa chenhema, asi matare ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anoda ururamiso. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT:]] [12]]

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Pasinei zvapo nechido chakasimba chezvinodikanwa, zvakawanda zviripo.

  • Migariro yakakomba: Njodzi yakakomba, kurondwa kukuru, kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi zvinogona kururamisa kutsvaka kusina kufanira. Manyika anorondedzera nenzira yakasiana; somuenzaniso, kubatana[[[FLT]] kunoda kuti vakuru vakuru vabvumikise tyisidziro yapakarepo, kwete bvirowo zvayo yekuvadziko.
  • Shoose: Munhu ane chiremera angabvuma nokuzvidira kusecha. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti kubvuma kuve “kusingabvumiki uye kwakananga, ” nepo vamwe vachibvuma kubvumira kurehwa (g., kupfurikidza nokupinda mumusha umo suo rakazaruka).
  • Chiono chinooneka: kana mukuru mukuru akacherechedza nenzira yapamutemo ufakazi hunoparira kubva panzvimbo yakakwirira umo vane maruramiro okuvapo, vangahutora pasina maruramiro. Zvisinei, chisiko chinofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza, uye chinodudza se [[FLT:] New Jersey inoda kuti mukuru mukuru wacho avewo nechisakiso chakati chitevedzero kudavira chinhu ufakazi hwoutsotsi.
  • Kusiiwa nemotokari kunoitwa: Pasi pomutemo wehurumende, vakuru vakuru vangatsvaka motokari pasina murairo kana vane chikonzero chinobvira chokuidavira ine ufakazi hweutsotsi. Dzimwe nharaunda (e.g., ] Alaska[, [[FLT]] Mantana[, [[FLT]], [FLT]OLT]]) dzakaramba iyi mhesano pasi pemitemo yavo yemitemo uye zvinoda maruramiro emotokari isati iripo kunzvera.
  • Chinoitika chokutsvaka kusunga: Vatungamiriri vangatsvaka munhu nenharaunda iri pedyo vasvike pashure pokunge vasungwa nenzira yapamutemo. Uku kusiiwa kunoganhurirwa kunziridziko yezvombo neufakazi zvinodzivirira; mu Riley v. California [2014] [2014, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti mashoko eserura haagoni kusechwa pasina pamutemo pamutemo kuti patoitika chiitiko chokusungwa.

Matare ehurumende anopfuurira kuchenesa idzi mhesano. Somuenzaniso, Shashington Dare Rapamusoro-soro mu [[FLT:] State v. Arreola[ (2010]) (2011) yaidavira kuti kusiiwa kwemotokari hakushandi kumisha yemotokari inoshandiswa senzvimbo dzokugara kutoti motokari isati iri chaizvoizvo inotakurirwa panguva yokunzvera.

Nharo Dzokumanikidza Mutemo uye Dzinopa Vagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa mitemo iyi kunokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kuongorora kwapamutemo uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu kunoitwa nevakuru vakuru vose vemapurisa nevoruzhinji.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwokusimbiswa Kwomutemo

Masangano anotarisira mutemo anofanira kurovedza vakuru vakuru pazvinodikanwa zvakananga zvinoraira munyika yavo. Miitiro inokosha inobatanidza:

  • Kufemba maaffidavit ane maidi ose anozivikanwa, kubatanidza ayo angasekesa chinobvira (muremu, nhau youtsotsi yomuzivisi). Kukundikana kuzivisa mashoko anopokanidza kunogona kutungamirira kukuwana kuzvidza zvokwadi kwokusangwarira pasi pa Franks v. Delaware[]
  • Kushandisa rugwaro runoratidza kuti mashoko acho ashandiswe anotenderwa negadziriro yedare kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti munhu akakwana uye akakwana mumutemo.
  • Somuenzaniso, kana kunzvera kuchiitwa pasina maruramiro nemhaka yokunyorwa, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kusanonyora migariro yakaparira kurumidziro.
  • Kuzviisa pasi pemirau yakananga pabasa rousiku, kugogodza uye kunyora mashoko, uye miitiro yokunyora. Kutyora mitemo kunogona kutungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi pasi pomutongo wokuparadza hurumende, ungava wakafara kupfuura shanduro yomubatanidzwa.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Vagari vanofanira kuziva maruramiro avo pakusonganirana namapurisa pamusoro penzvero. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) inogovera nhungamiro dzakananga dzehurumende pamusoro pechokuita kana kuteererwa kwomutemo kukumbira kunzvera musha kana kuti motokari. Mapfundo anokosha anobatanidza:

  • Kana mapurisa aine kodzero yokubvunza kuti ane kodzero here, ungakumbira kuona uye kuongorora kunoitwa.
  • Haufaniri kubvuma kusecha pasina rugwaro. Kunyarara kana kuti kusaita chimwe chinhu pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kutsanangurwa sebvumo, nokudaro kutaura zvakajeka kuti “Handibvumiri” kunorumbidzwa. Dzimwe rondedzero (se California[) dzinoda kuti kubvumirana kuve kwokuzvidira uye kusawanwa kupfurikidza nokumanikidzwa.
  • Kana ukasungwa, yeuka kuti une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara uye kukumbira gweta.
  • Mitemo yehurumende ingagovera mishonga yokuwedzera. Somuenzaniso, New Jersey mitemo yokushandisa magetsi inoda mapurisa kuwana chibvumikiso chokurekodha kurukurirano, kunyange muruwa, zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvehurumende.

Mukuwedzera, masangano anoverengeka zvino anoda kuti madhipatimendi emapurisa anyore mashoko pamusoro pekukumbira kukumbirwa, kubatanidza chiverengero chezvibvumikiso zvokusashandisa kubhadharwa, kushandiswa kwezviziviso zvakavanzika, uye nhangemutange yenhau. Uku kuoneka kunobetsera vanhu vose navagadziri vemiitiro kunzvera kana magwaro ari kushandiswa nenzira yakarurama uye inobudirira.

Kiyi Yokutora

  • Chisakiso chakarurama iko kunzvera kwapamutemo: Kunoda hwaro hune mufungo hunotsigirwa namaidi akati, kwete nyumwirowo zvayo. Kunzvera kwechisaririra kunopa matare chinjiko asi kunoda bviro huru youfakazi hwoutsotsi.
  • Zvikamu zvinogona kuwedzera dziviriro pamusoro peFirstment yeChina: Nyika zhinji dzinodudzira mabumbiro adzo emitemo kuraira mipimo inobvira zvikuru kuparira mipimo, kupfupikisa kushomanene zvikuru, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvokuwedzera nokuda kwebvumiro.
  • Muitiro wekuraira unovimbisa tarisiro yokutonga:[[FLT: 1] Mapurisa anofanira kugovera ipiso, mutongi anofanira kuihwirudzura iye oga, uye rugwaro runofanira kurondedzera ukuru hwokunzvera noukombi.
  • Kunzvera kusingachinji kunoramba kuri kwavose asi kwakaganhurirwa: Kunosarura nokuda kwokusabvumirana, bvumirano, chiono chakajeka, uye motokari zvinoshanda, asi imwe neimwe inoparirwa nomutemo wehurumende nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinoramba kusiiwa kwemotokari chose chose pasi pebumbiro remitemo yadzo dzimene.
  • Vakodzeri vanofanira kuziva maruramiro avo: kukumbira rugwaro, kuramba kubvumirana, uye kuramba kunyarara inzira dzapamutemo dzokudzivirira zvakavanzika. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru.
  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuramba kuripo pazvinodikanwa zvehurumende: kurovedza kwapakarepo kunogona kutungamirira kukudzvinyirira ufakazi nemhosva yavagari vemo. MaBato anofanira kuvandudza nguva dzose miitiro yakavakirwa pamirau yedare rehurumende yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nomutemo.

Kuisa mitemo yenyika pamitemo yokutsvaka uye zvimwe inokonzera kunoda kunyatsongwarira mitemo yebumbiro remitemo uye kuchinja - chinja kwenzvimbo.Gadziro yeChina inosimbisa mubatanidzwa wacho, asi matare ehurumende nematare okuitira mitemo anoramba achiumba zvinhu zvinonyatsoitika zvemazuva ose zvokutsvaka nokubvuta muAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute pa magwaro okutsvaka ne Conference yeNyika yeLegislature yepfupiso yegadziriro dzesero rehurumende nedzekunzvera .