Kutanga Kuchirongwa Chomutemo

Rwendo rwechibvumirano chenguva kubva pakunambwa kuenda kumutemo ndeimwe yemiitiro inotambudza zvikuru muhurumende ipi neipi yedemokrasi. Inzira yakagadzirwa nemativi akawanda yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unonyorwa zvakakwana, unokakavadzana, uye wakanatswa usati wagamuchira simba romutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi revo yomutemo haisi nzirawo zvayo yokudzidzira; inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanoshuva kutora rutivi mukutonga. Kunzwisisa zvakajeka kwenhambo imwe neimwe kunoratidza kuti pfungwa dzinova sei mitemo uye kuti inoshanda sei mumitemo uye kuti itsika dzinoshanda sei mukati mechirongwa chemitemo. Nepo miitiro yacho inosiana pakati peparamende nemutenzi . Nezvikamu zvinokosha zvinosiyana munyika nechadenga zvichiramba zvichidzokororoka zvinoshamisa. Nyaya ino inopachikamu chimwe nechimwe, inopakamura mumitezo yomutemo, kubatanidza mibato yayo yakasiyana - , uye mibato yakasiyana - zviitiko.

Gadziriro yomutemo ibvumirano yenheyo yokurangarira. Inononoka namaune, inobvumira mubatanidzwa wavose, chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye kubvumirana. Kupinza mubhegi kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo isingakarirwa, nepo kunonoka kwakanyanyisa kunogona kudzongonyedza fambiro mberi. Nokudaro, nguva inodzikamisa kushanda zvakanaka nokungwarira. Vadzidzi, vanonzwisisa uyu inhano yokutanga ku [ Chibvumirano chebic[[ uye kuroma.

Chinoumba 1: Chikarakadzo Chebhiri

Chikamu chezvikarakadzo ndechokutanga kwemitemo. Mabhiri anogona kubva mumanyuko akawanda, achiratidza nzira dzakasiyana - siyana idzo zvinodiwa nenzanga zvinosvika nadzo kuhurumende.

  • Mitezo yeParamende (MPs) kana kuti vanhu veCongress: Vaiti vemitemo vamwe navamwe vanowanzosuma zvikwereti nokuda kwezvikamu zvavo, zvokutanga zvomunhu oga, kana kuti zvikuva zvebato. Izvi zvinonzi zvikwereti zvemitezo yavanhu mumiitiro yakawanda.
  • Vamiriri veHurumende neMutungamiriri wehurumende: Mumiitiro yeparamende, mari zhinji dzezvikwereti dzinotangwa navafundisi sorutivi rwezvirongwa zvehurumende. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvikwereti zvehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji zvine mukana wakakwirira zvikuru wokupfuura.
  • Committees:[ Matare akamira anokosha angakarakadza zvikwereti pashure pokufunda nhau dzakati. Ikoku kunozivikanwa muUnited States Congress, umo matare anonyora ndokushuma zvikwereti.
  • Mapoka okunyoresa naMapoka okunyengera: Kupfurikidza nokukumbira, kuratidzira kwapachena, kana kuti kugombedzera kwakananga, vagari vemo vanogona kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kunyora zvikwereti. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuronga mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga kana kuti nokunyora, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusinganyanyi kuzivikanwa.

Kana rangonyorwa, bhiri racho rinogoverwa mushandi akasiana (muchib., H.R. 1 muImba yeU.S.) ndokutangwa nenzira yakarongwa. Iyi nhano yakanyorwa mumagazini yepamutemo yedare, ichiratidzira mavambo orwendo rwaro rwapamutemo. Mutsigiri webhiri racho kazhinji kazhinji anopa mashoko mapfupi anotsanangura chinangwa charo, achigadza chikuva chokutanga kurava.

Chikuva 2: Kutanga Kuverenga

Kurava kwokutanga kunonyanyoitwa mutambo asi kuri madikanwa. Mukati mechikamu ichi, mabharani wedare remitemo anorava musoro wepepa zvinonzwika. Hapana gakava rinoitika papfundo rino. Chikamu chinovimbisa kujekeswa kwepamutemo kuti mutezo mutsva watangwa uye uripo nokuda kwokuhwirudzura. Makopi orugwaro rwakazara anoparadzirwa kuvaiti vemitemo ndokuitwa kuti vazivikanwe pachena. Mumitemo mizhinji, kurava kwokutanga kunobatanidzwa nemiramira kuti pamutemo ugodhindwa. Chikamu chino chinovimbisa kuva pachena uye chinobvumira mitezo kufunda chikarakadzo chipi nechipi chezvirongwa. Inhanho inoendesa chibvumirano mudare.

Kazhinji kacho inhau iri nyore kuti mutemo upedze chikwereti, sezvo pasina vhoti inowanzodiwa, uye izvi zvinongoerekana zvaitika paunotanga kunyora.

Chinodzivirira 3: Chiteshi cheDare

Kana kurava kwokutanga kwapera, bhiriti rinonongedzerwa kudare rinoona nezvenhau yemari yacho (sezvinei, Rimariro, Utano, Mari). Iri ndiro danho rakakomba zvikurusa regadziriro yemitemo. Matare anoshanda ari kure nouriri hwavose, achibvumira kunzvera kwakakwana, kwounyanzvi kusingabviri mukamuri rakazara.

  • Matare anonzwa neChipupuriro chamakurukota: anoita kuti vatongi vaunganidze mashoko. Vanokoka vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vamiriri veindasitiri, vadzidzisi, uye vazivisi kuti vape uchapupu. Iyi purojeti inobetsera kuumba mutauro womuromo uye inozivisa nhau dzingada kuitika.
  • Mitezo yeDare inonzvera chitsama chemashoko nechikamu. Ndiko kunogadziridzwa, kupokanidzwa, uye kuvhoterwa pamwero wedare duku nerose.
  • Zvikamu zveMarkup: Dare "rinonyora" mutero, richiita chinjo kupfurikidza namavhoti. Rugwaro rwakachinjwa ipapo runoshumwa kudzokera kunzvimbo yakazara, kazhinji kazhinji richiperekedzwa nomushumo wedare unotsanangura chinjo nezvinogadziriswa.

Hakusati kuri kwechienzi kuti musengwa ugova nemhindu huru mudare. Zvimwe zvikwereti zvinofa pano nemhaka yokuti dare rinosarudza kusaita chiito, kuuraya nenzira inobudirira chikarakadzo. Chikamu chedare chinoshanda sechinosefa, kuva nechokwadi chomutemo wakakwana bedzi unovapo. Basa rezvigaro zvedare rine simba zvikuru; zvinodzora zvirongwa uye zvinogona kuronga kana kuti kunonotsa zvikwereti.

Chikamu 4: Kurava Kwechipiri

Kurava kwechipiri ibanza rokutanga rokuti nzvimbo yakazara yemitemo ikakavadzane nheyo dzavose dzemitemo. Iyi nhano inonangidzira ngwariro padonzo rose remutengi, kwete bhiri duku. Kazhinji kazhinji, mushumiri anotsigira kana kuti mutungamiriri wemitemo anotsanangura zvinangwa zvechibvumirano, achiteverwa nemhinduro dzinobva kuvatungamiriri vanoshora nemimwe mitezo. Kukurukurirana kazhinji kazhinji inguva yakaganhurirwa uye yakarongeka kubvumira mirangariro yakasiana - siana.

Pamhedziso yekurukurirano yechipiri yokurava, vhoti inotorwa. Kana rugwaro rwacho ruchipfuura, runopfuurira. Kana rukakundikana, runowanzorambwa. Mumiitiro yeByamaral, iyi vhoti inoratidzira tendero yekamuri munheyo. yechipiri yokurava vhoti[ nguva yakakwirira zvikurusa yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwechibvumirano, sezvo inoedza chirango netsigiro yavose. Pashure pokurava kwechipiri, mutemo unopfuurira kudare nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana (na mamwe marusarusarudzo, somubatanidzwa wedare).

Chikamu 5: Muchashuma Chinotarwa

Dare rapedza basa raro ndokushuma mushumo wacho uchidzokera kudare rose, chikamu chenhau chinotanga. Mukati morutivi urwu, mitezo yose yeimba yacho inogona kukarakadza kumwe kugadziridzwa kwechibvumirano sezvarakashumwa mudare. Chikamu chomushumo pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi "kurangarira mutongo mudare rose" kana kuti kungova bedzi "kupera kwechikamu.

Ikoku kwakasiana nedanho redare .here, zvikamu zvose zvedare. Mitezo inogona kupa kugadziriswa, uye mumwe nomumwe unokurukurwa uye unovhoterwa. Chikamu chakafara chemitezo chinobvumira mitezo kuchenesa bhiriji pashure pokunge dare chairo raita basa raro. Inguva yedemokrase zvikuru, sezvo isingatsamiri pamitezo yedare. MuParamende yeUK, mushumo unoitika pashure pechikamu chedare uye pamberi pokurava kwechitatu. Mudare reU.S. Congresssions, "floor" basa rinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kurava nokupedza.

Chivako 6: Kurava Kwechitatu

Kurava kwechitatu ibanza rokupedzisira rokuti kamuri rikurukure pamutemo. Kusafanana neravi rechipiri, iro rinobata nenheyo, uye chikuva chenhau, icho chinobvumira kugadziridzwa, chinyorwa chechitatu chinonangidzira ngwariro parugwaro rwokupedzisira rwechibvumirano sezvarwunomira. Hapana kumwe kugadziridzwa kunobvumirwa (mumiitiro mizhinjisa). Gakava racho rinowanzopfupikiswa uye rinoganhurirwa kutsanangura kutsigira kana kuti kushora kwakavakirwa pashanduro yokupedzisira.

Pashure pekurukurirano, vhoti yokupedzisira inotorwa. Kana rugwaro rwacho ruchipfuura kurava kwechitatu, runorangarirwa kuva runotenderwa nekamuri iroro uye rwakagadzirira kupfuurira. Vhoti yechitatu yokurava inowanzova vhoti yebato, sezvo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwose kwakatoitwa. Kupfuura padanho rino chinhu chinokosha, uye mutengo wacho wapukunyuka kuongororwa kwose mukati meimba iyoyo.

Chikuva 7: Kupfuura Uchienda Kune Imwe Imba

Mumasangano emitemo ebhiameral (somuenzaniso, ane makamuri maviri, akadai seCongress yeU.S., UK Paramende, kana kuti Paramende yeIndia), mutemo unofanira kurangarirwa ndokupfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri muchimiro chakafanana. Pashure pokupfuura kamuri rokutanga (somuenzaniso, Imba yeCommons kana kuti Imba yeVamiririri), pamutemo unotumirwa mukamuri rechipiri (Sante kana kuti Imba yaMadzi) umo muitiro wose unodzokororwa: kutanga kurava, chikamu chedare, kurava, chikamu chechitatu, kurava, uye kuvhota kokupedzisira.

Kamuri rechipiri rinogona:

  • [ Pass mutengo pasina kugadziriswa: Muchinoitika chino, mari inoguma nokutenderwa kwokupedzisira.
  • [[[FT:0] Pass mutengo nedzoreso: Mutengo unofanira ipapo kudzokera kunzvimbo yokutanga nokuda kwokurangarirwa kwezvigadziridzo izvozvo.
  • regai pamutemo wacho chose chose: Mune dzimwe gadziriro, kurambwa neimba imwe kunogona kuuraya mutengo; mune dzimwe, kune gadziriro dzokukurira kusabvumirana (mutoo, Congress yeU.S. inoda kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzipfuure shanduro dzakafanana, kana kuti dare remusangano riumbwe).

Ichi chikamu chinovimbisa kuti makamuri ose ari maviri ane muuyo wakaenzana, kuchigovera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwehwirudzuro nokuratidzira zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvokumirira (mutoo, zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo chinopesana nomufananidzo wenyika wakaenzana).

Chiteshi 8: Dare Romusangano

Kana dzimba mbiri dzacho dzikapfuura matare akasiyana - siyana, dare redare rinowanzoumbwa kuti riyananise kusawirirana. Dare iri rinoumbwa nenhengo shomanana dzinobva pamba imwe neimwe, vatungamiriri vemitemo vanobva mumatare ane chokuita nenyaya. Basa ravo nderokukurukura nyaya inobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira inogona kugamuchirwa nedzimba dzose.

Matare esangano anoshanda nokungwarira kukuru. Anogona kuwedzera gadziriro itsva, kubvisa zvikamu, kana kuti kunyorazve mutauro (apo anoramba ari mukati mekusawirirana pakati pedzimba mbiri. Mushumo unovapo somusangano ipapo unodzorerwa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwevhoti yakarurama kana kuti pasi, pasina kumwe kugadziridzwa kunobvumirwa. Kana dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzichibvumira mushumo wemusangano, gweta racho rinofambira mberi. Kana rikasadaro, muromo ungafa, kana kuti rimwe dare redare ringaumbwa. Chikamu ichi chivako chirongwa chakakomba chokupedza chigadziko chakafa chePunig, zvikurukuru mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika umo dzimba mbiri dzinodzorwa namapoka akasiana.

Chivako 9: Kutenderwa Kwokupedzisira

Kana mubatanidzwa wechikwereti wangobvumiranwa pajeri rokupedzisa , nemhaka yokuti imba yechipiri yaipfuudzwa pasina kuchinja kana kuti dare remusangano raitwa bvumirano yanzi idzokere kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwetendero yokupedzisira. Iyi ivhoti inosarudzwa kuti isimbise kuti imba imwe neimwe inogamuchira shanduro yokupedzisira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuvhota uku muitiro, zvikurukuru kana mushumo wemusangano wacho watokurukurwa. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe dare reparamende, vhoti yakaparadzana inodiwa. Chibvumirano chinobva chasainwa nevakuru vakuru vanotungamirira vedzimba dzose dziri mbiri sechivhoti chatonge chatopfuudzwa zvakanaka.

Chivako 10: Kubvumirwa naPurezidhendi Kana Kuti Kubvumirwa kwoUmambo

Nhanho yokupedzisira mumitemo itendero yavakuru vakuru. Mutungamiriri wenyika .(ava purezidhendi, mambo, kana kuti gavhuna-general(w) anoyera mutemo. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, basa romutungamiriri mukuru zvikurukuru nderokufananidzira, asi rine simba guru mune dzimwe gadziriro.

  • Chiratidzo mumutemo: Mukuru mukuru anopa chibvumirano, uye mari yacho inova chiito cheparamende kana kuti mutemo. Musi wokugadza mutemo ungakurumidza kana kuti kududzwa mumutemo.
  • Mutungamiriri anogona kuramba chikwereti, kazhinji kazhinji neshoko rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Mutezo wemitemo ipapo angaedza kukurira vhato, kazhinji kazhinji achida mukurumbira mukuru (zvikuru, matatu maviri edzimba dzose).
  • Pocket veto kana kuti kusaita chiito: Kana mukuru mukuru asingaiti chiito mukati menhambo yakatarwa, mutengo wacho ungangoerekana wava mutemo (somuU.S. kana Congress iri murusando) kana kuti ungafa (pabhogit vhato).
  • Kukumbira rangariro: Mumimwe miitiro yeparamende, mambo kana kuti gavhuna-genera angachengeta kubvumirwa nokuda kwomufarwa waMambo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusiri kwenguva dzose uye zvikurukuru kwakare.

Muitiro wemitemo wakakwana, kunyange zvazvo mitemo nokuitwa kwawo zvichiwanzoteverwa nemasangano anotungamirira.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Muitiro Wokudzika Mirairo

Chirongwa chenguva yemitemo chinopfuura ndaza yamatanho emitemo anoshandiswa nehurumende nehurumende. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinogovera nzvero pasimba, banza nokuda kwebumbiro rehurumende, uye mutoo wokunatsiridza. Vadzidzisi, kudzidzisa muitiro uyu kunopa simba vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti manzwi avo anogona kupesvedzera sei muitiro. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kuziva nguva kunobetsera kuziva apo kunyorerana navaiti vemitemo, kupupurira pakutonga, kana kuti kupinda mukuva vadzori.

Nepo muitiro wacho ungaratidzika kuva unotambudza, wakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kukurumidza kana kuti kurangarirwa zvakaipa kwomutemo. Mapfundo akawanda okuhwirudzura anoderedza bviro yemhosho ndokuwedzera kuva pamutemo kwechinoguma. Sezvaunodzidza muitiro wemitemo, rangarira kuti tebhuropu imwe neimwe inodzikamisa sei kusanoita zvakanaka nokurangarira. Rwendo rwegweta rwendo rune nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera miitiro yemitemo yapamutemo yenyika yako: nokuda kweUnited States, ona [[FLT: 0] Coreg.gov yomuitiro wewisgn shopecio ye; nokuda kweUnited Kingdom, shanyirai [ UK] Pramente yenhungamiro yokupa chikamu cheparera remitemo [; uye nokuda kweEuropean Union, ona [[[FLT:]] Parame Aplication Service’s paration system yeProgition [. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa mienzaro yezvipo yezvokufambisa zvenguva inoshanda.