Kutanga: Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo yeAmerica

United States gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda mugadziriro youchangamire huviri, umo hurumende dzomubatanidzwa, nyika, uye dzomunzvimbomo imwe neimwe ine masimba akasiana okuchengeta mutemo. Nepo mwero yose iri mitatu ichiita kuti mitemo itevedzerwe, mavhozhokero avo, zvinotanga, uye mitoo zvinopesana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi veruramisiro youtsotsi, vadzidzisi vari kutanga kuva varavi vamasangano ehurumende, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei munyika yose. Nyaya ino inonzvera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweidzi mitu mitatu, inonzvera kuti imwe neimwe inoshanda sei mukushanda, uye inonzvera kuchengeteka kutsa zvinhu kunovambira mugadziriro inovambira mugadziriro ino yomutemo yakaoma.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Renzanga Nekumanikidzwa Kushanda

Chirongwa chapamutemo cheAmerica chakavakirwa munheyo yehurumende, inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Tenth Amendment kuConstitution inochengetera hurumende masimba ose asingagoveri kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kugadzira mubatanidzwa wehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo. Kudzikamisa mutemo, nokupesana, kunotsamira pamasimba anorongwa akadai seCommunist Claus, simba rokudzora kubuda munyika, uye chiremera chokuita kuti mitemo youtsotsi itevedzere. Iyi dare rinotsanangura chikonzero nei mapurisa omunzvimbomo achibata utsotsi huzhinji hwenguva dzose, nepo masangano ehurumende anonangidzira zvikanganiso zvehurumende kana kuti zvinobatanidza fariro dzomubatanidzwa. Kunyuko huru mubatanidzwa kwemitemo nomutemo, [FLD: 0].[FFFFF].[FFOL]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nemasimba Emapurisa

Dare reTenth Amendment rinotaura kuti masimba asingapi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetedzwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. Ikoku kwakadudzirwa kupa hurumende masimba makuru emapurisa (jere rokuita mitemo ndokuamanikidzira nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowana chiremera chadzo chokutarisira mutemo pamiraudzo yehurumende, idzo dzinotumira masimba kumitengo nenhamba. Izvozvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei madhipatime emapurisa omunzvimbomo achimanikidzira mitemo yemotokari uye achipindura kudzokorodza njodzi dzomumusha, nepo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende havachengeti pamutemo vadzoreri nharaunda dzavo dzepamutemo. Kuparadzana pamutemo kunovimbisa kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzora nhau dzekotsekateko.

Kumanikidzwa Kutevedzera Mutemo Womunzvimbomo: Kudzivirira Vanhu

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo kunobatanidza mahofisi amapurisa emisitiri, mahofisi eruwa, uye masangano omunzvimbomo chaiwo akadai semapurisa ezvifambiso kana kuti hofisi dzepachikoro. Namasangano amapurisa anopfuura 18 000 munyika yose, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo ndiwo mwero unooneka zvikurusa uye unosanganwa nawo. Mukuwirirana neBureauer of Justice Statistics, mapurisa omunzvimbomo anobata inenge 70% yokusungwa kwose muUnited States, zvikurukuru nokuda kwoutsotsi hwakafanana nokuba, kudenha, kuva nemirimo yemirimo, uye mufambiro usina nhevedzano. Kubudirira kwemapurisa kwomunzvimbomo kunotsamira zvikuru pakuvimbwa kwenzanga kwenzanga, kuwanikwa kwezvishandiso, uye mipimo yokurovedza.

Mabasa Nemabasa Ezvirongwa Zvemasangano Zvomunzvimbomo

Vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vomunzvimbomo vabati vehondo, vanogamuchira kukumbira kwakawanda nokuda kwebasa. Mitoro yavo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kupedzisa nharaunda namaruwa ebhizimisi kuti vadzivise utsotsi
  • Kupindura shanyo dzekurumidziro, kubatanidza masimba masimba omumba, kupaza, uye tsaona dzomumugwagwa
  • Kudzika mitemo yomumugwagwa uye kubudisa mashoko
  • Kutanga kuongorora mhosva duku uye dzine mwero
  • Kushanda mumapurisa omunzanga kunobatsira kuti vanhu vavimbe uye kuti vave vakangwara

Vatongi veruwa, savakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kazhinji kazhinji vane mitoro yokuwedzera yakadai sejeri rokushanda, kubatira mapepa edare, uye kugovera chengeteko nokuda kwedzimba dzedare. Mumaruwa, hofisi yomukuru mukuru wehurumende ingava sangano guru rokuchengeta mutemo, rine zviremera panzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa zvisingabatirwi namapurisa eguta.

Tsika Dzomunzanga Nokuzvidavirira

Poroli yenzanga uzivi hunosimbisa kugadziridza zvinetso zvinovapo uye kubatana kwemapurisa. Zvirongwa zvinogamuchira iyi mapurisa anogadza mapurisa kunharaunda dzakati, zvinovakurudzira kuvaka ukama nevagari uye varidzi vebhizimisi. Uku kuita kunogona kutungamirira kukukwidziridza utsotsi, kushandira pamwe kuri nani, uye kuderedza kutya mapurisa. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinopfuurira: bhajeti dzinodzivisa mapurogiramu akakwana enzanga, uye kukumbira basa kungabvisa vakuru vakuru pakuvaka ukama. Dare reSahluleri reU. . . . . Komiti yeBazi reSahluleri reCommution Policizest Communictic Policissication Services (COLPS)[FKS1] inogovera nokurovedza izvi, zvikurukuru munzanga dzinobatanidzwa.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nokushandiswa Kwomutemo Womunzvimbomo

Masangano omunzvimbomo anorwisana neganhuriro dzemari, zvikurukuru munzvimbo duku. Madhipatimendi akawanda amapurisa haana ruzivo rwazvino uno, zvakadai semakamera emuviri uye mashoko ezvishandiso, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza kuoneka nokushanda. Rovedzo ndiimwe itiro hanya: nepo dzimwe nyika dzichiraira kuva nechekwadikano huru, dzimwe dzinoda maawa mashoma bedzi. Nhenda yeCHOVAD-19 yakavhariswa navashandi vezvoutano zvendangariro pakati pavakuru vakuru vakuru. Mukuwedzera, mapurisa omunzvimbomo anofanira kurwisana nekariro dzinowedzera, sezvinoitika zvokushandisa kurukurirano yebasa renyika yose pamusoro pemipimo yepotomu. 4. Zvibvumirano zvakadai semiraudzo yetendero nematare anotarisira vehurumende zvakawana chirati, asi kuita kwavo kwakasiana-fara.

Kumanikidzwa Kutevedzerwa Nomutemo Wehurumende: Kudzora Nhengo Dzomunzvimbomo Nedzenyika

Masangano anochengeta mutemo wehurumende ane nhevedzo yapakati, nechiremera icho chinofukidza nyika dzose asi chinomira pamitsetse yehurumende. Nyika zhinjisa dzine mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti mugwagwa mukuru, unowanzokumbanirwa nehurumende inonzvera iyo inotonga utsotsi hukuru. Masangano ehurumende anowanzogovera tsigiro kumadhipatimendi omunzvimbomo asina pfuma yokunzvera kwakaoma, uye anodzika mitemo yehurumende mumigwagwa mikuru uye mumaruwa. Zviidzo zvinobatanidza California Highway Patrol, Texas Rangers, uye Florida Department of Law Inforcement.

Mabasa Makuru Ezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Mabasa okuchengeta mutemo wehurumende anosiana nehurumende, asi mitoro yavose inobatanidza:

  • Kurongedza migwagwa mikuru yomunyika nokusimbisa mitemo yomumigwagwa
  • Kuongorora kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka, utsotsi hwakarongwa, uye uori hwevanhu
  • Kutarisira materefiti eutsotsi nemarabhoritari
  • Kugovera mapoka anoshandisa unyanzvi (SWAT) nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu okuba vanhu kana kuti vanonyumwira
  • Kusimbisa mhinduro yengwavaira uye kutarisirwa kwekurumidziro

Mapurisa ehurumende anowanzobatira semitemo mikuru munzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa mumapurisa eguta.Mune dzimwe nyika, mapurisa ehurumende anonzverawo zvombo zvinobvumidza kuvanzwa uye anodzora kutengesa mari kana kuti zvinodhaka. Simba ravo rinotorwa mumirau yenyika, uye vanoshanda munhungamiro yagavhuna kana kuti dare rinodzivirira ruzhinji.

Kubatana Nezvemasangano Omunzvimbomo Neenharaunda

Masangano ehurumende anowanzoshanda senhevedzo pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo nowehurumende. Somuenzaniso, masimba emirimo ehurumende anowanzogamuchira mari nenjere dzehurumende kubva kuDEA, nepo achigoverana achitungamirira namapurisa omunzvimbomo. Uku kuyanana kunorongwa kupfurikidza neMil-Juristificional Task Forcess (MTF) inodenha zvinetso zvoutsotsi chaihwo. Zvisinei, kubatana kunogona kuoma nokuisa zvinhu zvinokosha: masangano omunzvimbomo anganangidzira ngwariro pamhaka dzomumugwagwa, nepo hurumende nevasoni vadzori vehurumende vanoranganisa zvirongwa zvikuru. Makuru anoda kuti zviteve mitemo yakajeka kuti vadzivise kupesana kwehurumende uye ufakazi hunovimbisa husingakwani mumatare.

Matambudziko Pahurumende

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende kunotarisana negadziriro yakwo imene yezvipingamupinyi. Mitemo yebhajeti ingadzivisa hurumende kuchengeta kufukidzwa kwakakwana munharaunda dzomumaruwa, umo nguva dzemhinduro dzinogona kuva refu. Nhamo dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvakadai sekurukurirano pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kana kuti kuiswa kwembanje mupamutemo. (create siteances inowirirana nemitemo mudzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakava nevaraidzo inobvumirwa nomutemo wenhandaro, asi mutemo wehurumende uchiri kudziisa sechikamu chePrigeome I, kuchitungamirira kurwisano pakati pehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Masangano ehurumende anorwisanawo nevashandi vakakwane unyanzvi, zvikurukuru mumasangano anokosha akafanana nekombiyuta kana kuti kuzvidavirira kwemibhadharo yehurumende, uko mibhadharo yapato yapato yomunhu oga kazhinji kanopfuura kubhadhara.

Kusimbiswa Kwomutemo Wehurumende: Kutonga Kworudzi Nechiremera Chaicho

Masangano ezvokuchengetedzwa kwomutemo eFomatil anoshanda muchiremera chehurumende yeU.S. uye anosungisa mitemo inoshanda mumitsetse yenyika kana kuti inobatanidza fariro dzehurumende. Masangano makuru anobatanidza Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firsors (ATFFF), uye Departles (DHS), iro rinobatanidza Immigration and Custommentment (IE) neCBP) dziviriro yeC. U.RG.S.S. Serbatections inoitawo basa guru mukuchengeteka kwomutemo uye kutyika kwavapo. Maererano nenkirejaratime yemitemo yeUnited States, mapurisa ehurumende dzinotarisira mapurisa 132 000 000 000 000 000, nevene vashandi vanoshanda nokuda kweve.

Kupomera Kwakaipa Hwaro Hwokumanikidzwa

Nyika inodzorwa nemitemo inotenderwa nezvipo zveBumbiro reMitemo. Communist Claus inobvumira murairo wehurumende wezvokutengeserana kwenyika, kubatanidza kutengesa mirimo nepfuti. Chiremera cheFrederal chinotambanudzirawo kumhosva dzinoitwa panzvimbo yehurumende, mhosva dzinobatanidza vashandi vehurumende, uye mhosva dzinodarika mitsetse yehurumende (zvikurukuru, kuba motokari). Masangano eFregial ane mutoro mukuru wokudzivisa ugandanga, spicage, cybercrime, uye uori. Somuenzaniso, FBI, inoongorora kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende inopfuura 200. Zvisinei, mapurisa ehurumende haasati ane chiremera chemitemo yemitemo yavose yemitemo; haagoni kudzora migwagwa mikuru kana kuti kuchengetwa kwemiteverwe kwemitengo yemotokari kunze kwemigariro yamamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

Ganhuriro Huru Nemabasa Adzo

  • FBI:[ chengeteko yenyika, ugandanga, utsotsi hwepaIndaneti, utsotsi hwemagwenga, utsotsi hwakarongwa, kuputswa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • DEA: Kudzosa mitemo yezvinhu zvinodzorwa, kudzongonyedza masangano anotengesa mirimo, kudzora nzvero dzekushandisa mirimo.
  • [[FOL:0]ATF: Kudzora nokunzvera pfuti, zvimbambaira, zvinwiwa zvinodhakisa, uye utsotsi hunobatanidzwa nefodya.
  • ICE:[ kudzora mitemo yokubuda, kurwisa kutengesa nokupinza zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo kwavanhu, kunzvera zvikwata zvamarudzi ose.
  • [[FT:0] U.S. Marshals Service:[[FT:1] chengeteko yedare reFederal, dziviriro, kutya mupoteri, kurasikirwa nezvinhu.

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine zvinhu chaizvo, kubatanidza marabhoritari ezvemari, ruzivo rwokuongorora, uye masangano enjere anopfuura izvo masangano akawanda enyika neomunzvimbomo anogona kutenga. Vakuru vakuru veFoderal vanorovedzwawo zvakasimba: Vamiriri veFBI vanopinda FBI Academy muQuantico, Virginia, purogiramu yamavhiki 20 inosimbisa mutemo, tsika, pfuti, uye ugwinyi hwomuviri. Uku kuzivikanwa kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana - siana yokuchengeta zvinoenzaniswa namapurisa omunzvimbomo.

Kubatana Nemasimba Ebasa

Kupedza utsotsi hwakaoma, masangano ehurumende anowanzoumba mauto ebasa pamwe chete nehurumende nevavakidzani vomunzvimbomo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs), High Intensity Drug Tragcating Areares (HIDTA) mauto ebasa ramasimba masimba, uye utsotsi hwamasimba masimba hunorovanya. Uku kuyanana kunobvumira kugoverana kwouchenjeri, zvishandiso zvakabatanidzwa, uye magadzirirwo akabatana. Zvisinei, mabasa anogona kumutsa zvinetso pamusoro pedzoro dzomunzvimbomo nerusununguko rwavagari vemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwemitengiswa nokupinda munyika. Hurumende yeIBRS inobvumira kuti kugoverana kwemitengo yehurumende iwirirano yemo yehurumende yawedzera makore makumi maviri apfuura, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvinoitika zvemirimo yemirimo nepfumo.

Misiyano Inomanikidza: Zvinhu Zvinonyanya Kukosha Zvehurumende

Mumwe wemisiyano mikurusa ndeyekutongerwa. Mitongo inodzorwa nemhosva dzemirimo, pfuti, uye kubiridzira kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura iya inoiswa nematare ehurumende, nemhaka yemitemo yakarongwa nenhungamiro dzinotonga. Somuenzaniso, munhu akapomerwa kuva necrack cocaine mudare rehurumende angatarisana nekachidimbu kashanu kwokusungwa, nepo mhosva imwe cheteyo mudare rehurumende ingagona kuguma nokuedzwa kana kuti mutongo mupfupi. Uku kupesana kwakabatsirawo kutsika yedzinza netsika dzenzanga mubato. Masangano makuru ezvokutengeserana mujeringi. Mukuwirirana ne [[FLT.0] Santententect Project , majeri ehurumende anoshandisa mwero wakakwirira weBlabhuka neSpendiga yemiitiro yemirimo inoenzaniswa nenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuenzanisa Miitiro Yokumanikidza Kupfuura Nepamwero

Tafura iri pasi apa inopeta misiyano mikuru pakati pokuchengetwa kwomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye kwomutemo womubatanidzwa:

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction Cities, towns, counties Entire state Nationwide (interstate or federal)
Primary focus Community safety, traffic, minor crimes Highway patrol, major crimes, support National security, organized crime, federal violations
Resources Variable, often limited Moderate, with state budget High, federal budget
Training standards State-certified; varies State academy, specialized tracks Federal academy, advanced specialization
Sentencing severity Generally lower Variable by state Often longer, mandatory minimums

Kurwisana uye Kurwisana Kunopesana

Nepo kubatira pamwe kwehurumende kuchizivikanwa, rwisano inogona kumuka nemhaka yezvinotanga zvinopesana. Somuenzaniso, kusawirirana pakati pemitemo yokuchengetesa vatamisi vokupinda munyika nenzvimbo tsvene yomunzvimbomo kunoratidzira kuti masangano ehurumende anogona sei kupesana. Mamwe madhipatimendi emapurisa omunzvimbomo anoramba kukudza ICE vadzori, achisimbisa kuti kuchengetwa kwokupinda nokupinda kwavanhu kunoderedza chivimbo chenzanga nekotsekano yavose. Nenzira yakafanana, kuiswa kwapamutemo kwembanje munyika dzakawanda kwaparira kubviswa uko mutemo wenyika unobvumidza kutengeswa kwemiganhuro nepfuma, asi mutemo wehurumende unopfuurira kuvadzivisa. Depa recuretation ofpritierss oraictivesssssssssssssssssssss repamutemo new progiatences.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokuvaka Chivimbo Kunodarika Makuriro

Kuvimba pakati pomutemo nenzanga dzazvinobatira ikokusarudza kwebasa remapurisa. Masangano emo ane mukana wakananga zvikuru wokuvaka chivimbo kupfurikidza nenhendo dzetsoka, mapurogiramu enharaunda, uye masangano evagari vemo anonzvera. Hurumende namasangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji haachanyanyi kuva nekwaungararira nzanga, asi anogona kusimudzira chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuedza kuona zviri pachena, zvakadai sokubudisa kushandiswa kwemazita echitima kana kuti kuzivisa pachena. Pfungwa dzokutonga kwemitengo. Pfungwa yokuita ruramisiro yepasi nemhoshoredzo mukuita chisarudzo nokubata kworuremekedzo. [=-applies] Kunzvera kwose. Kunzvera kubva kunoitwa pa [[FLT:] National Institute of Justice inokarakadza kuti mitezo yomunzanga inorangarira mapurisa seyakafanira, sezvingabvira zvikuru inoteerera mutemo, uye kunzvera, uye kurangarira utsotsi. Kutevera masangano akawanda kutevera kupfurikidza kutevera kurovedza kutungamirira mufambiro.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Mitezo yose mitatu yokuchengetwa kwomutemo inotarisana nedenho. Pamwero womunzvimbomo, nharo pamusoro pemitemo inoshatisa kana kuti yemari yamapurisa dzakanyandura kuedza nemhinduro yakatsinhana nenyanzvi dzenzanga kana kuti dzezvoutano hwendangariro kurunhare dzisina masimba. Masangano ehurumende ari kubata nokuderera kwokuramba kukuru uye kuraira kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa, kunotungamirira dzimwe nyika kuratidzira kushandiswa kutsva kwemitemo inodzoreka, kurambidza kudzorwa, uye kukumbira kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende vanobatanidzwa. Kudzorwa kwomutemo kuri kurwisana nenhau dzemhuri dzeimba yamasimba masimba, chimbiso chepfuro chezvipfuro. Kuitwa kwemifungo kwemifungo yezvokugadzirwa kwezvipunga naruzivo rwokugadzirwa nemushonga. Kugadzirwa kwemifungo kwemiitiro yezvisokwapameso kunopa pamutemo pamusoro pezviito zvitsva pamusoro pezvinenge zvakavanzika nechero nechero. Kuchinja kwapamhongamirairo yapameso mumitemo inodzongodzokoro inodzorwa pakati penyika inobvumira kushandurwa namapurisa, inobvumira kupfurikidza nemitemo kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Kunoita Kuti Pave Nokusiyana

Kuchengetwa kwemitemo muUnited States haisi gadziriro inoumbwa nemitemo imwe chete asi gadziriro yakaumbwa nemitemo yehurumende, muenzaniso wenhau, uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo. Kudzikamisa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo kunobata mikana yakawanda yekotsekano yenzanga; masangano ehurumende anotarisira miganhu yehurumende uye utsotsi hukuru; uye zviremera zvehurumende zvinonangidzira ngwariro patyisidziro dzenyika nemhosva. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unounza mitengo yakasiana, rovedzo, uye zvokutanga, zvinotungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha mukunzvera muitiro weruramisiro youtsotsi, kunzwisisa zvikanganiso mukusunga nokuranga, uye kutsigira nokuda kwechinjo. Ruzivo rukuru rwevagari vemo runoziva kuti mutemo mumwe nomumwe unodzorwa sei pamwero mukuru mukudzora kwedemo yedemo yehurumende nekuva newiriranwa. Sezv mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo anochinjika kumiitiro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja mapurisa, kushandura kushamba kwemapurisa, uye kushandura kushamba dzemari dzinodzodzorwa pakati penyika dzinogara pakati penyika.