Chitanga: Kunetseka Kusingaperi Muutongi hweAmerica

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pemitoro yehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende yakaumba kudzora kweAmerica chifo chokuvamba kwenyika. Iri boka, rinozivikanwa sehurumende, rinoparira gadziriro ine simba umo chiremera chinoyerera pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanonzvera nyika, kunzwisisa musiyano uyu unokosha mukunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Bumbiro reMitemo reU. U.S. rinopa purani yemitemo, matare, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika zvakagara zvichirondedzera ukama hwacho. Panzvimbo pemutsetse wakatemwarati, muganhu pakati pesimba renyika neuchangamire hwehurumende unoramba uri kurukurirano mhenyu inotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumipimo yekirasi kusvikira kukuwana utano.

Nyaya ino inoputsa mirangariro mikuru, hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo, mhindumupindu yenhau, uye mativi enguva imwe cheteyo echiremera chehurumende chinorwisana nehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Mitoro Yehurumende

Mitoro yeFederal inobatanidza masimba namabasa zvakagoverwa kuhurumende yorudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza aya masimba muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, nepo masimba anorehwa anobva muChinodikanwa neChinowirirana Claus. Nokufamba kwenguva, chiremera chehurumende chakakura kupfurikidza nedudziro dzeDare Gurusa uye chiito chedare, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi dzorudzi. Iyi mitoro inobatanidza nhau idzo dzinopfuura mipimo yenyika kana kuti dzinoda mipimo yorudzi yakafanana.

Kudzivirira Nyika Nenhau Dzedzimwe Nyika

Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chakakwana chokudzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokunze uye kutungamirira ukama hwamarudzi ose. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuchengeta mauto akashongedzerwa, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano, uye kumirira United States mupasi rose murwiwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidza kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuzivisa hondo, kana kuti kuchengeta mauto avo vamene mukati menguva yorugare. Constitution Center [ inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kweIMheswo Idzokorora aya masimba ehondo. Federal inovimbisa kuti nyika itaure nenzwi rimwe chete pamusoro penyika yose, idzivisa rwisano idzo dzinogona kumuka kubva muzviito zvehurumende.

Kutengeserana Kwenyika Nekudzorwa Kwemari

Commerce Claus anopa simba rekudzora kutengeserana pakati penyika, nenyika dzokumwe, uye nendudzi dzechiIndia dzeAmerica. Iri chiremera rakatsigira kutarisira kwehurumende maindasitiri anovambira muzvokufambisa kusvikira kukurukurirano nefoni. Mhaka yeDare Gurusa Gibbons v. Ogden[[[FLL:1]] [1824]) yakagadza simba rehurumende rakafara pamusoro pezvokutengeserana zvenyika, nepo gare gare gare zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FLT] Wickard v. Filburn [ [1942] [19]) yaigona kuikuwedzera kuti itonge mabasa anotapura zvikuru misika. Nhasi, masangano ehurumende akadai seFederal Trective Commissionsion and Scemicratic Concel Comsment, kudzoratection, kudzoratisisa kukura kwezve upfumi.

Kutama uye Kuchengeteka Mumuganhu

Dare guru ragara richitsigira kudzorwa kwekupinda munyika musimba rokuberekana muChikamu I uye uchangamire hwedzinza hwehurumende. Congress inogadza mitemo yevhiza, miitiro yekotera, uye mitemo yokudzingwa, nepo Department of Homeland Security inodzora kuchengetwa kwemiganhu. Dare Gurusa rakatsigira nguva dzose ukuru hwehurumende mukutama, richiparadza mitemo yehurumende inoedza kugadzira gadziriro dzinoparadzanisa dzokuita kuti vanhu vapinde munyika. Arizona v. United States chisarudzo (20: 2) chakasimbisa kuti hachigoni kuita mitemo inorwisana nomuitiro wokutama kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ichichengeta chiremera chokubatira pamwe chete nenhamburiko dzehurumende.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga Nezvirongwa Zvenzanga Zvenyika

Hurumende yehurumende inoronga gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi yenzanga munyika yose kubatanidza Social Security, Medicare, uye Medicaid. Iyi purogiramu yakavamba mukati menhambo yeNew Deal apo Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kuva nemitemo yebato rehurumende yokubatanidzwa mugarikano mumitero nesimba rokushandisa. Social Security Act ya1935 yakaita gadziriro yokurega basa yorudzi, nepo gare gare gare yaigadziridza kuwedzerwa inishuwarenzi yehurenzi yourema nechero yezvoutano nokuda kwavakuru. Ganhurirano inovimbisa mwero yebetsero yakafanana nesuokano yemite apo vagamuchiri vanotama pakati penyika, kunyange zvazvo maruwa achigoverana mutoro wokutarisira wemibato seMidimidhi kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Kunzvera Kodzero Dzehurumende

Kodzero dzehurumende dzinonongedzera kumasimba anongofanira kuitwa nehurumende imwe neimwe pasi peTenth Amendment. Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inosimbisa kuti masimba haagoveri kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika ndedzehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Chiremera chehurumende chinobatanidza mativi akawanda enhau dzomumba, kuchibvumira nyika imwe neimwe kuronga mirau yemo, mipimo, uye zvokutanga. Iyi nzira yakaisvonaka inosimudzira kuvandudza nokugamuchira nepo ichichengeta mhatsa yomunharaunda.

Gadziriro Dzedzidzo

Dzidzo inoramba iri mutoro mukuru wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo, pasina murairo wehurumende wezvidzidzo zvorudzi kana kuti udzori hwezvikoro. Masangano ehurumende anogadza zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda, anogadza mipimo yepepa rerezindi, uye anopa mari nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose. Maruwa ezvikoro omunharaunda anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva, anohaya vadzidzisi, uye anoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvidzidzo zviri mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende. Basa rehurumende mudzidzo rinoganhurirwa kumari inowedzerwa kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seTit I nokuda kwezvikoro zvinowana mari yakaderera uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kupfurikidza neDhipatimendizo yeDzidzo. Miteko yetsika yenyika seCom Com Come inosimbisa kusakurira kusagadzikana kwenhungamiro yedzidzo yehurumende uye kudzorongedzero yehurumende.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso

Nyika dzine uye dzinochengeta migwagwa mizhinjisa, mabhiriji, migwagwa mikuru, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu vose. Madhipatimendi ehurumende egadziriro dzezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvokufambisa, anogadza ganhuriro dzekumhanya, marezesi okubudisa maraise, uye motokari dzinonyoresa. Kubatanidzwa kwematunhu kunoitika zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvokutsigira mari zvakadai seFederal Highway Administration, izvo zvinopa rusando rwemipimo yehurumende yemumugwagwa unowirirana nemitemo yekotseka. Hurumende yehurumende inopa mari apo nyika dzinochengeta kuva muridzi nokudzorwa kwezvirongwa zvemari. Iyi igadziriro inobvumira kuronga mabasa akavakirwa pamipimo yezvokufambisa zvomunzvimbomo nemitemo yemhoteredzo.

Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose

Mitengo inodzora vatarisiri vezvoutano, nyanzvi dzezvoutano, uye inoita nhanho dzoutano dzavanhu mukati memiganhu yayo. Madhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende anotarisira zvirwere, mapurogiramu ezvokurapa, uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvezvoutano zvakafambidzana nemitoo yezvokuuraya yomunzvimbomo. MuAffordlable Care Act, nyika dzakawana machinjika kuronga miraza yadzo youtano uye kuwedzera mari inodzorwa naMadiadhireji yezvoutano maererano nezvinodiwa nehurumende. Mamiriro outano avose, akadai sedenderedzwa recovid recurence, rakasimbisa kutungamirirwa kwenhungamiro yehurumende uye kuita zvisarudzo, namaruwa anosimudzira zviratidzo kunogara kumusha uye kutakura mishonga yezvokurapa mishonga apo hurumende yaigovera mari inogoverwa nehurumende.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nomutemo

Hurumende nehurumende dzinotarisira mativi mazhinjisa emitemo youtsotsi. Hurumende dzinorondedzera mhaka dzoutsotsi zhinjisa, dzinogadza mirayiridzo, uye dzinodzora miitiro yemapurisa mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Madhipatimendi emapurisa enzvimbo dzinopoteredza anobata kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomuitiro, nepo masangano ehurumende akadai senhevedzo dzenzira dzenzira nedzokunzvera achitaura pamusoro penhau dzekotsekano yavose. Basa rehurumende mukutonga kwoutsotsi rinonangidzira pamhaka dzehurumende, mhosva dzenzvimbo, uye kuputsa kodzero dzehurumende. Conrionalment Arch Service Service [[ nguva dzose]

Roorano, Mhuri, uye Muitiro Wemhuri

Nyika dzinorondedzera nenzira yegamuchidzanwa zvinodikanwa zveroorano, miitiro yechatanuro, gadziriro dzevana, uye mitemo yokurera vana. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosaidzo yakatanga maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano youtevedzeri mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]), hurumende dzinopfuurira kudzora mativi mazhinji omutemo wemhuri kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yavo vamene yemitemo negadziriro dzedare. Hurumende inogadzawo mutemo, kodzero dzenzvimbo, kupomera mhaka, uye miraudzo yebhizimisi inoumba ukama hwezvokutengeserana. Izvo Hurumende inobvumira mhatsano dzapamutemo munyika yose, nedzimwe nyika dzinogamuchira mitemo yenzanga nepo vamwe vanoshandisa pamutemo, uye mimwe mibvumirano isingawiriraniswi vamwe apo inodzodzo.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa gadziriro yokuparadzanisa masimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro huru dzinoverengeka. Kunzwisisa ichi gadziriro kunokosha nokuda kwokunzvera mweroi wehurumende une chiremera panzvimbo dzakati dzemitemo uye kuti rwisano pakati pomutemo wenyika dzinopedzwa sei.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Chikamu VI, Claus 2 chinozivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende yakaitwa kuti iparadzirwe kwariri, uye zvibvumirano mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wenyika, mutemo wehurumende unovapo. Suprematy Claus haisi kungoita zvokushaya simba pamutemo wehurumende, asi mitemo inopesana nechiremera chehurumende inobviswa. Dare repamusoro rinoshandisa dzidziso dzakasiana - siana zvichitsamira pakuti Kokorodzani yataura zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokugara munda kana kuti kupesana kunorehwa. Kuongorora kunoda kuti matare aongorore kunzvera kuiswa mutemo womubatanidzwa womutemo uye kusarudza kana mutemo uchidzongodzongokanganisa zvinangwa zvomutemo.

Masimba Akavapo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba chaiwo akapiwa kuCongress, kubatanidza masimba okukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto. Aya akaverengwa anorondedzera miganhu yehurumende. Masimba anobvumira kuti pave nemitemo iri madikanwa uye yakakodzera yokuita masimba aya, kuumba masimba anopfuura aya akarongwa zvakajeka. Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Mcloch v. Maryland [18]) yakasimbisa kuti Dare rine chisarudzo chokuita mitoo yokuita aya masimba akarongwa, kwenguva refu kwazvo sezvo nzira isingarambidzwa neBumbiro remitemo.

Simba Rakachengetwa

Pedzisimende yegumith Amendment inochengeterwa zvakajeka kuhurumende kana kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Iyi gadziridzo haisati ichitanga masimba matsva nokuda kwehurumende asi panzvimbo pezvo inosimbisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo umo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera bedzi chakagoverwa. Masimba akasiiwa anobatanidza mutemo woutsotsi hwakawanda, miraudzo yedzidzo, mutemo wezvinhu, bvumirano, tort mutemo wemhuri, uye sangano rehurumende romunzvimbomo. Dare rePrefected Amendment rakashandisa Pentement kuganhurira simba renyika muzvinoitika zvakaita New York v. United States[FLT:]]

Simba Riripo

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinoshandisa masimba akati panguva imwe cheteyo, anozivikanwa semasimba ebatanidzwa. Aya anobatanidza mitero, kukwereta mari, matare okugadza, kunyoresa mabhangi, uye kuisa mitemo. Apo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inodzora basa rimwe chetero, Supremacy Claus inosarudza rwisano mukuwirirana nomutemo wehurumende, asi hurumende inochengeta chiremera chokuisa mitemo yokuwedzera chero bedzi isingapokanidzi zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Simba rinobhadhadharisa, somuenzaniso, haridzivisi kuisa kuisa mitero yavo vamene yemitero, mitero yemari, kana kuti mitero yokutengesa. Masimba azvino anoumba masimba anoparira kuchengetedzwa kwemitemo inodzorwa yemitemo yehurumende anogona kuwedzera dziviriro asi anoitawo mitoro inodzorwa nokuda kwavanhu namabhizimisi.

Nhoroondo

Kuongorora pfungwa dzevanhu nezvemhindumupindu iyi kunoratidza kuti simba rachinja sei nokufamba kwenguva uye kuti nei dzimwe nyaya dzichiramba dzichipopotedzana.

Shanduro yeRepublic Yakavambwa Uye Yakatanga

Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakagadzira hurumende yenyika ine simba rakaneta, zvichisiya simba guru nehurumende. Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakatsvaka kupedza utera ihwohwu kupfurikidza nokuumba hurumende yakasimba zvikuru ine masimba anorongwa nepo ichidzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende kupfurikidza neTenth Amendment. Nharo dzapakuvamba pakati paFederalists, dzakatsigira chiremera chenyika chakasimba, uye Anti-Fedalist, uyo akatsigira hurumende, akatanga kuoma kwenheyo kunopfuurira nhasi. Dare Gurusaro pasi poMutongi mukuru John Marshall akakudza simba renyika muzviitiko zvetsika dzakafanana ne . [FLT] [FLP]] na[FLD]

Hondo Yavagari Vemo Nokuvakwazve

Hondo yeChivil yakamirira rwisano hurusa pakati pechiremera chehurumende neuchangamire hwehurumende.Madokero akasimbisa maruramiro okuisa maruramiro akavakirwa panharo dzouchangamire hwehurumende, nepo hurumende yakachengeta kuti Union yakanga iripo nokusingaperi uye kuti hurumende haigoni kubvisa mutemo wehurumende. Pashure porukundo rweUnion, Reconstrumentationements yakakudza simba renyika rokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Mitemo ye13, 1450, uye Demendements dzakarambidza uranda, dzakavimbisa dziviriro negadziriro yokuvhotera, uye kodzero dzokuvhotera, zvichipa chiremera cheHurumende kusimbisa gadziriro idzi dzinorwisana nechiito chehurumende. Nguva ino yakatanga simba rehurumende rokubvisa kodzero dzehurumende dzinopesana nekodzero dzemitemo.

Mubato Mutsva Nokukura Kwechiremera Chehurumende

Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi kwakaparira wedzero huru yomutoro wehurumende sezvo Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal yakakurukura purogiramu dzemari yenyika. Dare Gurusa rokutanga rakaputsa mutemo weNew Deac sesimba guru rezvokutengeserana rehurumende, asi pashure pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika negakava reDare, Dare rakavamba kutsigira chiremera chehurumende chakafara chokudzora basa remari. Nhau dzakafanana ne NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1977] [197] uye [[FLT:] Wickard] v. Fil [FLT] [FLT] [FFLD]] [42] [1942]) yakadudzira nhau dzezvokutengeserana, achibvumira kuti basa rezvo kutengeserana ritapurenete zera renyika renyika yose.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokutsigirwa Nekodzero Dzavanhu

Chivil Rights Movement yakasimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo hurumende dzehurumende dzakamanikidza mitemo yokusasarura, ichida kupindira kwehurumende kuti idzivirire kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha1946 neVoting Rights Act yehurumende ya1965 zvakashandisa chiremera chehurumende kurambidza kusarurana, rusaruro mumabasa nepokugara vanhu vose, uye mhinganidzo dzokuvhota. Dare repamusoro rakatsigira mitemo iyi pasi peChambendic Claus neGrandment, richitanga simba rehurumende raigona kukurira mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Nguva iyi yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kodzero dzehurumende dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu dzinotora mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa kana kuti dzirambe kudzivirirwa zvakaenzana.

Chibvumirano Chitsva Nemhindumupindu

Kuvambira muma 1970 uye kupfuurira mumakumi amakore akatevera, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akatsvaka kudzorera simba kunyika kupfurikidza nouzivi hunonzi New Federalism. Dare Rapamusoro pasi poMutongi Mukuru William Rehnquist rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvinoganhura simba rezvokutengeserana rehurumende nokusimbisa uchangamire hwehurumende, kubatanidza United States v. Lopez [19595], iyo yakarova mutemo wepfuti yehurumende sesimba guru rezvokutengeserana, uye Primpz v. United States [1997]), iyo yakashayisa zviratiso zvehurumende izvo zvinochengeta mugariro womutemo wemutezo. Dare rakaitawo gadziridzo yegariso mutsika dzamasangano muna 1996 iyo yakapa purogiramu yokubetsera. Iyi nguva inoratidzira nhevedzano yesimba remitemo yehurumende yehurumende yakavakirwa pamigariro yezvamatongerwedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhau Dzinotevera

Zvinetso izvi zvinoda kunyatsoongororwa kwemitemo, zvinoshanda, uye tsika dziri pangozi.

Kutarisira Zveutano Kuchinja Nokuwedzera Kukuru

Dare reNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) rakatsigira chiremera chomunhu oga somutero asi simba rehurumende rakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti hurumende dzisagona kumanikidzwa kuwedzera Medicaid mutyisidziro yokurasikirwa nemari iripo. Chisarudzo ichi chakachengetedza kuchenjera kwehurumende pamusoro peMédicaid wewendice project, kuchitungamirira kubasa apo dzimwe nyika dzakawedzera kujeka apo vamwe vapfumi vakasaita. Muuyo wakasimbisa kuti batira pamwe chete woruwa unogona sei kuparira mamiriro ezvinhu apo nyika dzinoshandisa chisarudzo chapamutemo kuvhotera kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari iripo.

Kuchinja Kwazvakaita uye Kutungamirira Hurumende

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inowanzoisa mipimo yehurumende mukurwisana nokutangwa kwehurumende. Ceaner Air Act inobvumira California kutsvaka zvinotsausa kubva kuNdengedzero yeNdengedzero dzezviwiriranwa kuti zviise mipimo yemotokari yorumano, uye dzimwe nyika dzingashandisa mipimo yeCalifornia. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzira gadziriro mbiri apo dzimwe nyika dzinoronda mitemo yemamiriro okunze ane masimba ehurumende apo mipimo yehurumende inoshanda kune imwe nzvimbo. Kudzora kwehurumende kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza kunosunda kuti nyika dzikunde ndokugamuchira mitemo yadzore, ichiratidza kuti nyika dzinogona sei kushanda senzvimbo inosarudzwa nehurumende inodzorwa. [[FLTLD:0]]

Kudzorwa Kwepfuti Nechibvumirano Chechipiri

Kudzika mipunga kunoratidzira rwisano pakati pemipimo yehurumende yakafanana nechiremera chehurumende chakafanira. Chibvumirano cheChipiri chinogadza maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakachengetwa mu Dificiation of Columbia v. Heller [2008], asi hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chokuita mirau yemirau inotsinhirana nechakarurama. Mitemo yehurumende inosiana zvikuru, kubva pakutakura mitemo mudzimwe nyika kusvikira kuzvinodikanwa zvorumano uye zvokunzvera zvapashure mudzimwe nyika. Mutemo weFredera unosimbisa zvirambidzo pamusoro pokuva nepfuti yaidzwa namasimba masimba omumba, nepomedzo, nepo inowedzera ganhuriro kana kuti kubvumirazve miraudzo yehurumende inoparira zvinetso nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yepfutino dzinoyambuka uye kudzo dzinopfuurira.

Mipimo Yedzidzo Nokudzora Kuronga

Gakava pamusoro peCoral Core State Discrects rinoratidzira kusawirirana pakati penhungamiro yehurumende nokudzora kwehurumende. Core yavose yakabuda kubva munhano dzinodzorwa nehurumende navakuru vakuru vedzidzo, asi sundo dzehurumende kupfurikidza neRhangemutange kumusoro dzinokurudzira kurera vamwe, kuchitungamirira vatsoropodzi kuti vataure kuva nyengedzo yehurumende. Dzimwe rondedzero kuti pakutanga yakagamuchirwa naCommon Core gare gare gare kana kuti yakatsiva mipimo, ichiita chiremera pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedzidzo. The Everse Secroeveries Act yemutemplicial yechikoro chakarecuresa kuzvidavirira kwomubatanidzwa wechikoro, ichi chinodzorera chiremera chinokosha kuhurumende apo inochengeta zvinodikanwa zvekuedza nokushuma. Iyi mhindumupinduko inoratidzira sei kuti miitiro yedzidzo inoita pakati pokubatanidzwa kwehurumende nehurumende.

Kunyoreswa Kwemitemo uye Mutemo Wehurumende

Gakava pakati pekunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje nerambidzo yehurumende rinopa chimwe chedenho hurusa yehurumende yehurumende. Kusvikira muna 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje, uye zhinji dzakanyoresa kushandiswa kwenhandaro yavakuru, bva mbanje inoramba iri chiteshi chamabhanamari mumutemo wehurumende. Department yeSabatal rakabudisa poctrandrandas kuraira varoverereri vehurumende kuti vadzivise mutemo unodzivisa mutemo unoiswa pakutanga, asi kusawirirana kwapamutemo kunoenderera mberi. Uyu mugariro unoparira kusazvidzora kwamabhizimisi anoshanda zviri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende asi uchiri mukusaputswa nomutemo wehurumende, uye unomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokupinda kwebhangidzira mari, bhizimisi, uye kuendesa pamutemo. Hurumende inomirira kuiswa kwemitemo kwehurumende yehurumende munzvimbo yetsika munzvimbo yetsika kuiswa pamutemo kumirimo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende kumirimo.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neutarisiri Hwokusarudza

Nyika dzinoisa zvikurukuru kusarudza, kugadza maawa okuvhota, kuisa nzvimbo dzinovhota, zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, uye kunyoresa mitemo yokupinda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Chibvumirano cheSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano chinorambidza miitiro yokuvhota uye chinoda kuti zvidzorerwe nenhau dzenhau kuti zvitenderwe nehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yevhoti. Dare repamusorosoro rinobvumira chisarudzo mu Shelby County v. Rair[[FLT] [[FLT] [2013]) rakaparadza nzira yokusarudza kuti mitemo ipi inofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenguva inosarudzwa, zvinobudirira kubvumira kuti zviite chinjo zvokuvhotera pasina kutenderwa kwehurumende. . .... .... .... Dare rehurumende rekuvhotera, posi rebhora, uye bhiri rinotonga pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende kuti maruramiro okudzivirira pamutemo.

mhedziso

Musiyano pakati pemitoro yehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende unoramba uri rutivi runorondedzera udzori hweAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa gadziriro inokamuranisa chiremera, asi miganhu yakananga inopfuurira kushanduka kupfurikidza nemitemo, kutsanangura kwedare, uye kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa uku simba kunokosha nokuda kwebvumirano yehurumende nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanofanira kutungamirira mwero upi wehurumende inokurukura zvinonetsa uye kuti vangatsigira sei kuchinja nenzira inobudirira. Kupesana kusingaperi pakati porudzi nemhatsa yehurumende kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri zvinetso nemikana. Chiremera chehurumende chinovimbisa kudzivirirwa kwenguva dzose kwekodzero dzemitemo uye zvinetso zvinodzorwa nehurumende inobvumira chiremera kupindura zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo, uye kutora rutivi rwehurumende yemwero inosvika zvikuru. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi navadzidzi vanoongorora mifungo iyi, vavariro haisati iri yokupedza dzvinyiriro yechigarire asi kuti inzwisiso inoita sei gadziriro inotsinhirana mukurukurirano inopfuurira mberi musimba rehurumende yeAmerica.