Dzidzo: Nheyo Yokutonga kweHurumende

Masimba anochengeterwa Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States asina kupiwa hurumende kuhurumende, uye dzidzo yave iri basa rehurumende uye romunzvimbomo.Hurumende dzakagadza gadziriro yapamutemo, nzira dzokutsigira nadzo mari, uye gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira dzinoumba kudzidza zviitiko zvemamiriyoni evadzidzi kubva kukireshi kusvika kuchikoro chokupedza kudzidza.

Madhipatimendi edzidzo ehurumende anotanga mipimo yedzidzo, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakafanana neCommon Core State Directes kana kuti shanduro dzehurumende, uye anopa shanduro dzehurumende dzose kuti aedzedzese kubudirira kwavadzidzi. Iyi mipimo inoratidzira izvo vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva pamwero wegiredhi mumwe nomumwe mumipimo yedzidzo yakadai semasvomhu, magnowle weChirungu, sayenzi, uye fundo dzenzanga. Masangano anodzorawo zvinodikanwa zvavadzidzisi, kubatanidza mwero yedzidzo yakaganhurirwa yedzidzo, zvinnersuets, uye kupfuurira kufambira mberi kwezvibvumirano zvebasa.

Kushandisa Zvikoro Zvevoruzhinji

Hurumende dzinogovera chikamu chikuru chemari yedzidzo yeK-12, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemitero yemari yainowanwa nehurumende, mitero yokutengesa, uye mari yedzidzo yakatsaurirwa. Mitero yokushandisa inoda kuparadzira pfuma nenzira yakaenzana pakati pemaruwa echikoro, kubhadharira nokuda kwemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nemitero yemari uye vadzidzi vanoda zvikamu zvedzidzo chaiyo. Mukuwirirana nechinodikanwa U.S. . . .S . . . Mipiro yehurumende inoita chitsama 47% yemari inosarira yezvirongwa zvavosesaitiso zvavose uye mari yedzidzo yapashure, namanyuko omunzvimbomo anogovera anenge 44% nehurumende yehurumende. United States inofanira kuringana nokuda kwemari yakakwana nomuripi wemitero, ichitungamirira kukurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pokuchinja chikoro uye kutengesa kutengesa kutengesa.

Dzidzo Chaiyo Netsigiro Yavadzidzi

Hurumende dzine mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana neUnited States neGuertures With Diculture Education Act (IDEA). Dzinotarisira kuzivikanwa, kuyera, uye gadziriro dzemabasa kuvadzidzi vane urema, kubva kukurapa kutaura kusvikira kutsigiro chaiyo. Hurumende dzinoshandisawo mapurogiramu nokuda kwavadzidzi veChirungu, vadzidzi vane unyanzvi uye vane mano, uye papwere dzechiduku. Zvirongwa zvokutanga dzedzidzo dzekare, zvakadai sepurogiramu dzehurumende dzapamberi pekugara panzvimbo yesimba, zvinozivikanwa zvikuru, nenyika dzakafanana neOklahoma neFlorida dzinotungamirira nzira muKunyoresa.

Dzidzo Yakakwirira

Hurumende dzinoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamakoreji avose namayunivhesiti. Dzinogadza masangano anodzora, dzinogovera mari dzokushandisa, dzinobvumira mwero yetsika, uye dzinogadza mitemo yokubvuma nokuda kwamasangano ezvikwata zvapamberi namakoreji enzanga. Gadziriro dzemari dzehurumende, dzakadai sedzidzo dzakavakirwa patsika nemhindu dzinodikanwa, betsero kuita kuti Georgia Virearey Schorship isvike. Somuenzaniso, Georgia Vireator Schership neNew York Schelship purogiramu dzehurumende dzinoderedza ndyiko dzapakoreji nokuda kwavagari vemo vakakodzera.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende dzehurumende dzakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokudzora chikwereti chemari nechomudzidzi. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mienzaniso inotsamira pakushanda inoisa nhevedzano yemiuyo yokupedza kufunda nemigumisiro yavashandi. Dzimwe dzakakudza mapurogiramu epakoreji enzanga isina mutengo wenzanga. National Conference of State Legislatures [NCS] [FL:1] zvinotevera izvi zvinoitika sezvo miitiro yedzidzo yakakwirira inopfuurira kuedza.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso uye Kuchengeteka

Hurumende ndidzo dzinotanga kugadzira zvinhu zvepasi penyika. Dzine 80% yemigwagwa muUnited States, kubatanidza migwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, uye nyika. Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa anokwanisa kuronga, kugadzira, kuvaka, uye kugadziridza, kushandisa mainjiniya, vagadziri, uye vagadziri kuti vachengete gadziriro yacho yakachengeteka uye inoshanda zvakanaka.

Kuchengetedza Mugwagwa Nebhiriji

Nyika dzinotsigira kugadziridzwa kwemugwagwa nemitero yemafuta, mari inobhadharwa, mari inobhadharwa nemotokari. Mamiriro emigwagwa nemabhiriji anotapura zvakananga kugadzirwa kwemari nepasi pevhu. Nyika zhinji dzinotarisana nenzvimbo inodzorwa nokugadziriswa kwapakarepo, ne American Society of Civil Enginegers (ASCE)[[FLL:1] inopa rudzi rwetsika rwenyika C. Kutaura nezvarwo, dzimwe nyika dzakasimudzira mitero yemafuta kana kuti dzinogamuchira zvimwe zvituro zvemari yapapo seyaifamba makiromita akawanda (VT). Mitezo yeUnited States inoitawo basa rinokosha mukunatsiridza njodzi, kugadziridza kuvadziko kubva kumadututuko, mafashamo, uye kudengenyeka kwepasi.

Kuendesa Pachena Nenzira Dzisiri Dzokushandisa

Hurumende dzinogovera mari nenhungamiro yezvokufambisa zvavose, kubatanidza mabhazi, njanji inotakurwa, uye gadziriro dzezvikepe. Kupfurikidza nezviremera zvehurumende zvokufambisa kana kuti madhipatimendi, zvinogovera mari yezvishandiso zvitsva nezvivako, pamwe chete nebetsero dzokushandisa kuti zvichengete mari isingabhadharwi. Mitezo yakadai seCalifornia neNew York inoshandisa mamwe masangano makurusa okufambisa enyika. Kuwedzerazve, maruwa ari kuwedzera kuisa mari mumabhasi nemutengidzo wetsoka, kuronga migwagwa yakakwana inobatira vashandisi vose.

Kuchengeteka Kwemotokari Nokudzorwa

Nyika dzinogadza ndokushandisa mitemo yemotokari, kubatanidza ganhuriro dzemhanza, zvinodikanwa zvokugara zvakatsauswa, uye zvirango zveDuI. Maparesheni emotokari ehurumende anobata kunyoresa mutyairi, kunyoresa kwemotokari, uye kudzorwa kwemichina yokufambisa motokari. Nyika zhinji dzakashandisa gadziriro dzakapedza kufunda dzokuisa magwenya mutyairi (GDL) kuti vana vaderedze ngozi. Nzvero dzekotsekano dzinodikanwa mune dzimwe nyika kuvimbisa kuva asina kukodzera mugwagwa. Masangano ehurumende anotarisira mapurisa kana kuti masangano anochengeta mugwagwa anomanikidzira mitemo yemotokari uye anoita tsaona.

Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose

Kutarisira utano ndeimwe nzvimbo huru yebasa rehurumende, yechipiri bedzi kudzidzo mumari yakawanda yehurumende.

Kutarisira kweMedicaid

Medicaid, chirongwa chakabatana chehurumende chinopa purojekiti youtano kuvanhu vanotambira mari shoma, ibwe rekona rezvoutano hwehurumende. United States inogadzira mapurogiramu avo eMedicaid mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende, achironga mipimo yokusagona kupfuudza, mipimo inofukidza, uye mari inodzosera. Sa 2024, 40 enyika dzakakudza Medicaid pasi peArecurence Act yeAffordicable Carect, ichipfuudza mamiriyoni evakura vakaderera vanowana. Masangano eHurumende Medicaid anotarisirawo zvibvumirano zvokutarisira nokudzosera mari inodzorwa negadziriro yeChild’s Health Inishuwarence Program (CHI). Zvisarudzo zveHurumende zvinotapura zvakananga kuna vana, zvipatarati, zvipataradzo, uye mishonga inogoverwa nevo vasingagoni kukuvadza vanhu.

Kutanga Kwoutano Hworuzhinji

Madhipatimendi ezvoutano hwehurumende anotungamirira nhamburiko dzokudzivisa hosha, kusimudzira mufambiro une utano, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro inokurumidzira. Anoita gadziriro dzokudzivirira utachiona, hosha dzinotapukira, uye mufambiro wedzidzo yezvoutano panhau dzakadai sekusvuta, kudzivirira kunyanyofuta, uye kushatiswa kwezvisakafanira. Mukati medenda reCOVID19, hurumende dzakabudisa mirairo yekurumidziro, kuparadzira nhomba dzemishonga, uye kukurukura nhungamiro youtano. Hurumende yemarabhoritari nokuda kwezvirwere uye kunzvera utano hwemhoteredzo zvakadai sechepfupfupfuro nechimiro chemhepo.

Kugadzira Magasi uye Kuwedzera

Hurumende dzinobvumira vanachiremba, vanamukoti, vanachiremba vemazino, vagadziri vemishonga, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvoutano kupfurikidza namabhodhi nemabasa. Iyi mitumbi inogadza mipimo yedzidzo nerovedzo, inotungamirira bvunzo, inonzvera zvichemo, uye varairi vanoputsa mitemo. Mitemo inodzorawo zvipatara, misha yokutarisira vanamukoti, uye zvimwe zvivako zvokutarisira utano kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwapanhambo nenhambo nemiitiro yezvezvoutano. Fédation of State Medical Boards inogovera imba inochengetera nyika yezvipatara zvokushandisa mashoko anonatsirira vanachiremba.

Utano Hwepfungwa Nokushandisa Zvisina Kufanira

Hurumende ndidzo dzinopa mari huru uye dzinogovera mari dzezvoutano hwepfungwa dzavanhu uye kurapa kwezvinodhaka. Zviremera zvepfungwa zvehurumende zvinotarisira nharaunda dzendangariro dzenzanga, zvipatara zvinorwara, uye gadziriro dzenjodzi. Hosha yeOpioid yakasunda nyika kuwedzera kusvika kukurapa kunodzorwa nemishonga, kuparadzirwa kwenaloxone, uye kuderedza purogiramu. Hurumende dzinodzorawo misha inogarwa zvakanaka uye zvivako zvokurapa nemishonga zvisina kufanira.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru wokuchengetedza kuchengeteka kwevanhu, kutarisira matare anotonga utsotsi, uye kugadzirira njodzi.

Kumanikidza Mutemo

Mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti masangano anoongorora migwagwa anodzika mitemo yemigwagwa, anonzvera utsotsi panzvimbo dzehurumende, uye anotsigira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo. Dzimwe nyika dzine mabure enzvero akaparadzana, akadai seTexas Ranger kana kuti California Department of Justice. Mitemo yakagadzawo mipimo yerovedzo negweta revakuru vakuru vemitemo yomunzvimbomo neruwa kupfurikidza namasangano akadai semipimo yevakuru vakuru verugare nerovedzo (POST).

Masangano eDare

Hurumende imwe neimwe inoshandisa gadziriro yayo imene yedare, yakarongwa zvakasiana kuva matare edare, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusoro rehurumende. Hurumende inotonga mhaka zhinjisa dzemitemo muUnited States, kubatanidza mhaka dzoutsotsi, gakava ravagari vemo, mutemo wemhuri, uye nhau dzinobatanidzwa. Hurumende dzinogadza dare remitemo, dzinogadza mitemo yemitemo, uye matare makuru anoisa matare edare. Hurumende inoita zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo wenyika, uye mirau yadzo inogona kuva nerevo huru.

Kururamiswa Nokudzorerwa

Hurumende dzinotarisira gadziriro dzetorongo dzinenge 1,2 miriyoni, mugove mukurusa wavanhu vakasungwa munyika. Madhipatimendi ehurumende eruramiso anotarisira zvivako, anotanga gadziriro dzevasungwa, anotarisira nokudzorwa, uye anoshanda kuderedza kutsiva. Hurumende dzakawanda dzakaita chinjo dzeruramisiro dzeutsotsi, dzakadai sokuderedza mitongo mishoma yaidiwa, kuwedzera zvinotsiva kuiswa mujeri, uye kuisa mari yemabasa okudzosera. PRIson Politificity [

Kutarisira Kwekurumidziro Nemhinduro Yengwavaira

Hurumende dzinoronga ngwavaira kugadzirira, mhinduro, uye kunaya kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende anotarisira ngozi. Dzinovamba gadziriro dzengozi, kurovedza mufambiro, kuunganidza migove, uye mari dzinoshandiswa apo ngwavaira dzinorova. Mitezo inonyandura National Guvers kuti ibetsere nemafashamo, mirairo, nyongano dzavagari vemo, uye dzimwe njodzi. Rubatsiro rweFema runobva kumasangano ehurumende, iyo ipapo inoparadzira yamuro kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo navanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kubudirira Kwezvemari Nokugadziridzwa

Hurumende dzinotsigira kukura kweupfumi nokukwezva mabhizimisi, kutsigira kufambira mberi kwemabasa, uye kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka okutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu ezvemari nokuchengetedza vatengi, kutarisira mhoteredzo, uye kuchengetedza nzanga.

Vatsigiri Vebhizimisi Nemitemo Yemitero

Nyika dzinokwikwidzana nokuda kwemitero yebhizimisi kupfurikidza nechikwereti chebhizimisi, mari yemitero, zvikwereti, uye maruwa chaiwo. Varidzi vangabatanidzwa nokugadzira mabasa, kuisa mari yemari, kana kuti nzvimbo munharaunda dzinotambudzika mune zvemari. Masangano ebudiriro yemari inotengeswa munyika dzavo, anotaurirana namakambani, uye anotungamirira mapurogiramu akadai sebetsero dzeProuble Zone. Panguva imwe cheteyo, anotaura kuti gadziriro dzavo dzemitero dzinoisa mari yemitero, mitero yemari, mitero yemari, mitero yemari yemari yemari (Profectionmentation) kukwikwidza apo inoridzwa mibato inokosha.

Kufambira Mberi Kwebasa

Hurumende dzinoita rovedzo nadzidzo kuti dzigadzirire vagari vemo mabasa adzororwa. Kupfurikidza namatare ehurumende avashandi, koreji dzenzanga, uye zvikoro zvebasa, zvinowanisa mapurogiramu muminda sezvokurapa, ruzivo rwokugadzira mashoko, kufambira mberi kwokugadzira, uye kuvaka. Mari dzinobva kuWorkmoctive Innovation and Opportunity Act. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvokuwedzera zvebasa, zvinowanzoshandiswa namadhipatimendi ehurumende, kubatanidza kurovedzwa kwejob nemirayiridzo yekirasi.

Kuvandudza uye Kudzivirira Mutengi

Hurumende dzinodzora maindasitiri akawanda, kubva painishuwarenzi nebhangi kusvika kunzvimbo dzinogara kana kuti dzemagetsi. Madhipatimendi ehurumende einishuwarenzi anotarisira kugadziriswa uye kudzivirirwa kwemakambani einishuwarenzi. Magweta ehurumende anomanikidza vatengi kuti vadzivirire mitemo inodzivirira pakubiridzira, kushambadza, uye miitiro yebhizimisi isina kururama. Hurumende dzinodzorawo mhoteredzo kupfurikidza namasangano anobvumira mhepo nebutiro remvura, uye ganhuriro yezvakatipoteredza mhoteredzo. Chikaro nezvokudya ndirimwe basa rinokosha rehurumende, namadhipatimendi ezvokurimapuranga anonzvera mapurazi, zvirongwa zvezvokudya, uye misika.

Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemanyuko Ezvinhu Zvomuzvarirwo

Hurumende dzine mutoro wokudzivirira mhoteredzo uye kutarisira zvinhu zvomusikirwo mukati memiganhu yadzo.

Mhepo Nemvura Zvakanaka

Masangano ehurumende emhoteredzo anotanga ndokumanikidzira kuita gadziriro dzehurumende (SIPS) kuti asvitse mipimo yemhepo yehurumende pasi peCheal Air Act. Vanonzvera kushatisa mhepo, vanodzora mhepo inoshatisa, uye vanoshandisa gadziriro dzokuderedza kubudiswa kwemotokari, zvakadai sechiremera chapaCalifornia chokuisa mipimo yemisero yemvura inodzorwa nemhino. Nokuda kwemvura yakanaka, hurumende dzinoisa mipimo yemvura, dzinopa mijenya pasi peCeac Water Act, uye dzinodzora kurapa kwemvura yakachena nemvura inoyerera. Nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisawo gadziriro dzokudzivirira mvura pasi pevhu kuti dzidzivirire kunwa mvura.

Kushandiswa Kwenyika Nokuchengetedzwa Kwayo

Hurumende dzinopesvedzera kushandiswa kwenyika kupfurikidza nokuronga mitemo, kugadzira nzvimbo, uye kudzivirira nyika. Dzinodzora mapaki ehurumende, masango, nzvimbo dzokupotera mhuka, uye nzvimbo dzevaraidzo. Hurumende dzemhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzinodzora kukura mumahombekombe kuti dzidzivirire mahombekombe nenzvimbo dzinotonhora. Hurumende dzinotarisirawo kugarwa kwesimba, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzemagetsi, mapaipi, uye zvirongwa zvesimba zvinomutsidzirwa.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba

Hurumende dzinoita basa guru mukudzora magetsi, kubva pakugadza mipimo yemagetsi inoda kuvandudzwazve inoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi kubva pane zvinoda kugadzirwazve kusvika pakutarisira uwandu hwezvishandiso uye kuvimbika kwemagiramu. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa zvinangwa zvemagetsi zvinoshanda nesimba rakachena, zvakadai se100% magetsi asina carbon panozosvika 2050. Masangano ehurumende anobvuma kuchinja kwemwero, kusimbisa mafekitari matsva, uye kuita kuti pave nemitemo yemagetsi.

Dzimba Nekufambira Mberi Kwenzanga

Hurumende dzinonangana nokukwanisa kubhadhara dzimba, kusava nedzimba, uye nzanga kudzorerwa kupfurikidza negadziriro uye mari. Dzinopa vamiriri vedzimba vehurumende uye dzinokudziridza mari dzedzimba dzehurumende dzinotsigira kuvakwa kwedzimba dzinotengeka nokurendwa. Masangano ehurumende edzimba anopa zvisungo zvemari zvemitero inobvisa mari uye anopa zvirongwa zvokubetsera vatengi vedzimba venguva yokutanga. Mukudzokororwa kwechinetso chedzimba, hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yokusimudzira masangano okugara, kuchinja mabumbiro emitemo, uye kugovera dziviriro dzehurumende dzakadai serendiza rending neyamuro dzapamutemo.

Purogiramu dzekuvandudza nzanga dzinotapurira hurumende dzehurumende dzemo nokuda kwevandudziko yemafashoni, kubviswa kwemvura, uye kudzorerwa kwezvemari. United States inotarisirawo chirongwa cheCommunity Development Block Grant (CDBG) nokuda kwenzanga dzisiri dzine chokuita nenhau. Kupfurikidza neidzi nhamburiko, hurumende dzinovavarira kuparira nzanga dzine simba, dzinobatanidza vanhu vanokwanisa kuwana pokugara, mabasa akanaka, uye mabasa.

Kupindirana Kweukama Hwehurumende Nemagariro Evanhu

Hurumende dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yehurumende inoparadzira masimba nemitoro mumwero yenyika, yenyika, uye yomunzvimbomo. Dzinoshanda nehurumende yehurumende kupfurikidza nemari inobhadharwa, zvibvumirano zvinobatira pamwe, uye dare. Magweta ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anokwikwidza kana kuti kukumbanira kukwikwidza mhaka mumasangano ehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakadai semirau yemhoteredzo, kuchengetwa kwezvokubuda munyika, kana kuti gadziriro youtano.

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo hunokosha zvakaenzana. Nyika dzinoita hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nevhu, maguta, mataundikishi, maruwa ezvikoro, maruwa chaiwo kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemirau. Nyika dzinopa chiremera chokutonga pamusha kusvikira kumwero wakasiana- siyana, dzichibvumira nzvimbo kupfuudza mirau nokutarisira nhau dzomunzvimbomo. Kubviswa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo, zvakadai semari inotambira, miraudzo yepurasitiki, kana kuti mirau yenhambo pfupi, manyuko enharo.

Mitoro Yemari Nokushandisa Mari

Chinonyanya kukosha mubato wose wenyika ibasa rokuwedzera mari uye kuisa mari. Mitemo inodzikamisa mari yavo yokushandisa, sezvo zvizhinjisa zvine zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo kana kuti zvemitemo zvokuita kudaro. Zvinotsamira zvikurukuru pamitero yemari yomunhu oga, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yebhizimisi, uye kusiiwa kwehurumende. Kuronga mari kwehurumende kunobatanidza magavhuna, masangano emitemo, uye kuronga mari yemahofisi anoisa dzidzo, chengeteko youtano, chengeteko yavose, uye mamwe mabasa. Masangano anorongawo mari yemari yemari yokubhadhara mitero yenguva refu.

Kuoma kwemitemo yehurumende kwakura nokukwira kweganhuriro dzemitero nendyiko, kukura kweMedicaid, misengwa yomudyandigere, uye zvinodikanwa zvemanyuko. Hurumende dzinofanira nguva dzose kuchinjira kumigariro yemari inochinja, kuchinja kwemiitiro yechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye chinjo dzehurumende. Mano adzo okutarisira nenzira inobudirira idzi denho dzemari anotapura zvakananga garikano yamamirioni avagari vemo.

Muchitsama, hurumende dzehurumende masangano ane mibatanidzwa yakawanda anorongerwa kupa mabasa anokosha, kutungamirira masangano akasiyana - siyana, kudzivirira kodzero, uye kusimudzira budiriro yemari. Mitoro yadzo inobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva kumugariro wezvikoro nemigwagwa kusvikira kukotsekano yenharaunda noutano hwenzanga. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vabatire nenzira inobudirira zvikuru nedzinopa mirairo yavo yehurumende, magavhuna, uye masangano, vachivimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichigamuchira uye ichizvidavirira kuvanhu vainobatira.