Kudzivirira Kodzero

Musengwa mukuru wehurumende yehurumende ndewokudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu wose ari mukati mesimba rayo. Iri basa harisi rokungotaurawo zvaro; rinosimbiswa muBumbiro remitemo, rinodzorwa namasangano ehurumende, uye rinodudzirwa nedare. Pasina mucheka uyu unodzivirira, rusununguko rwomunhu oga rungada kudzorwa nehurumende dzose dzenyika nevanotengesa vanhu voga. Bumbiro reMitemo reU. U.S., rinosimbiswa muna 1788, rinomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye kugadziriswa kwaro kunorondedzera zvakajeka rusununguko rusina hurumende yehurumende nechakaipa, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo.

Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Bhizi rekodzero, rinoumbwa nezvigadziriso zvokutanga gumi, rinoumba simba guru rerusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kupfuura izvi, kugadziridzwa kwakatevera kwakatambanudzwa dziviriro kuvimbisa kuenzana uye muitiro wakafanira. Urongwa hunokosha hunobatanidza:

  • Kuchinja kwokutanga - Kuvimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokudhinda, rwechitendero, rwegungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Iyi gadziridzo yave iri chinhu chikuru kuchisarudzo chedare gurusa chisingaverengeki, kubva ku New York Times v. Sullivan[[FLT]] [1964] ku [FL:] CON] United.FEC[F:5][20]]
  • Finamendment - Inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Kunoda kuti mutemo utsigirwe kuti uwane pamutemo wakavakirwa pachisakiso chingabvira usati wanzvera zvikurusa, nheyo yakanyandura gakava razvino uno pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemichina nokungwarira.
  • Fith Amendment - zvinovimbisa muitiro wakafanira womutemo, zvinodzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye zvinodzivirira pakuzvituka. Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara uye vimbiso yemhosva huru yedare rinotonga nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba dzinobva muiyi njodzi.
  • Foundation - Zvichida chinhu chinotsiva zvikuru simba renyika, inopa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States uye inorambidza kutaura kubva pakuramba upenyu hupi nohupi, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina muitiro wakafanira. Kudzivirira kwaSangano raClauscete kwave kuri nheyo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza chikoro desebation (Brown v. Board yeDyration[FLD:3], 1954]) uye roorano ([[FLT:]]

Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo inomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare rehurumende, neDare Rapamusoro richishanda somumiririri wokupedzisira. Hurumende yehurumende inewo simba rokuisa maruramiro kudzivirira asingacherekedzwi zvakajeka (somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Act ya1946, iyo yakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.

Kumanikidzwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kudzivirira maruramiro papepa kunoreva zvishomanene pasina kuchengetwa kwebasa. Hurumende yehurumende inoita masangano anoverengeka anoitwa nokuvimbisa kuwirirana nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kuparwa kweRuramisiro yeRudo rweChiviko rweHurumende [ ndiro sangano guru rinomanikidzira, namapazu akatsaurirwa kuputsa kodzero dzeutsotsi, kuvhota kodzero, dzimba nokusarura mabasa, uye kusazvibata kwemapurisa. Kupfurikidza nenzvero dzechiito, DOJ inogona kupinza hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masangano anodzika mutemo anopinda mukupunzirwa kwemitemo.

COMENTIS [EFLT:1] inokunda kunyunyuta kwebasa. Mugore repachine nguva 2023 bedzi, EEOC yakagamuchira pomero dzinopfuura 80 000 dzorusaruro, yakachengeta mazana amamirioni amadhora muyamuro nokuda kwavanyajambwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kubviswa kweHouse neURUNIBAN (HUD) kunogombedzera Fair House Act, kunzvera kushatisa kwedzimba kwakavakirwa padzinza, urema, mugariro wemari, uye mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa.

Kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kunotambanukira mudzidzo kupfurikidza ne Tsamba yeHofisi yeDzidzo nokuda kweRudzi [[FT:1], iyo inovimbisa kuti zvikoro nekoreji zvinogamuchira mari zvehurumende hazvisaruri zvakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, urema, kana kuti zera. hofisi iyi yave iri musimboti mukutaura neTitle IX Rusbe, kubatanidza kunetswa kwevatano nedenho pachikoro.

Mumwe wemienzaniso inooneka zvikurusa yokuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kwehurumende wakaitika mukati meChivil Rights Movement of the 1960s, apo hurumende yehurumende yakaitwa neBato reRuramisiro pasi peAttorney General Robert F.Kennedy()(wnchuro kudzivirira vanorwira masimba masimba ehurumende. Mirayiro mishomanene inopiwa nehurumende yakashandiswa kuvandudza mapato emapurisa mumaguta akadai saFerguson, Missouri, uye Baltimore, Maryland, inosimbisa kudikanwa kunopfuurira kwokutarisirwa kwomubatanidzwa wemiitiro yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanodavira maruramiro avo vakaputswa, nhano yokutanga inowanzova kuparira nyunyuto nesangano rehurumende. DOJ inochengeta nzvimbo yepaIndaneti nokuda kwokushuma kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Mukuwedzera, matare ehurumende inogovera nzvimbo nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe kukwirira masangano ehurumende kana kuti vatambi vomunhu oga vanoputsa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo.

Manyuko okunze: DOGN Free Rights Division website yepamutemo

Kugovera Mabasa

Kupfuura kudzivirira kodzero, hurumende inotonga inoita basa rokuita mabasa anokosha ayo mamiriyoni evaAmerica anotsamira paari zuva nezuva.

Masangano Okutarisira Utano

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa purogiramu hurusa dzeinishuwarenzi youtano yenyika. Medicare, yakatangwa muna 1965 pasi peTitle XVIII yeSocial Security Act, inogovera utano hwavakuru vane makore 65 navakuru, uyewo vanhu vaduku vane urema hwakati kana kuti denderedzwa renal disease. Inokamurwa kuva mativi mana: Par A (hospinal inishuwarensi), Par B (Inishuwarenzi yezvokurapa), mativi C (Medicase pureacedgianstion inopiwa nevers), uye Part D (kubhaisirwa kwemirimo yemirimo yemirimo). Muna 2023, Medicarea mapeji anofukidza mamirioni 65 okuAmerica.

.Meltid, yakagadzirwa padivi pe Medicare pasi peTitle X, ipurogiramu yehurumende inobatira pamwe yehurumende inogovera mativi outano kuvanhu vanowana mari yakaderera, kubatanidza vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, vakura, uye vanhu vakaremara. Hurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa nezvikwaniriso zvemari zvinoiswa pamitengo pakati pa 50% na 78%. Afford Catect (ACA) yakawedzera Médio kufukidza vakuru vose nemari inopfumba kusvikira ku 13% yourombo hwemubatanidzwa. Sa 2024, anotaura kuti 40 nemubatanidzwa weColumbia wavanhu vakawana, kugovera kumamirioni akambo kupinda mu [FOT]: [FOP]

Act yeCare Care yakapa mutengo wapakati pa 26 (2010) yakashandurazve gadziriro yezvoutano yeU.S. kupfurikidza nokutanga misika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, ichidzivisa kurambwa kwokufukidza nemhaka yemigariro isati yavapo, ichibvumira vakuru vaduku kuramba vari parongedzero dzavabereki kusvikira pazera ramakore 26. uye kupa mari inotsigirwa kumhuri dzinowana mari. Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda kuHlorifare.gov, chikuva chokunyoresa nokuda kwehurumende dzinosarudza kusashandisa zvitsamisiro zvavo vamene.

Kupfuura inishuwarenzi, mari yehurumende yezvoutano hwevoruzhinji inoitwa kupfurikidza ne Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ne National Institutes of Health (NIH). CDC inoita kuti hosha dzigadzikane, igadzirise marusando, uye ipe mazano esayenzi kumadhipatimendi outano. NIH, mutengi mukuru wezvipo zvekunzvera kwemichina munyika, inotsigira zvidzidzo zvinotungamirira kukurapa kutsva nokurapa zvirwere zvakadai sekenza, Alzhebia, uye HIV/AIDS.

Tsvene yokunze: Medicare.gov – Hurumende yapamutemo yeU.S. nzvimbo yeMedicare

Masangano Edzidzo

Basa rehurumende mudzidzo zvikurukuru nderemari nesesesting Service Act, sezvo Tenth Amendment inotarisira zvakananga zvikuru dzidzo kunyika nenzvimbo. Kunyange zvakadaro, madhora ehurumende ane pesvedzero ine simba patsika nekuva nani. Title I yeSpect yeSpectal and Secondal Education Act (EA), yokutanga yakapfuudzwa muna 1965 uye nguva pfupi yapfuura yabvumirwa seAssociations Recence Act (SA) muna 2015, inodzosa mabhiriyoni emadhora okushanda muzvikamu zvakaderera. Mari iyi inotsigira kutungamirira, zvinodzidzisa, zvinobatsira kuvandudza, uye zvirongwa zvebasa, uye zvirongwa zvokukurumidza kupedza kubudirira.

Nokuda kwedzidzo yakakwirira, hurumende yehurumende inopa Grants, iyo inogovera yamuro yemari inotsamira pakuwana mari yakaderera kuvadzidzi vakaderera. Kusafanana nezvikwereti, Pell Grants haafaniri kubhadharwa. Mugore ramaawa, Pell Grant akanga ari $7,395. Purogiramu yechikoro chehurumende inobvumira vadzidzi kukwereta zvakananga kubhadhara mari, nerongedzero dzebasa rekukanganwira dzinowanika.

Head Exploring Program, yatangwa muna 1965 sorutivi rwaPrezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Power, inogovera dzidzo yapamberi peuhwana, utano, uye kubatanidzwa kwavabereki kuvana vanobva mumhuri dzinowana mari shoma. Musoro unoshanda kuvana vanopfuura 800 000 gore rimwe nerimwe, nepurogiramu dzinoshanda munyika iri yose nendima. Kunzvera kwakaratidza kuti vapindi veProtem vane bviro huru zvikuru kupedza chikoro chapamusoro, kupinda chikoro chapamusoro, uye kuwana mari yakakwirira gare gare gare muupenyu.

Hurumende yehurumende inoitawo kuti kodzero dzedzidzo dzivepo kupfurikidza ne Act yeDzidzo yeUneulimialism Act (IDEA), iyo inovimbisa dzidzo yapachena yapachena yavanhu vose (FAPE) kuvana vane urema. IDEA inogovera mari yehurumende kuhurumende mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuwirirana nemirairo yayo, kubatanidza kutangwa kweAndigatediated Educational Programs (IEPS) uye kuiswa mumhoteredzo inoganhurirwa zvishoma.

Pari zvino, hurumende yehurumende inogovera inenge 8% yehwerengedzo yedzidzo, asi mari iyoyo inokosha nokuda kwokupfuudzira pasi pevagari vemo vanochengetwa. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights inovimbisawo kuti zvikoro zvinowirirana neTitting IX, Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act, uye mimwe mitemo isiri yomutemo.

Tsitsi rokunze: [[[Njeta:0] U.S. Dhipatimendi reDzidzo

Gadziriro Dzenzanga

Gadziriro dzegarikano dzinomirira purogiramu yehurumende hurusa. Inopa betsero dzekurega basa dzinodzivisa mamirioni avaAmerica kupinda mumugariro wokuzvitutumadza. Sacurity yeSaculty , yakaitwa muna 1935 neSocial Security Act, ipurogiramu yehurumende hurusa. Inopa betsero dzemari inobhadharwa, betsero dzechirikadzi, vapukunyuki, uye vana vanobatira vashandi vakafa, uye urema vanobetserwa navashandi vanobatira vashandi vanobatira basa. Sapamari inobatira vashandi 2023, mamiriyoni 70 eAmerica akagamuchira betsero dzeSocial Security. Purogiramu inobhadharo inobhadharwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitero yapamariro, kunze kwokuva neProvhinzicramendidzo dzeFalence Active Actss Act). Mitero yeSacurity Trutso inotarisana nenhamo yavanhu vakwegura, inotozogona kubviswa neyamuteveridzwa neyamuro yepakati chapakati chapakati chapakati chapakati chai20.

Spplient Inflution Information Program [SNAP], yaizivikanwa sezviteshi zvezvokudya, inogovera betsero dzemwedzi nomwedzi idzo mhuri dzinowana mari shoma dzinogona kushandisa kutenga zvokudya. Dhipatimendi reU.S.A. SAP rine miuyo yakasimba zvikuru: Uganda Institute yakabatira avhareji yavanhu vane mamirioni 41 pamwedzi mugore rapamberi pe 2023. Kushanda kwakavakirwa pamari inotambira neganhuriro dzepfuma, navakura vanokwanisa vasina miganhuro yokushanda. SNP ine miuyo yakakarakadza zvikuru: Uganda Institute kuti muna 2018, SPAP 5 muult.

.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dzimwe gadziriro huru dzegarikano dzehurumende dzenzanga dzinobatanidza Chisarudzo (Urumuko 8) runopiwa naHUD, purogiramu yeZvokuzvinyima zvokudya nokuda kwavakadzi, vacheche, uye Vana (VAC), uye [FLT]] Mozar Home Energyctive Uppive program .

Tsitsi rokunze: SNAP – SorviceInstruction Program (USDA)

Mimwe Mitoro Yehurumende Inotambudza

Nepo gadziriro yekodzero nebasa ichifukidzwa munyaya ino, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoitawo mamwe mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anoumba budiriro yenyika nechengeteko. Kudzivirira kweNational zvichida ndiko kunokosha zvikurusa: Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo nokukwidza mauto, uye Purezidhendi anoshanda saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Dhipatimendi reDefecity rinotarisira bhajeti rehondo gurusa renyika, richivimbisa kudisa kuyambuka mapazi ose.

Gadziriro dzokunze uye kukurukurirana ibasa rehurumende. Dhipatimendi reHurumende rinoita ukama nemamwe marudzi nemasangano enyika, rinotaurirana zvibvumirano, uye rinopa rubatsiro kunyika dzichiri kubudirira. Hurumende yehurumende inorongawo kutengeserana kwedzimwe nyika, inoronga mari kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve, uye inounganidza mitero kuti ibhadhare mabasa ayo. Dare reInternational Revenue Service (RS) rinoshandisa mitemo yemitero, iyo inopa mari yechinhu chiri chose kubva mumugwagwa mukuru kuenda kumapaki enyika.

Imwe nzvimbo huru idziviriro yemhoteredzo. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inodzika mitemo yakadai seChease Air Act neChease Water Act, ichigadza mipimo yenyika yokudzora kushatisa nokutarisira tsvina ine ngozi. Masangano anotarisira nzvimbo dzevhu, kubatanidza National Park Service, Forest Service, uye Bureaual of Land Management, anotarisira mazana amamirioni amamirioni enyika dzavose, achidzikamisa chengeteko nenhandaro nezviwanikwa.

Kudzikamisa Mabasa Ehurumende Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa mitoro yehurumende kunoda kubvuma nheyo yehurumende yehurumende yapamutemo .Tenth Amendment inotaura kuti masimba asingagoverwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa nayo kuhurumende, anochengetwa kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mabasa mazhinji akadai sedziviriro yamapurisa, kuchengetedzwa kwemugwagwa, uye zvikoro zvehurumende (jeni renyika) ihurumende inowanzotevera nokushandisa mari, mipimo, uye kuchengetwa kwainoitwa nehurumende kusimudzira kubatana kana kuti kundikano. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inogadza mibayiro mishomanene nemiraudzo pasi peFaill Sight Sight Ravement Act, asi nyika dzinogona kuita mibairo yakakwirira.

Kubatanidzwa pakati pemwero yehurumende kunogona kutungamirira kunyanduko, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzokuvhota, kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, uye gadziriro yokutarisira utano. Mano ehurumende yehurumende okubvisa mutemo wehurumende muSupremacy Claus anovimbisa kuti mipimo yenyika ipararira kana paine rwisano, asi hurumende dzinochengeta rusununguko runokosha. Iyi gadziriro yakasimba inobvumira kuedza / zvinyorwa zvinogona kushanda se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.”[1] Pachinovimbisa kuti mipimo yezvikwaniriso nokuda kwevagari vose vemo.

mhedziso

Mitoro yehurumende yehurumende inotambanudza kupfuura kudzivirirwa kuri nyore kwekodzero negadziriro dzebasa. Kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo kunovimbisa kutaura kwapachena uye muitiro wakafanira kugadziriro huru dzinopa tarisiro dzoutano, dzidzo, uye tsigiro yezvokudya, hurumende inotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Masangano anochengeta kodzero dzavagari vemo anoshanda zuva nezuva kuva nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro dzinopfuura mashoko eganda. Inishuwarenzi yenzanga nebetsero zvinopa mhuri chengeteko kupfurikidza nemabasa ayo okudzivirira, muitiro wokumwe, uye murairo, hurumende inochengeta gadziriro umo vanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi vanogona kukurira.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa iyi mitoro inokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva. Kunopa vanhu simba rokuziva maruramiro avo, mabasa anowanika, uye kuita kuti hurumende yavo izvidavirire. Sangano rehurumende harisi rokuvapo; rinovapo kupfurikidza nomutemo, mirau yedare, uye dzvinyiriro yavose. Kugara pamwe chete neiyi mibato iri nhano yokutanga kukutora rutivi kunobudirira munzanga yedemocracy.