Mufananidzo Unotsanangurwa: Kutaurwa Kunoitwa Zvinhu Zvaunofarira muHurumende

Kumirira muhurumende inheyo inotangira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pachinhu chikuru, inovimbisa kuti manzwi evanhu anonzwiwa, anorangarirwa, uye anoshanda mumuitiro wokuita zvisarudzo. Pasina kumirira kunobudirira, vagari vemo vanosiyana nemitemo inoumba upenyu hwavo. Kunzwisisa kuti zvaunofarira hazvisi zvinokosha bedzi nokuda kwokudzidza nehurumende asi kuti zvinoshandawo muupenyu hwevagari vemo. Nyaya ino inoongorora pfungwa yemufananidzo, zvimiro zvawo, nzira dzazvinoshanda nadzo, zvinetso zvazvinotarisana nazvo, uye nzira dzinoshanda dzokuisimbisa nadzo muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu.

Chii Chiri Mufananidzo?

Mufananidzo unonongedzera kumuitiro uyo vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanoita nawo nokuda kwavagari vavo. Mutoo uyo kupfurikidza nawo fariro dzakasiyana- siyana, zvinodikanwa, uye mipimo yavagari vemo zvinoratidzirwa mumitemo yehurumende nemitemo. Mumitemo yehurumende inomirira vagari vemo havavhoti panhau iri yose zvakananga; panzvimbo pezvo, vanosarudza vanhu vachasarudza nounei voga ndokusarudza nokuda kwavo. Iyi tsika inodzikamisa zvakanaka nemubatanidzwa wakakurumbira, asi inomutsawo mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pouyo mumiririri wavo (h) vamiririri vavo, vapi vavo, kana kuti vanhu vakavasarudza.

Vazivi nenyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika vakakurukura mumiriro wezvinhu kwamazana amakore. Murangariro wazvino uno wakabuda mukati meKuvhenekerwa, wakapesvedzerwa navafungi vakadai saJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau, uyo akataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo inoda kubvumiranwa kwavadzorwi. Nhasi, mufananidzo unonzwisiswa soukama hune simba pakati pavavhoti navakuru vavo vakasarudzwa, vakaumbwa namasarudzo, uye nzanga yavagari vemo.

Kukosha Kwokumirira

Kumiririra kunobatsira kunodiwa kuti hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu ive neutano hwakanaka.

  • Zvibvumirano mumiitiro uye mhatsa mukuita zvisarudzo: Mutumbi unomirira uyo unoratidzira nzanga yaanodzora sezvingabvira zvikuru unorangarira mhatsa yakasiana------ngoni yemifungo. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumiitiro inotungamirira kuzvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvamapoka akasiana - siana, panzvimbo pokufarira vakatanhamara vashomanene.
  • Nhaka dzavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kumativi avo: Vamiriri vanoziva kuti vanofanira kutarisana nokusarudzwa vane bviro huru yokuteerera vadzorwi vavo ndokupindura kuitiro hanya dzavo. Sarudzo yenguva dzose dzinoita chisarudzo chinochengeta hurumende ichinzwa.
  • inorevesa kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo uye kubatanidzwa mugadziriro yehurumende yeruzhinji: Vanhu pavanofunga kuti nyaya dzavo dzokuvhota uye kuti manzwi avo anogona kupesvedzera hurumende, vangangoramba vachiziva, vachivhota, uye kunyange kutotiza kuti vazvitonge vamene. Izvi zvinosimbisa tsika dzehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.
  • Rinoita kuti chiremera chehurumende: Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti hurumende inomirira fariro dzavo, vane bviro huru yokuwirirana nemitemo uye tsigiro kumasangano avanhu. Ichi chivimbo chamagariro avanhu chinokosha nokuda kwetsiga nebatira pamwe.

Marudzi Okumirira

Mufananidzo hausi murangariro mumwe wezvinogoverwa zvose. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akawana zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine mitoo yacho chimene nerevo nokuda kwekuziviswa kwefariro muhurumende.

Zvinomirira Kupwitika

Ikoku kunoitika apo vamiriri vanogoverana mavara makuru navavamiriri vavo, vakadai sedzinza, rudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti mugariro wemari. Pfungwa ndeyokuti mumiriri anoratidzika sevavamiriri vake uye akararama zvinoitika zvakafanana anogona kunzwisisa zviri nani uye kuva mutsigiri wezvinodikanwa zvavo. Somuenzaniso, nzvero yakaratidza kuti vaiti vemitemo yavakadzi vane bviro huru yokutsigira zvikwereti zvine chokuita noutano hwevakadzi uye mamiriro ezvinhu emhuri. Kunyora manyoro kunowanzoonekwa senzira yokuwana nayo kubatanidzwa kwokufananidzira uye kuvakirwa chivimbo munzanga dziri pasi peMagentical.

Mufananidzo wakaderera

Ikoku kunonangidzira ngwariro pazviito nemiitiro izvo vamiririri vanoreverera, pasinei zvapo namavara avo vamene. Muiti wemitemo wechirume wechichena anogona kumirira nenzira yokuzvimirira fariro dzenzanga yavatema kupfurikidza nokutsigira mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, kungofanana nomupfumi wezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kumirira boka rinoshanda kupfurikidza nokutsigira mutero unofambira mberi. Chiratidzo chezvisingashandiswi chinoyerwa nemiuyo yemiuyo nezvinyorwa zvokuvhota. Vatsoropotedza vanotaura kuti pasina kurondedzera mufananidzo, mufananidzo wakaderera ungava unopesana kana kuti usina kukwana, asi unoramba mwero une simba wokugamuchira.

Mufananidzo

Ikoku kunobatanidza kumirirwa kwemipimo, nzvimbo, uye mirangariro. Vatungamiriri vane zvishuvo zvakati kuti − zvakadai somunanzveri muduku, anofambira mberi kana kuti agara nebasa rehondo . Mifananidzo yokufananidzira inogona kunyandura chivimbo norudado, asi inogonawo kushandiswa kupfurikidza nemifananidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika nekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, wezvematongerwe enyika weboka rinoshanda angashandisa nhau yavo yomunhu oga kuratidzira Dologo reAmerica, kunyange kana zvinzvimbo zvavo zvemitemo zvichibva pafariro dzeboka rinoshanda.

Vamiriri vemitemo yokuvimba

Musiyano murondedzero yemimwe rondedzero ndewopakati pomuenzaniso wenhume nemutevedzeri wekuvimba. Vamiririri vanoita maererano nezvido zvavo, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani. Vanovimba vanoshandisa chisarudzo chavo vamene kuita zvavanodavira kuti ifariro yakanakisisa yevovo vorudzi. Vamiririri vazhinjisa vanoshanda pakati peimwe nzvimbo, muenzaniso unozivikanwa sepolitiko, apo vanochinja pakati pemabasa pazvinotsamira panhau. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei vamiririri vemimwe vachisarudza kupesana nemirangariro mizhinji muruwa yavo.

Kushandiswa Kunoita Mufananidzo

Kunzwisisa kuti mashandiro anoita munhu anenge achiratidza kuti ari kunzi ndiye anoshanda sei kunokosha kuti tizive kuti zvinofarirwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe zvingaitei pahurumende.

Zvisarudzo

Pamwero mukurusa, vagari vemo vanovhota vamiriri vanowirirana nefariro dzavo nezvinokosha. Nhuro dzinobatira sechishandiso chikuru chokuzvidavirira chakadai sechinobatira kusvitsa kariro dzinowirirana dzinogona kuvhoterwa. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzegadziriro dzesarudzo dzinotapura zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, miitiro yokutanga yemitemo yapashure inowanzoguma negadziriro yezvikamu zviviri inogona kusiya vavhoti vazhinji vasina mumiriri anobvumirana mirangariro yavo. Mukupesana, gadziriro dzemienzaniso dzinobvumira mapoka maduku kuwana zvigaro, kuratidzira mifungo yakafara.

Mapoka Okutungamirira Nokubira

Masangano anoshanda kuti awedzere fariro dzakananga nepesvedzero kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera, nhimbe dzavose, uye chiito chapamutemo. Mapoka emhoteredzo, masangano evashandi, masangano ebhizimisi, uye masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo ose anoedza kupesvedzera vaiti vemitemo. Nepo kukwidziridza kuchiwanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokupa simba gurusa kufariro dzakapfuma, kunobvumirawo mapoka evagari vemo akasanorongwa kuita kuti manzwi awo anzwike pakati pesarudzo. Chinokosha ndicho kujeka nemitemo inodzivisa ushati.

Kunzvera Kwapachena Nemikana Yokusarudza

Hurumende dzinowanzoita kuti vanhu vanzwe, vagare mudzimba dzemaguta, vapindure, kana kuti vaongorori vepaIndaneti vaudze vanhu zvavanoda kuti vazive nezvemitemo nemirau yakarongwa.

Basa Rinogutsa

Mumiririri mumwe nomumwe navashandi vavo vanopedza chikamu chinokosha chenguva yavo vachibetsera vamiririri vehurumende kuronga mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende(8) kurapa betsero dzevagara nebasa, kupedza zvinetso neSocial Security, kana kuti kukumbira mari. Iri basa rokutonga rudzi rwakananga rwebasa uye kazhinji kazhinji rinovaka kuvimbika kwakasimba pakati pavavhoti. Inoitawo kuti vamiriri vadzore zvinetso zvegadziriro dzemitemo zvingada kupedzwa nemitemo.

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Pesvedzero dzetsika nedzenzanga dzinoisa miganhu mitsva. Vagadziri vemitemo kazhinji kazhinji vanoongorora nzvero, tsamba, uye masangano anoshandira magariro avanhu kuti vaone kuti munhu anonzwa sei. Munguva yokukurumidza kuwana mashoko, pfungwa dzevanhu dzinogona kuchinja nokukurumidza, uye vamiririri vanofanira kupindura kana kuti kurasikirwa netsigiro. Izvi zvinoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nezvakaipa: mashoko asina kururama anogona kukanganisa murangariro wavanhu, uye vatungamiriri vangatanga kukurumbira kwenguva pfupi pakurasikirwa nemitemo yenguva refu.

Nhoroondo Yokumirira

Murangariro wokumirira wakavapo mumazana amakore akapfuura.MuAthens yekare, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende yakananga yakareva kuti vagari vose vavanhurume vaisarudza vamene pamitemo. Roman Republic yakasuma magungano anomirira vamiririri, asi kumirira kwakaramba kuchiganhurirwa kuvatungamiriri.Paramende yeEngland neDare reUnited States zvakawedzera pfungwa yacho zvishoma nezvishoma, kazhinji pashure pekutambura kukuru kweMagna Carta, Glorious Revolution, Chinjo yeAmerica, uye Revolution Acts muBritain zvose zvakasimudzira kumirira zvakawanda.

Nhamba huru dzinobatanidza kutambanudzwa kwamaruramiro okuvhota kuvakadzi, vashomanene, uye mapoka ezvemari akaderera. MuUnited States, Voting Rights Act ya 1965 yakanga iri chiratidzo chakabvisa mhinganidzo dzakawanda nokuda kwavavhoti veAfrica. Nyika yose, kukwidziridzwa nokuda kwemireza munyika dzakadai seGermany neNew Zealand kunoda kuparira mitemo iyo nenzira yakarurama zvikuru inoratidzira pamutemo. Kurwisana uku kwenhau kunoratidza kuti kumirira hakusi basa rapanguva dzose asi basa rinopfuurira.

Zvinetso Zvokuti Unyatsomiririra

Pasinei nokuti zvinhu zvakagara zvichigadzirwa sei, matambudziko akawanda anogona kutadzisa munhu kumiririra vamwe zvakanaka.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Zvikamu zvikuru zvepfungwa zvinogona kutungamirira kurumano, kuvimbika kwebato kunopfuura zvishuvo, uye kushaikwa kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Apo vamiriri vanopindura zvikurukuru vatungamiriri vebato kana kuti vavhoti vakuru panzvimbo pevavhoti vakuru vanonyaradzwa. Ikoku zvikurukuru kunonetsa mumibatanidzwa yose inowana vamiririri vanobva mumaruwa asina kurudziro yokupfuura nepaburi remugwagwa.

Kusava Ne hanya Nezvinhu Zvisina Kunaka Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Muvhoti muduku - zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku, vashomanene, uye vagari vemo vakaderera vanowanwa — kunoreva kuti chikamu chiduku chevagari vemo chinosarudza chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anomirira munhu ari wose. Mukuwedzera, mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota (zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvevota, kubviswa kwevhoti, uye kubviswa kwechikwata) zvinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mapoka akaderera, zvichideredza nheyo yokumirira.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvegadziriro Nokusaenzana

Mitengo yakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, vatano, uye mamiriro enzvimbo inogona kudzivisa nzanga dzakati kuti dzinzwiwe manzwi adzo. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzenhimbe dzemari dzinoda vapi vapfumi, dzichivapa pesvedzero yakarerekera kunze kwemitemo. Gerrymanider inobvumira vezvamatongerwe enyika kusarudza vavhoti vavo panzvimbo peimwe nzira, vachironga zvinobudirira miuyo yesarudzo uye vachidzivisa kukwikwidzana.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nhau

Muitiro wakawanda unomutsa mibvunzo yakadai sechinjo yomugariro wokunze, tarisiro yezvoutano, kana kuti ganhuriro yokushandisa uchenjeri yokugadzira. Kunyange vagari vemo vakasanoziva vangaparapatika kuyera nzvimbo dzavada kufunda. Uku kuoma kunogona kutungamirira kuvamiriri vanoita maererano namashoko asina kukwana kana kuti kunongedzera kunyanzvi idzo mipimo ingasawirirana nefariro dzavo.

Mukaha Wokumirira Vasiri Varombo uye Zvizvarwa Zvenguva Yemberi

Munyika yakapararira, vanhu vakawanda vanotapurwa nezvisarudzo zvehurumende vasingavhoti (vatami vanonyorwa kuti vatami, vashandi vechinguvana, uye kunyange vana. Zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, izvo zvichagara nhaka miuyo yemiitiro yanhasi (zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzemhoteredzo nedzemagariro ezvisakiso), havana inzwi rakananga. Kuwedzera kubatanidza aya mapoka idenho inokura yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzira Dzokuwedzera Nadzo Mufananidzo

Kuvandudza kumirira hurumende kunoda zvose zviri zviviri chinjo dzesangano nebvumirano yomunhu oga. Pasi apa pane mazano akavakirwa paufakazi anogona kuita musiyano.

Kutora Rutivi Runokurudzira

Kutanga kwakadai sokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzviitikira, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, matura etsamba, uye kuita kuti Zuva Rokusarudza zororo renyika zviwedzere zvikuru. Nyika dzakafanana neAustralia, iyo yakaraira kuvhota, dzinowana mwero yokuvhota inopfuura 90%. Nepo dzisati dziri hurumende dzose dzinotonga dzinogamuchira kuvhota kwokumanikidzirwa, kubvisa mhinganidzo uye kurerutsa muitiro wacho zvinovimbisa kuti nhevedzano yakafara yamanzwi inonzwi anonzwiwa.

Kutsigira Vaya Vanopindira Muzvinhu Zvisina Kunaka

Nhamburiko dzokutsvaka, chitima, uye vanoda mari kubva kunzanga dzinomiririrwa dzinotungamirira kumimiririri yakawanda inobatanidza. Masangano akadai se ELY] fur uye Kudzingirwa Chimwe Chinhu [[FLT:] yakabetsera kuwedzera nhamba yavakadzi navechiduku vari muhofisi. Mitemo inogonawo kuzarura mabanza kupfurikidza nokudzivisa manzwi matsva akavharwa kwenguva refu.

Kushandisa Mufananidzo Wezvikamu Zvenyika Kana Kuti Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvine Simba

Miitiro yeElectoral inoratidzira zviri nani mhatsa yemugadziri wevhiyi inogona kuwedzera kumimiriro. .Ranked-choicev (RCV) inobvumira vavhoti kuronga, kuderedza miuyo inopaza nokukurudzira mativi makuru, nhevedzano yokubatanidza. Gadziriro dzokuratidzira, dzinoshandiswa muEurope dzakawanda democracy, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kana boka rikawana 30% yevhoti, rinowana inenge 30% yezvigaro. Mito miviri inoderedza kuderera kwechido chakakurumbira nechibvumirano.

Kusimbisa Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Sarudzo yakasanoshongedzerwa kuita kuti vamiriri vapindurwe. Zvikoro, masangano enzanga, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvine basa mukudzidzisa nzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo, nzira yokuyera nayo vadaviri, uye nzira yokutora nayo kupfuura kuvhota (kwakadai sokupinda misangano yedare rechikoro kana kuti kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Center for Civic Education inopa zvinhu nokuda kwavadzidzisi navagari vemo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokutsigira Ubati Utongi Hwose

Madhigineti anogona kugonesa mirayiridzo yakananga yevagari vemo panyaya dzakananga. Somuenzaniso, Estonia inoshandisa urongwa hwokubvumira vagari vomunyika kuti vavhote paIndaneti uye kuti vataurewo nezvemitemo. Mamwe maguta akashandisa mari yokushandisa pakuronga, umo vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga kugovera chikamu chemari yehurumende. Maturusi aya anogona kuwedzera kuvimbisana kwehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye anogona kuwedzera kuvimbisana, kunyanya pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku.

Kuchinja Mari Yemushandirapamwe

Kuoneka mumipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kutsigira bhizimisi resarudzo, uye miganhu pamipiro yesangano rebhizimisi zvinogona kuderedza pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Apo vamiriri vanotsamira zvishoma pavapi vakapfuma, vakasununguka zvikuru kumirira fariro dzavo dzavamiriri. Publicsecrets [ chirongwa chinogovera mashoko pamusoro pemari muU.S., chinosimbisa nzvimbo dzechinjo.

mhedziso

Mufananidzo ikombiri yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inobvumira vanhu kuita kuti fariro dzavo dziziviswe muhurumende(8) asi haisati iri chinhu. Inoda kungwarira nguva dzose, kutora rutivi kwokushingaira, uye gadziriro yesangano izvo zvinoisa nhevedzano. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa miitiro yemifananidzo, kuziva denho dzainotarisana nadzo, uye kutsigira chinjo dzinoita kuti hurumende inzwe zvakanaka zvikuru, vagari vemo vanogona kuva vanobatikana zvikuru uye vanoshinga mukuumba nzvimbo yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvingava nokuvhotera, kukumbanira mapoka echikwata chehurumende, kana kuti kunyange kushandira hofisi, nhamburiko iri yose yokusimbisa kumirira utongi hwakanaka, hunosimba zvikuru.