Sumo

Pfungwa yokubvuma inomira seimwe yepfungwa dzakasimba zvikuru uye dzakapokanidzwa muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Inobvunza mubvunzo uri nyore kunyengera: nei tichibvuma kudzorwa, uye chii chinoita kuti chibvumirano ichocho chive chapamutemo? Kuvambira pamagungano ekare eAtene kusvikira kuzvino communistrations dzazvino uno, kubvumirana kwabatira sezvose zviri zviviri ruramiso yechiremera nechishandiswa kururamisa kusaruramisira kwacho. Mukuita, kubvumirana kuumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika (kubva mukusarudzwa kwezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Kunyange zvakadaro kuwirirana kwazvo nazvinowirirana kwacho, pfungwa inoramba ichipfuudzirwa nokusarerekera kurudzo. Chinonyanya kugona kupiwa mumigariro yokusaenzana kana kuti kumanikidza? Uye chii chinoitika apo kubvumira kubviswa kana kuti kupiwa munzvimbo yokutanga? Nyaya iyi inobvumira kushanduka nokubvumirana kwechibvumirano kwechibvumirano sechibvumirano chezvamatongerwe enyika, kuongorora kupfuudzosososososososo hw(5)

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Pfungwa yokubvuma yakachinjwa zvikuru mumazana amakore ose. kwayakatanga yakabva mumiitiro yekare yokuita zvisarudzo zvakabatana, asi chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakabuda nomufungo wokuvhenekerwa.

Zvakaitika Kare Nezvemunguva Yekare

MuGirisi yekare, zvikurukuru muAthens, pfungwa yokuva mugari wemo yakabatanidza kutora rutivi kwakananga mukudzora. Vagari vakaungana mu ekklesia kuti vavhote mitemo nemitemo, kuumba chimiro chakajeka kupfurikidza nokurangarira kweboka. Zvisinei, ichi chakaganhurirwa kuchiverengero chiduku chavagari vemo(vakadzi), varanda, uye vaisava vapanyika vakabviswa. Roma yekare yakagovera chirevo chepamutemo [ ambus tan git ambus.

Europe yeMiddle Ages zvikurukuru yakapa chiremera munhevedzano youmwari nenhaka. Madzimambo akataura kuti anotonga mukuwirirana nokuda kwaMwari, achiita kuti kubvuma kuve kusina kufanira kupamutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro kunyange munhambo ino, kubvumirana kunoshanda kwakabuda namasangano akadai seMagna Carta (1215), apo Mambo John akabvuma kuganhurira simba rake mukutsinhana netsigiro yehurumende. Uku kwakanga kusiri kubvumira kwakakurumbira, asi kwakasimbisa kuti vatongi vaigona kusungwa nebvumirano nedzokwakatongwa.

Chinjo Yokuvhenekerwa

Zana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18 rakaratidzira chinjo yokudengenyeka kwapasi. Vafungi vakavamba kutaura kuti chiremera chapamutemo chezvamatongerwe enyika chinofanira kutorwa mukubvumirano yavadzorwi, kwete mumurairo woumwari kana kuti simba routsinye. Rondedzero yenzanga yakava gadziriro huru yebvumiro yokunzwisisa. Nhamba huru inobatanidza:

  • Thomas Hobbes (158-1679): Mu LEVITHAthan, Hobbes akarondedzera "ruwa rwechisiko" uko upenyu hwakanga huri hwega, hwakaipa, hwakashata, hwakaipa. Kunzvenga mhatsa iyi, vanhu vakabvuma kuendesa kodzero dzavo kumukuru-mukuru wehurumende(mutongi). Hobbs, rainzi bhizimisi revo yainenge nguva imwe chete yairuramisa chiremera chinenge chiri chakakwana.
  • John Locke (1632-1704): Locke akapa chiono chakasununguka zvikuru. Iye akapikisa kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Hurumende inobuda nebvumirano yenzanga, asi mvumo inotsamira pachinhu. Kana mutongi akaputsa idzi maruramiro, vanhu vane maruramiro okumukira. Mifungo yaLocle yakapesvedzera zvakananga American Declaration of Independence.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-171778):[[FLT] Rousseau] Contract yenzanga yakasuma mufungo we "chido chenhaka"] .Chokwadi chinoda vanhu vanovavarira kuita zvakanaka. uchangamire hwechokwadi, akataura kuti, huri mubvumirano yavagari vemo vakaungana. Basa rake rinopesvedzera democracy nemmukiro, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropo vachicherekedza bviro rarwo nokuda kwechiuto rehurumende.

Ava vafungi vakachinja hwaro hwoune hwapamutemo hwezvamatongerwe enyika kubva mugamuchidzanwa kuenda kubvumirano yomunhu oga, vachigadza nzvimbo nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno.

Zvishongo Zveuzivi

Kunze kwevaidavira kuti kuchava nedzidziso dzenzanga, vazivi vakazogadzirisa pfungwa uye vakapikisa pfungwa yokubvuma.

Chirevo chaDavid Hume

David Hume (1711-1776) akapa murangariro wokupanikira. Mu "FLT Contract," iye akarangarira kuti hurumende zhinjisa dzakavakirwa pakukunda kana kuti kubvuta, hadzibvumi. Iye akacherekedza kuti vanhu vashomanene vakabvumira zvakajeka kuhurumende yavo; panzvimbo pezvo, vanoramba vachirega tsika kana kuti kutya. Hume inosiyaniswa pakati pa kubvumira (chibvumirano chapamberi) uye chibvumirano chebvumirano chekubvumirana chaidzoneidzo kuhurumende yavo; (ichiitwa nokupfuurira kugarwa kana kuti kushandiswa kwamasangano avose), asi achipanikira kana vapashure vachigona kubatanidza vanhu vamwe vanhu zvirokwazvo.

Immanuel Kant naAutonomy

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) akadzika midzi kubvuma pfungwa yokuzvitonga. Nokuda kwaKant, vamiriri vetsika vanogona kuzvidzora kupfurikidza nezvikonzero. Hurumende bedzi yapamutemo ndiyo inobata vagari vemo semigumo mavari vamene, kwete semitoowo zvayo. Ikoku kunotungamirira kupfungwa yokuti mitemo inofanira kuva yakadaro zvokuti vanhu vose vane mufungo vangagona kubvuma kwavari.

John Showls Nebvumirano Yebvudzi

Muzana ramakore rechi20, John Rawls (1921-2002) akamutsidzira rondedzero yenzanga nechinhu chitsva. Mu A Theory of Justice, akakarakadza kuti inheyo dzinongova idzo vanhu vakasununguka uye vane mufungo vaizobvumirana seri kwe "kusaziva"(8) kusaziva nzvimbo yavo vamene yenzanga, matalente, kana kuti zvitendero. Idzi ndidzo [[[FLT:]] chibvumirano chamagamupikicha [:: kwete kubvumirana chapachokwadi asi kuedza kwakarongwa kuedza zvakarurama. Kusvika kwapamhiko kwave kune pesvedzero kukuru mukurukurirano pamusoro pokusasarura ruramisiro.

Kuzvidzora Nemirangariro Inokasharara

Vazivi vezvechikadzi vakafanana naCarole Pateman ( The Sexual Contract) vakarangarira kuti rondedzero yetsika yebvumirano yenzanga yakavanza chibvumirano chevatano icho vakadzi vanozviisa pasi. Konde, vanokwikwidza, vakashandiswa kare kururamisa simba ramadzitateguru. Nenzira yakafanana, vazivi vanotsoropodza vanoonesa kuti kubvumira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoshanda sechishandiso cheburi, namapoka akaganhurirwa anoramba simba rokupa kana kuti kuramba kubvumirana kune revo. Idzi rondedzero dzinodai dzakawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kuti kubvumira kunoita sei masangano ekusaenzana.

Kuedza Kubvuma Kwazvino Uno

Mukutonga kwepanguva ino, kubvuma kunoramba kuri nheyo huru yokuronga, kunyange zvazvo kuchiita zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kuratidzirwa kunooneka zvikurusa kwemvumo munyika dzazvino uno kuri kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Vagari vemiteveri vanokarirwa kuita chiito mufariro dzavo. Zvisinei, kunaka kweichi chibvumirano kunotsamira pazvinhu zvakadai seperero yesarudzo, kusvika kumashoko, uye nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinowanika.

Masangano Enzanga Nokutsigira

Masangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo, sangano reArabia Spring kana kuti Black Live Matter anomutsa mubvunzo kuti hurumende dziripo dzinotsigira kubvumira kune idzo dzinonyanya kutapura. Masangano aya anotsigira kuchinjwa kwebvumirano yenzanga, achirayira kuti kubvumira kuve kune revo uye kusingabatanidzwi.

Mutemo Wenyika Dzose Nezviito

Pamwero wenyika yose, inotaura kuti kubvumirana, kokorodzano, uye masangano amarudzi ose akadai seChibatanwa chaMarudzi. Nheyo ye yaSistasa servanda ("Tsvaka rinofanira kuchengetwa) inotsamira papfungwa yokuti hurumende dzakagadzwa dzakazvisunga dzimene nokuzvidira. Chinongedzero chesimba chinooma zvikuru ichi: masangano maduku kana kuti asina kusimba angabvuma mudzvinyiriro yezvemari kana kuti yezvemari, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pebvumirano iyoyo.

Zviwanikwa zvamamwe mabasa ebvumirano yazvino uno zvinobatanidza Encyclopedia yeFilosofi pabvumirano ne kupeta-pfupikisa kwemvumo murondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinetso Zvinopa Pfungwa Yokubvuma

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo rehwaro, pfungwa yokubvuma inotarisana nedenho dzinokosha dzerondedzero nedzinoshanda.

Makorini Nezvikamu Zviduku

Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko kuva kunoshanda. Bva mumigariro mizhinji, vanhu vanomanikidzwa nechero kumanikidzwa (zvingava tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba) kana kuti chivako (zvinodikanwa zvemari, kushaikwa kwezvimwe). Somuenzaniso, mushandi ano "bvuma" kushandisa migariro yebasa nemhaka yokuti chimwe chinhu bedzi ndiko kuziya nenzara hakugoni kutaurwa kuva zvakabvumiranwa zvapachokwadi. Ichi chinetso chinotambanudzwa kubvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika: kana kusiya nyika kwakaoma nenzira inorambidzwa, nzvimbo yokugara inopfuudzirwa haizoratidziri bvumirano yechokwadi nehurumende.

Kubvuma Kudzidziswa

Kubvuma kunoshanda kunoda mashoko akakwana. Vagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa zvavari kubvuma kujekeso dzechaunga chezvokutengeserana, kusashanda zvakanaka, uye migumisiro yezvisarudzo zvamatongerwe enyika. Munhambo yemashoko asina kururama, mutemo wakaoma, uye unyanzvi chaihwo, chinangwa chokubvuma kuziva chinova chakaoma kuwana. Vatambi kazhinji kazhinji vanotsamira pavatsigiri kana kuti paruvimbiko, vachipanikira kana kubvumira kwavo kuchizivikanwa zvirokwazvo.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Nokuzviparadzanisa

Kubvuma kukarakadza kuti vose vane banza rokuratidzira bvumirano yavo kana kuti kusabvumirana. Bva kupesana kungava kupfurikidza nemhinganidzo dzapamutemo, kudzvinyirira kwomuvhoti, kana kuti kuderedza kuisa kurutivi rwetsika kupfurikidza negadziriro yokubvumirana. Mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero yehurumende dzinotonga pamusoro pevagari vemo vasingabvumirwi (vakadai savagari vendima dzisina maruramiro okuvhota) inoramba isina kupedzwa.

Pedza Kutendera

Vanhu vashomanene vanobvumirana zvakananga nehurumende yavo. Vazhinjisa vanotsamira pabvumiro yapachivande yapachivande yakadai sechivhota, kubhadhara mitero, kana kuti kungogara mukati menyika.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kubvumirana kwechinyararire hakuna kusimba zvikuru kupfuudza chiremera chapamutemo, sezvo kuchibatanidza kubvuma nebvumirano. Uku kunyanduka kwakanyanya kwakakomba nokuda kwavanhu vanoberekerwa munyika uye havagoni kusiya nyore nyore nyore.

Basa Redzidzo Mukubvumirana Kunzwisisa

Vanhu vanonzwisisa kodzero dzayo, marongerwo ayo, uye nheyo dzouzivi hwezvematongerwe enyika zvakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti zvipe kana kuti zvisabvumirane nokuziva kwechokwadi.

Dzidzo Yemichero

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende − maitirwe emitemo, mashandire anoita sarudzo, uye maruramiroi avanawo kuti vatsigire nenzira inobudirira. Dzidzo yeKBICO inotsigirawo nzwisiso yerwisano dzenhau dzokubatanidzwa, dzakadai sokukura kwepfumbidzo. Nyika dzine zvikwata zvehurumende zvakasimba dzinova nekombamiro yokusarudza nokuvimba kukuru mumasangano edemocracy.

Kufunga Kunonetsa uye Kuverenga Nokunyora

Zvirongwa zvokuverenga nokunyora zvinobatsira vanhu kuziva kusasarura, mashoko asina kururama, uye kushandisa zvinhu zvisina kufanira — zvinokosha pakusarudza zvamatongerwe enyika. Zvikoro nemasangano enzanga zvinogona kusimudzira izvi zvirongwa zvokudzidza nokuongorora zviitiko zvazvino uno.

Kutora Rutivi Nokuzvidira Kwokushingaira

Kubvuma hachisi chiito chokungotaura. Nhamburiko dzedzidzo dzinokurudzira hurumende yavadzidzi, makirabhu ekurukurirano, uye basa renzanga zvinogovera ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda mukuita zvisarudzo zvavose. Zvirongwa zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende yapamutemo yapamutemo, zvakadai sematare evatongi kana kuti bhajeti yokupa migove, dzinobvumira vanhu kurovedza kubvumira kupfurikidza nekurukurirano. Izvi zvinoitika zvinogona kushandura kuva zvinobatanidzwa zvikuru uye zvinonzwisisa vehurumende gare gare muupenyu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penzira iyo dzidzo inotsigira nayo kubvumira kwehurumende yeruzhinji, ona Shoudo yaCarnegie Corporation padzidzo yavagari vemo[[FLT: 1].

Kubvumira Nguva Yenhamba

Kuongorora zvinhu kuri kuita kuti pave nezvimwewo zvinhu zvinoda kubvumiranwa.

Kubvuma Kudzidziswa muCyberspace

Vashandisi vazhinjisa "gree" kumipimo yebasa nokuvhura kumwe, asi vashomanene vanorava chinyorwa chakaisvonaka. Ichochi pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi imba yezvibvumikiso zvakapindwa, chitarisiko pasina nzwisiso yechokwadi. Purogiramu yetendero (inowanzova refu, mitemo, uye inodikanwa nokuda kwemibato inokosha) inodzika pachena kuti vashandisi vanobvumirana nei. Kunzvera kwezvemari kwetsika kunoratidza kuti zvikanganiso uye kupesvedzera zvikuru zvisarudzo zvekubvumirana, kumutsa funganyo pamusoro peIsclam.

Kuwedzera Kwemadhigirii Nekubvumirana Nematongerwe Enyika

Hurumende dzinounganidza nenzira inowedzera zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko omunhu oga, kazhinji kazhinji pasina kubvumirana kwakananga kana kuti nebvumirano inowanwa mudzvinyiriro. Kushandiswa kwokuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuongorora kwenzanga, uye mapurisa anodeya kutaura zvinogona kuparira tapuro inotyisa pakutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagari vangarega kutaura kana kuti kuungana kana vachitya kuongororwa, kukanganisa migariro imene umo kubvumira kwechokwadi kunogona kupiwa kana kuti kubviswa. Dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nemvumo inoramba iri kurukurirano huru munzanga dzedemocracy.

Kukwanisa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Nemadhigirii

Kurutivi rwakanaka, maturusi emichina anopa nzira itsva dzokubvuma. Kunzvera, uye nhano dzemichina zvinogona kuita kuti kutora rutivi kuve nyore uye kukurumidza zvikuru. Simba reEstonia rekosie rinogovera muenzaniso mumwe wemitemo yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvingawedzera nayo kutaura kwebvumirano. Zvisinei, makombiyuta anopa mikana mitsva yokuda kufanana nekombiyuta, uye bviro yokushandisa zvisakafanira inofanira kunyorwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kubvumira makombiyuta kwakakodzera seyayo inobvumiranwa pakombiyuta.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kubvuma Kushanda

Mienzaniso yenhau neyapanguva imwe cheteyo inoratidza kuti kubvumirana kwakadini — kana kuti kusavapo kwayo — kunochinja zvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinjo yeAmerica

Vagari vomuAmerica vakaramba zvakajeka chiremera cheBritain kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuzvimirira, vachitaurira kuti vakanga vasina kubvumira mitero pasina kumirira. Chiziviso Chorusununguko chinokumbira Locke: hurumende dzinowana “masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. ” Uku kwakanga kuri zvose zviri zviviri kutaura kwouzivi nedanidzo inoshanda yechiito. Chinjo yakavapo yakaumba kubviswa kukurusa kwemvumo, kuchitungamirira kukuumbwa kwehurumende itsva yakavakirwa pauchangamire hwakakurumbira.

Kuchinjira kweSouth Africa Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Mugumo worusaruraganda wakabatanidza kubvumira kunoshamisa. Muhurumende yorusaruraganda, vatema vazhinjisa vakanga vasina inzwi rezvematongerwe enyika (8-vuno yavo haina kutsvakwa kana kupiwa. Kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, sarudzo dza1994 dzakabvumira vose veSouth Africa kuti vataure kubvumirana kwenguva yokutanga. Zvokwadi neReconciliation Commission yakaedzazve kuvakazve ruvimbo kupfurikidza nokubvuma kuputsa kwekare kubvumirana. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuti kubvumira kunogona kuvakwazve pashure pokubviswa kwakanyanyisa, kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho wave usina kupfupikisa uye wakakwana.

Chitsuwa cheArabia (2010-2012)

Kuramba kukuru muMiddle East neNorth Africa kwakaraira kuti vatongi vanodzvinyirira vadzikire pasi, vachitaura kuti makumi amakore okutonga kwakanga kwave kuri kusina pamutemo pasina kubvumiranwa navanhu. Munyika dzakafanana neTunisia, kumukira kwakatungamirira kuchinjo yedemocracy. Mudzimwe, dzakadai seSiriya, kurambwa kwemvumo kwakaguma nehondo yavagari vemo. Arabia Spring yakaratidzira kuti kubvumira kunogona kubviswa pamwe chete, asi kuti muuyo wacho unova usingadeyi kutedzeki, zvikurukuru apo masangano okushandura bvumirano yokutonga yakatsigaro anoderera.

Mugari, Rwedzinza, uye Miganhu Yokubvumirana

Chikadzi nerondedzero dzedzinza dzinotsoropodza dzakafumura kuti kubvuma kwave kuchishandiswa sei nenzira yakasarudzwa. Munhau, vakadzi vakarangarirwa kuva vasingakwanisi kupa bvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika; kunyange pashure pokunge vabvuma kwaiswa pasi pemisoro yavarume vemhuri. Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka maduku edzinza akanyimwa, akaiswa mumiedzo yokudzidza, uye zvimwe akabviswa pamuitiro wokubvumirana. Mufungo wa [FLT: 0] chibvumirano chechechi [[] chibvumikiso chakaumbwa namabhanti akawanda eziviso nesimba. Hurumende inofarikanya kubvumira kupfurikidza namamwe mapoka ingangova isati ichiri isina pamutemo kana ichibvisa nenzira yakarongwa kana kuti ichiita vamwe vanhu vasingadiwi.

Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwenhau ipi neipi yakakwana yokubvumirana sokutaura kwakaita muzivi Susan Okin, kufuratira vatano yavanhurume nedzinza murondedzero yokubvuma kunosiya kusaenzana kuripo kusingarambidzwi.

mhedziso

Kubvira kumagungano ekare kusvikira kumasangano etsika, kubvira kumasangano enzanga kusvikira kumasangano anoshandira magariro, pfungwa yokubvumirana inoramba iri chinhu chikuru kunharo pamusoro porurambidzo, chiremera, uye ruramisiro. Inogovera zvose zviri zviviri mupimo wokuongorora hurumende nechishandiswa chokudzisarudza kana dzikakundikana. Kubvira panguva ino kusvikira kumativi ose anenge akareruka, kunoda rusununguko rwokubvuma, kusvika kumashoko, uye mano echokwadi okusabvumirana. Munhambo yokuchinja kusinganzwisisiki kwemanzwisisikei, upfumi hwenyika yose, uye kusaenzana kupfuurira kwepfungwa pamusoro pezvakajeka kwakakura kunotsamira pakufunga kwakakura kupfuura kare. Kudzidza, kuranga, kupfurikidza, uye kupfuudza masangano hakutongokoshi kusimbi kuvimbisa kuti kubvumire kuva kune revo. Sezvingori vanhu vagari vemo havabvumiri bedzi mukunzwisisa kudzora kudzokorodza kudzokororo dzose dziri kudzokorodza.