Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Muitiro wakakodzera inheyo yemitemo yevirock yeAmerica, inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina miitiro yakarurama nemitemo. Hausi mutemo mumwe asi sitemu inochinjika inochinjika inochinjika kukwaniriswa, ichiita kuti zviitiko zvepamutemo zvive zvakanaka zvikuru. Murangariro wacho unodzo unodzorwa muDimberi neGavhuramisi yeMitemo yeFirefu yeU.S., inorambidza hurumende kuramba muitiro wakafanira. Iyi mitemo miviri inoumba chivako chamativi maviri edziviriro: Kudzorwa kwechishanu kuhurumende yeGeneti yeFireth Reformation inobatira kuhurumende, nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Muitiro wazvino uno wakafanira uno unonzwisiswa kupfurikidza namasangano maviri akasiyana asi anotevedzana: muitiro wekugadza nemuitiro wakafanira. Njodzi dzinoda kufungwa pamusoro pechiito chehurumende how yechiito chehurumende], ziviso, nzeve, uye zvikumbiro zvinofanira kutanga kubviswa kupi nokupi kwekodzero. Muitiro wakafanira, nokupesana, poronzesa, zvinoisa porogoza [[FLT:] [FLT]][FLT:%812] , zvinotengwa nemitemo pachazvo, zvinodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzipi nedzipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi. Mapazu ose ari maviri anokosha kuchengetera nzanga umo simba risingafungidzirwi.

Mavambo Enhau Ezvinoitika Zvakakodzera

Nheyo yemuitiro wakafanira ine mavambo makuru enhau anosvika shure mazana amakore pamberi pokuvakwa kweAmerica. Mutangiri akakurumbira zvikurusa ndi Magna Carta wa1215, ane Ganhuro 39 rakataura kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo, kutapwa, kana kuti kudzingwa mugwenga ̴ kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. ̵ chitsama chamashoko ichocho, “ mutemo wenyika, &” gare gare gare vazivi vemitemo seSir Edward Coke yakakwidza pfungwa yacho mumazana amakore akatevera, uye yakapinzwa muhurumende inogamuchirwa naMagariro ehurumende.

Vagadziri veAmerica vakakweva zvikuru paiyi gamuchidzanwa. James Madison, uyo akanyoresa Gamende yeFindro, akarangarira muitiro wakafanira kubatira sedziviriro kuhugamba hwehurumende sekushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwavakuru vakuru. Pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, Reconsolence yakawedzera Dare reIniversitement, inogovera dziviriro dzinodikanwa dzinodikanwa kuvanhu vose vari mukati moudzori hwehurumende uye kugovera chishandiswa chine simba kudzivirira varanda vachangobva kusunungurwa pamitemo yehurumende. Gaunda raVazhemma Gaunda redare rakakwirira rakadai serevo [[FLT:] Hurdo v. California[FFLT:] [FLT:] (1184] [18]]) uye [FLT:] [FLT] na[FLT] mugadziriro yezviposeromeserose.[5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Ratisimudzirwa muna 1791, Findt Amendment inoti: “ hakuna munhu achatapurwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ̵ ichi chitsama chakadudzirwa kuti chide kuti hurumende ipe ziviso dzakafanira, mukana wokunzwiwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina chizivano, uye mukana une revo wokupa ufakazi. Nokufamba kwenguva, Kugadziridzwa kweshanu kwakaparirawo boka rakapfuma romutemo pamusoro pezvako, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, uye nzvimbo inokudzwa inosimudzira vavariro yokudzivirira vanhu pachiito chehurumende. Court ̱ chisarudzo chikurusaity . [FPF:M]

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina

Chikamu 1 cheKineth Amendment chinopiwa kuti hakuna hurumende ichashandisa munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ̵ iyi revo yakashandura hurumende yeAmerica nokuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire kutsika yenyika. Kududzira kwapakuvamba kwakanga kwakatetepa, asi muzana ramakore rechi20 Dare rakanga rashandisa IPPDYPD ̱ Factive Clausssion kubatanidza pedyo na Bill of Rights, kubatanidza rusununguko rwekutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye kurudyi. Matsorororo akadai [FL:][3]

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Programme inodzivisa Hurumende kuita chiito; panzvimbo pezvo, inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakati isati yaita saizvozvo. Dare Gurusa rakatanga muedzo unochinjika mu Maws v. Elditridge [7] kutema kuti muitiro unofanira kuitwa mumugariro wakapiwa. Maws [5], matare aiyera zvinhu zvitatu: fariro dzepachivande, ngozi yezvipo, uye njodzi dzehurumende dzinovapo, ^8]

Zvinhu zvinoumba muitiro wokusarudza zvinosanganisira:

  • [ Thokosi. Vanhu vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakakodzera uye yakakwana yechiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chingatapura maruramiro avo. Ikoku kunoreva kuziviswa nezvepomero, ufakazi, uye miuyo inobvira.
  • .Opportgation kuinzwiwa. Vanhu vanotapurwa vanofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa rutivi rwavo rwenhau yacho(zvingava kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kuzviisa pasi kwakanyorwa, kana kuti chibvumikiso chokutaura) pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri.
  • Chikamu chiduku. [[FT:1] Muiti wechisarudzo anofanira kuva asingatori rutivi, asina njodzi yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari mumuuyo. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira hausati uri muitirowo zvawo asi dziviriro yechokwadi.
  • [ Yakarurama Kuzano Noufakazi. Mumashoko akawanda, zvikurukuru mhaka dzoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unoda kusvika kumimiriri yapamutemo namano okunangana nechapupu chakaipa cheastamine.
  • [ Chisarudzo chakasarudzwa. Tsananguro yakanyorwa kana kuti inotaurwa yechisarudzo inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti muiti wechisarudzo arangarire ufakazi ndokutevera mutemo.

Muitiro wakafanira wetsika unoshanda munhevedzano yakafara yemigariro kupfuura kutongwa kwoutsotsi: betsero yegarikano, chirango chavadzidzi, kubvisa mishonga kwenyanzvi, kunzwika kwokutama, uye kuranga kunoda miitiro yakananga yakasiana.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inodzivirira maruramiro akati anokosha padzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange kana hurumende ikatevera miitiro yakakwana. Iri bazu remuitiro wakafanira rinomutsa nharo zvikuru nemhaka yokuti rinokumbira matare kuyera zviri mukati nedonzo remitemo, kwete mitoo bedzi yaishandiswa kuigombedzera. Dzidziso yakabuda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 mumhaka dzakadai se Allgeyr v. Louisiana [1897] [[FLT]] na[FL:2]] Lochner v. New York[FLT:] [1920]] [190], apo Dare gurusa rezve rakarova mirairo yemari yemari yemari yaidzosa. [[FLT] [FLT]

Muitiro wazvino uno uno uno unodzivirira maruramiro anokosha ari “ akadzikwa zvikuru muuyu Muslituana ’ nhau negamuchidzanwa ̵ uye anokosha kurusununguko. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva maruramiro anokosha anoverengeka pasi peiyi dzidziso, kubatanidza:

  • Kodzero yokuroora (mutoo., Loving v. Virginia, 1967; Obergefell v. Hodges], 2015)
  • Kodzero yokuita procreate (Skerver v.Oklahoma, 1942])
  • Kodzero kukudzivisa kubata pamuviri ([[FLT: 0]Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1], 1965)
  • Kodzero kukubvisa mimba ([[FLT: 0] Roe v. , 1973, uye [[FLT]]] Parents v. Casey, 1992, kunyange zvazvo [[FLT]][FLT]] yaitonga ] Dobs v.Vakadzi & ̱ Organization youtano [[FLT:], 2022]]
  • Kodzero yokutungamirira kurerwa kweA’ vana (Pierce v. Society of Hanzvadzi , 1925)
  • Kodzero yokufamba (Saenz v. Roe, 1999)

Apo mutemo unoputsa muitiro mukuru wakafanira wakafanira, matare anoshandisa kunzvera kwemativi, achida kuti hurumende iratidzire kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Iyi bar yakakwirira inovimbisa kuti rusununguko rwomunhu oga runokosheswa zvikurusa harusi rwokusanyanyoshaikwa nemitemo mikuru.

Kukosha Kwegadziriro Yakafanira Munzanga Yakasununguka

Muitiro wakafanira haisingori dzidzisowo zvayo yapamutemo; musengwa wetsika negadziriro kukutonga kwomutemo. Pasina dziviriro dzakasimba dzakafanira, vanhu vanotapurwa nokusungwa kwokuzvidira, chirango chokupfupikisa, uye kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende.

  • Check on Arbitrary Power. Kupfurikidza nokuda hurumende kururamisa zviito zvayo kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakagadzwa neganhuriro duku, muitiro wakafanira unodzivisa kuisa ngwariro kuchiremera chisingadzorwi.
  • [ , pamutemo napakuvimba. Zviitiko zvakarurama zvinowedzera chivimbo chavanhu mutsika yapamutemo. Kana vanhu vachiziva kuti vachanzwiwa ndokutongwa pasina rusaruro, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachagamuchira miuyo, kunyange yakaipa.
  • [ Kudzivirirwa kweMiduku. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira vanhu vasina dziviriro namapoka kubva kuudzvinyiriri hwevatongi. Inovimbisa kuti kunyange vanhu vasingadiwi vanogamuchira maruramiro mamwe chetewo okuda kufanana nomunhu ari wose.
  • [ Kurasika uye Fair. Nhevedzo dzorudzi dzakadai sekodzero yezano, kuwana, uye kunzvera zvinoderedza ngozi yezvitendero zvisina kururama, kuramba kukanganisa, uye kushaiwa kusina kururama.
  • Kuremekedza Chiremera Chomunhu Mumwe. Papfundo rayo, muitiro wakafanira unozivisa kuti munhu ari wose akafanirwa nokubatwa nechiremera noruremekedzo nehurumende. Kuziva ikoko kunokosha kunzanga yedemocracy.

Kugadzirira Kunoita

Gadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Munhau dzoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unoisa zvinodikanwa zvikuru padare napamatare. Kodzero huru inobatanidza maruramiro kumuedzo wavose, unotangwa mu Gideon v. Waingrick (1963), ndiimwe yedzinokunda zvikurusa nokuda kwechiito chepamutemo. Kudzivirira kukuru kunobatanidza maruramiro kumuedzo wavose, maruramiro okutarisana nezvipupu, dziviriro mukurwisana nokumanikidzirwa kwokuzvidzora umene [[FLT:]] Maranda ), uye zvinodikanwa izvo mhaka yemhosva inoratidzirwa kusingapanikidzwi nepanikidzo ine mufungo. Iyi inogadzirirwa kudzivisa maruramiro okusa mhaka uye kuchengetera kusarura mhaka.

Fambiro Mberi Nevatarisiri Vavanhu Vose

Nhevedzo inopfuura zvikuru matare echipameso. Mumhaka dzavagari vemo, mapati ane kodzero yokucherekedza kukwirira mhaka, mukana wokupa ufakazi, uye maruramiro okukwirira. Masangano adzorori (akadai seSocial Security Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, uye dare rinopa mabhodhi okupa mahotera ehurumende) (anofanira kupa nzeve dzakarurama vanhu vasati vanzwa zvakanaka, maraibhukwana, kana kuti dzimwe nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT: 0] Goldberg v. Kelly[FLT:] (1970), Dare Rapamusoro rina kuti vagamuchiri vegaro vanonzi vane kodzero yokunzwa kwapafamba pamberi pezvikomborero zvavo zvinogona kubviswa. Nenzira yakafanana, vadzidzi vanotarisana nokudzingwa muzvikoro kuti vazive nokunzwa pasi pe [FFT:]

Kutama

Mutemo wokutora nyika unopa gadziriro yakaoma zvikuru yenzvimbo. Rukudzo rwavanhu varipo mumuviri muUnited States runowanzova nekodzero yeFindth Amendment ’ dziviriro, kureva kuti vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso nokunzwa zvakanaka vasati vaendeswa. Zvisinei, ukuru hwedziviriro idzi dzinogona kusiyana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vakachengetwa pamuganhu kana kuti vanovharwa kuti vadzikurwe. Nhau dzeDare Repamusorosoro renguva pfupi yapfuura dzakafanana ne Jennings v. Rodriguez[FLT:] (2017) vakatambura kana kuchengetwa kwenguva refu pasina zvisungo zvichipesana nomuitiro unoda, zvichiratidzira kunetseka kuripo pakati pekuchengetekasarudzirwa kworudzi rwavanhu.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo rehwaro, muitiro wakafanira unotarisana netyisidziro huru muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro uye Kuwana Ruramisiro

Chipikirwa chegadziriro yakafanira chinoramba chisina maturo nokuda kwavazhinji vasingagoni kupiwa zano rapamutemo. Munhau dzavagari vemo. Nemhaka dzinobatanidza kudzingwa, kuunganidzwa kwechikwereti, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kutama (individials (varwi vemagariro avanhu) kazhinji kazhinji vanooneka [[ pro (pasina gweta) nokuti havana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kupinza zano. Dare repamusoro mu Lassiter v. Department of Social Services [19981] (1] rairangarira kuti hapana kodzero inoitika yokupa zano munhau dzevagari vemo, achisiya mamirioni kuti vadzore masangano akaoma. Rudzi neadioti yezvokuwedzera chinetso ichi. Studiastscius anowana kuti Black neSc naShustritiase kazhinji anodzorororororo anowanikwa zvakakomba dzakakomba dzakakomba dzakakomba dzakakomba dzakakomba dzakafanana nokusanwa kutarisana.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuva Woga

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunodenha gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa. Kunzvera kwehurumende, purogiramu yezviso, kuzivisa maatomu, uye gadziriro dzinoita zvisarudzo dzinodaidzwa dzinogona kunyima vanhu rusununguko kana kuti zvinhu pasina kuoneka kana kuti kuhwirudzura. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemaaunzi engozi mukuranga nokushandisa mari yebheyi yejeri kungakanganisa kusarurana uye kuramba mukana wokudenha mashoko ari pasi. Nenzira yakafanana, kuunganidzwa kwouchapupu hwemifungo kubva kumafoni, magariro echimuko, uye GPS kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezviziviso, kubvumira, uye Kudzosera kweDSwena Kupasvene ̱ mhesano negadziriro yakafanira. Dare repamusoro rePUPUPUP.N:217; chisarudzo chekudenha mashoko akavanzika nenyumwi.[FL:0]

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nesimba Renjodzi

Muzita rechengeteko yenyika, hurumende pane dzimwe nguva dzakadzivisa muitiro wakafanira. Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, U.S. yakachengetwa yakafungidzirwa kuva magandanga paGuantanamo Bay uye kune imwe nzvimbo, ichitaura kuti ivo vaiva pasi pematare ehondo panzvimbo pematare avanhu. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzosa mumhaka dzakafanana Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004] [2004] [[FLT]] na[FL:2] Boundidie v. [Bush] [2003], rinoomerera kuti kunyange muvengi ane muitiro wakakodzera kudenha kuchengetwa kwavo pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo. Bva, zvikurukuru sezvo masimba engozi engozi mukati njodzi dzomusikirwo, uye njodzi dzemunzanga dzinoitika pakati pezvigaro zvakako.

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuura kufungidzira kwapamutemo; musengwa mupenyu kurusarura ruzhinji rweAmerica. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira kuMadmistments yeshanu ne 144th Amendments, kubva Mathews v. Eldidge[ ku [FLT] ku [FLT] Obergefel v. Hodges[] nheyo iyi yakavapo kuti igonane nedenho itsva apo inoramba iri yechokwadi kudonzo rayo: kuvimbisa kuti munhu ari wose anogamuchira mukana une revo wokunzwiwa uye kuti hurumende ishandise simba rayo mukati ganhuriro dzakarurama. Sezvicho vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vagari vemo, uye vagari vemo vagari vemo vanokosha kuchengetedza maruramiro nerusununguko rwavanhu vose. Chinotongeridzo dzinotongoshatsa kuzivisa kutarisana nemho dzamatsva kupfurikidza nemitemo yevose. Asi anotongedzese zviri pachena zvevanhu vose.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[[FLT: 1] Cornell Information Institute ̱ kupeta-pfupikisa kwomuitiro wakafanira, [ projekti pa Gideon v. Wainwr[[FLT:]], uye ACLU& #217; kunzvera kwemipimo yedzinza mutsika yeruramisiro.[FLT]