Basa Repakati Rebazu Mukushandisa Muitiro Wechibvumirano weU.S.

Mugadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States, Bazu Rinopa Hurumende injini yokudzora(_nobhauchirwa kwete bedzi nokusimbisa mitemo asiwo nokushingaira kuumba muitiro nokuita zvisarudzo pamusha nokune dzimwe nyika. Rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi, bazi iri rinoshandisa mubatanidzwa wechiremera chebumbiro remitemo, michina yokudzora, uye pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinoriita simba guru mukurongwa kwenyika. Kunzwisisa kuti Bazu Rinodzora rinoshanda sei, mativi aro ourongwa, uye mitoo yarinoshandisa kudzora inodikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende yeAmerica nhasi.

Chivako Chebazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu roMutungamiriri rinorongwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Zvikamu zvaro zvikuru zvinobatanidza Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihe, Bishopu, Bitmate, uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano ehurumende namadhipatimendi. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinhu zvinoumba gadziriro yehurumende inodzorwa kuti iite mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress uye kutarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva rehurumende yehurumende.

Purezidhendi

Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, achiita kuti basa rive rakasiana mubatanidzwa waro wetsika nechiremera chavakuru vakuru. Sakanda wemauto ane zvombo, Purezidhendi anotungamirira gadziriro yehondo. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuisa mutemo, anogadza vatongi vehurumende kubatanidza vatongi veDare reMikurusa, vanotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinodzorwa neDare rokurumbidza), uye vanokanganwira. Masimba aya, anodudzwa muChikamu II, anokudzwa nebasa raPrezidhente somutungamiriri webato ravo rezvematongerwe enyika, iro rinopa pesvedzero yokuwedzera pamusoro pezvinokosha zvemitemo.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi

Mutungamiriri weSangano reSangano rePurezidhendi ndiye mukuru mukuru wechipiri muBazu roUkuru. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richipa Mutungamiriri weSanihesi basa guru rokutonga pamutemo (*kuvhota saPurezidhendi weDare nokuvhota zvisungo zvokubatanidza). Vatungamiriri vePrezidhendi vazvino uno vanotora zviteshi zvemitemo zvinokosha, kazhinji kazhinji vachishanda savakuru vakuru vemibato navasonganiri kuDare. Mutungamiriri weSanihedhesi ndiye wokutanga mumutsara rapurezidhendi wenhevedzano yenhevedzano uye angagoverwa mitoro yakananga naPrezidhente.

Kabhineti

Dare rinoumbwa nemisoro yamadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira (zvakadai seHurumende, Treasurer, Defense, Justice, uye Dzidzo) uye vamwe vakuru vakuru avo Purezidhendi anosarudza. Mitezo yeKibitma inogadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare. Inotarisira madhipatimendi avo, muitiro wokushandisa, uye kupa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau dziri pakati pounyanzvi hwavo. Kabhineti ibatirano inodenha pakati pokuitwa kwechiono chaPrezidhendi negadziriro dzehurumende.

Hofisi Yakananga yaPurezidhendi (EOP)

Kunze kweKibinet, Purezidhendi anotsamira paHofisi yePuerceria yePresident, iyo inobatanidza Hofisi yeHouse, Hofisi yeDzidzo neDzidzo, National Security Council, uye Council of Economic Advisers, pakati pamamwe. aya mapoka anogovera kunzvera, tsinhirano, uye nhungamiro yemubatanidzwa, achibetsera Purezidhendi kutarisira mubatanidzwa mukuru.

Federal Armatics uye Utongi Hwehurumende

Bhazi reBazi rinopa mibatanidzwawo mazana amasangano akazvimirira, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende − akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, uye Federal Reserve. Nepo aya matunhu achishanda nemwero yakasiana- siyana yezvigaro, vatungamiriri vawo vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi, uye chiremera chavo chokutonga chinobva kunhume dzinotungamirira. Iyi dare ndemo umo mitemo yakawanda inogadzirwa zvomenemene, inoitwa, uye inomanikidzirwa.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba Pakuita Zvemitemo

Vatungamiriri veBazu vanopesvedzera muitiro kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemasimba etsika, zvishandiso zvetsika, uye zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru imirairo inobatira pamutemo inopiwa naPresidenti kumasangano ehurumende. Inobvumira mukuru mukuru kutarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina tendero yakananga. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru isingagoni kugadzira mitemo mitsva kana kuti mari yakafanira, vanogona kutungamirira kuti mitemo iripo inoitwa sei. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama akashandisa mirairo yehurumende kugadza Deference Action for Childhoontals (DACA), uye Purezidhendi Trump akabudisa mirairo pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika nokuchinja. Mirairo yeGumo inodzo inodzorwa kudzoreswa kupfurikidza napurezidhendi anotevera, asi inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokuchinja kwegadziriro yetsika.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inowanzoparira gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti inopfuura muitiro wemitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, inosimbiswa nebumbiro remitemo mumusengwa waPurezidhendi kuti “angwarire kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.” Congressional Research Service inotaura kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakashandiswa napurezidhendi ari wose chifo chaGeorge Washington.

Gadziriro Dzebhangi

Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari yegore negore kuCongress, achionesa kupedza mari inoiswa pakutanga uye nhevedzano dzemari. Kunyange zvazvo pakupedzisira Congress inodzora simba rechikwama, bhajeti yaPrezidhendi inogadza miganhu yekurukurirano nezviratidzo zvemiitiro. Zvirongwa zvokuti Purezidhendi anorwira zvinhu (vhinjiro) zvakadai semari inoshandiswa, kudzivirira kuwedzera, kana kuti kuchinja kwezvoutano (hkazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anogamuchira ngwariro isingaenzaniswi mukutongwa kwemishumo. Uyezve, Hofisi yeMatangiro neVhinjiri ye Zvemari (OMB) inobetsera kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari yakarongwa.

Kugadzwa uye Vashandi

Purezidhendi anogadza nzvimbo dzinenge 4 000 dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza vanyori veCabitte, vakuru vakuru vesangano, nhume, uye vatongi vehurumende. Idzi zvisarudzo zvokugadza zvimiro zvemiitiro yokushanda kwamakore. Somuenzaniso, kugadzwa kwomutarisiri weEPA anogona kutungamirira kumirairo yerumano yorumano inodzoresa, nepo murongi wedare wetsika anogona kupesvedzera dudziro dzomutemo kwamakumi amakore. Muitiro weDare unogovera chekerero, asi unongosimbiswa, ava vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa chiono chaPurezidhendi.

Kutungamirira uye Kutungamirira

Masangano eFoodterl ane pesvedzero huru kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo. Musi weAdministrative Procediture Act, masangano anopa mirau inotakura simba romutemo. Mutungamiriri anogona kutungamirira muitiro uyu kupfurikidza nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru inoda nzvero yendyiko yemari, kupfurikidza neOMB, uye kupfurikidza nokugadza vakuru vemasangano vanogoverana uzivi hwehurumende. Mitemo mikuru yakadai semitemo yokusatora rutivi kana kuti mipimo yokubudisa imo inobva mukati meBazu reGuru Rinodzora.

Zvibvumirano Zvinotungamirirwa Nezvokurwisana

Kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvichida kutenderwa neDare, Purezidhendi anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvehurumende panhau dzakadai sebhizimisi, batira pamwe yemhoteredzo, kana kuti kutsigira mauto pasina kubvumira kwemitemo. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinosungirwa pasi pomutemo wenyika yose uye zvinopa Purezidhendi kuchinjika mumitemo yokumwe. Bhuku renyukireya reIran reIran (JCPOA) ra 2015, kunyange zvazvo rakanga risiri chibvumirano, rakanga riri chibvumirano chokutungamirira chakaumba mutemo wokusauraya vanhu munyika yose kutozosvikira United States yadzokera muna 2018.

Kutapura Muitiro Wemhuri

Muitiro wemhuri unobatanidza dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzinooneka zvikurusa dzepesvedzero yeBazu roUkuru Hwezvoutano, dzidzo, kutama, mirau yezvemari, uye garikano yenzanga.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Dare reBazu rapamberi rakaita basa rinorondedzera mumuitiro wokutarisira utano, zvikurukuru kubvira pakupfuura kweAffordal Care Act (ACA) muna 2010. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) rinoshandisa gadziriro dzeACA, dzakadai semisika yeinishuwarenzi neMedicaid. Mapurezidhendi anogona kuumba kuti mutemo ushande sei kupfurikidza nenhungamiro inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, kutungamirira Trump kwakakudziridza zvirongwa zvenguva pfupi dzoutano uye kuderedza mari kuti zvisashande. Chiito che mukuru mukuru pamite pakushambadza zvinodhaka, zvakadai sokubvumira Medicadheid kukurukura mitengo, kwave kuchiteve kuchiteverwawo nokutungamirira kupfurikidza nokutungamirira.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), sangano riri mukati meHS, rinogovera nokuda kwevaAmerica vanopfuura mamiriyoni 140.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Department of Education inogovera yamuro yehurumende yedzidzo. Department yeProfessing Obama inogovera yamuro yemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo muzvikoro, uye inotarisira mapurogiramu akafanana naTitle I (kufarira zvikoro zvinowanwa zvakaderera). Mapurezidhendi anopesvedzera dzidzo kupfurikidza nezvirango zvevakuru vakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, zviito zvaPrezidhendi Obama parangariro yokukwereta vadzidzi. Mutengi Wese Wese Wese Wezvekudzora Ends Act (ESSA) wa 2015 anoderedza utarisiri hwehurumende, asi Bhazi rinongodzorwa kupfurikidza nokupa nhungamiro nerondedzero yomutemo. Gadziro remisiri remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pezvikoro, mipimo yedzidzo, uye kudzo yokudzosera chikoro yevatano inoenzanisira basa rinopfuudzira basa rechiremera choukuru mudzidzo mudzidzo.

Kushandiswa Kwokutama

Kutora zvimwe inzvimbo umo chiito chokutungamirira chave chiri chenharo hurusa nechinoparira. Purezidhendi ane chisarudzo chikuru pamusoro pokuita kuti chengeteko ive pakutanga, kupinza vapoteri, uye kugadzirwa kwevhiza. Kupfurikidza nezvirairidzo zvavakuru vakuru nenhungamiro yesangano, purezidhendi vakakudza kana kuti kuganhurirwa Mutezo weKudzivirira kwaNdokusvika kwaNokubereka (DACA), miitiro yechivako, uye kuvamba zvirambidzo zvokufamba. Department of Homeland Security (DS) uye kudzora kwayo yezvirongwa zvokudzosa kupinda munyika mumusha (DHS) uye kudzorwa kwayo neCIMFORCEmentationationationation (CP), Custommentations, Customs and Bourcerivertivement (USCIS), uye U.S.CISCIS inoita kuti mitemo iyi ishanduke mumakumi amakumi amakore okuchinja, kushandura mutemo mukuru.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo Nesimba

Bhazi Rinoparira muganhu wemhoteredzo rinoita muganhu kupfurikidza neEPA, Department of the Interior, uye Department of Energy. Mapurezidhendi anogadza mipimo inobudiswa nokuda kwemotokari nenzvimbo dzesimba, anosarudza zvifananidzo zvorudzi pasi peAntities Act, uye anosarudza kuderera kweoiri negasi munyika dzehurumende. Cean Power Plan (Obama), Afford Clean Energy Energy utorup (Trup), uye anobatanidza Paris Active (BExce) mienzaniso yose yemiitiro yemiitiro yehurumende iyo yakaparira miuyo yemiitiro yehurumende iyo yakaparira miuyo miuyo yezvo kukura panzvimbo yemisitanhiko yesimba yenzvimbo nemisi yemagetsi.

Kutapura Muitiro Wokumwe

Bumbiro Remitemo rinokamura masimba emitemo okumwe pakati pamapazu oUkuru Namakuru, asi Purezidhendi munhau akatungamirira mukukurukurirana, chiito chehondo, uye kurukurirano dzamarudzi ose.

Ukama Husingadzoreki

Purezidhendi ndiye mumiririri mukuru wenyika, anoisa mitemo yokumwe pakutanga uye anomirira United States iri kunze kwenyika. Kupfurikidza neDhipatimendi reHurumende, Purezidhendi anoraira vamiririri, kurukurirano, uye zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa. Kukurukurirana nezviremera kunobatanidza misangano yemisangano navatungamiriri vokumwe, kutora rutivi mumasangano amarudzi ose seSangano Romubatanidzwa weNyika Dzapasi Pose, uye kuzivikanwa kwehurumende dzokumwe. Somuenzaniso, musangano waPrezidhendi Trump nomutungamiriri weNorth Korea Kim Jong Un kana kuti Purezidhendi Biden webatano naNato Biden paUkraine unoratidzira kuti kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa wemimwe nyika yose seSangano renyika dzakawanda.

Kugadza kwavo kunogona kuratidza kuti kutarisira kwacho ndekwokutanga here — kungava kuisa pfungwa pakutengeserana, kuchengeteka, kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu.

Zviito Zvehondo Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Semutungamiriri wedare, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokuraira kurwiswa kwehondo, mauto anogara, uye mabasa okuita. Nepo War Power Resolution inoda kuziviswa kuCongress uye inoganhurira nguva yebasa risina mvumo, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vakaita chiito chehondo pasina mvumo yemitemo iri pamberi pa(1011) , Syria (2017, 2018), uye mukurwisana namapoka amagandanga muSomalia neYemen. National Security Council (NC) inotsinhiranisa dziviriro nomutemo wouchenjeri, inorumbidza Purezidenti pamusoro petyisidziro nemhinduro dzesimba, mirando, kutengesa zvombo, uye internecrationsssssssssss anoshanda kusimba renyika yose.

Zvibvumirano Zvenyika Yose uye Kutevedzana Kwezvokutengeserana

Nepo zvibvumirano zvichida tendero yeDare, Purezidhendi anogona kutaura ndokusaina zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinofukidza chinhu chiri chose kuvambira kubatira pamwe yebhizimisi kusvikira kumitemo. United States-Mexico-Canada Act (USMCA) yakatenderwa sechibvumirano, asi zvibvumirano zviduku zvizhinji ndezvechisiko. Purezidhendiwo ane chiremera chokuisa mitemo pasi pemitemo yakadai seTradenti ye 1974 neIntername Expression Powerment Powers Act (IEPA). Mutungamiriri wehurumende Trump anoshandisa zvibvumirano zvesimbiropuko, uye zvirango zvaPrezidhendi Biden paRussia, anoratidzira kuti chiito chebhizimisi negadziriro yezvemariso yezvokutengeserana chinoitwa.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Gadziriro yeChension yenzvero nedzikamo dzinovimbisa kuti Bazu Rinodzora, pasinei zvapo nepesvedzero yaro, harigoni kudzora hurumende. Ose ari maviri mapazu eMitemo neDavhidzo anodzvinyirira nenzira yokushingaira chiito choukuru.

Utariri Hunotonga

Congress inodzora bhajeti, kugadza zvinosimbisa, uye inogona kukunda mavhiti apurezidhendi ane mativi maviri matatu. Matare anotonga, magwaro echipambu, uye anonzvera mufambiro wehurumende. Simba rekusaidzira mamiriro ezvinhu. Anoshandiswa mukurwisana naMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump jusi icherekedzo yokupedzisira pamufambiro usina kufanira wevakuru vakuru. Congress inogonawo kupfuudza mitemo inoganhurira chiremera chechiremera chehurumende, yakadai seWar Powerss Resolution kana kuti Congration Recture Act, inobvumira kuti Vambanisi vasarudzi vehurumende vasarukidzere.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ehurumende, anotungamirirwa neDare guru, ane chiremera chokuhwirudzura zviito zvechiremera nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzenyika dzakafanana ne Professiwn Sheep & Tube Co. Saayer (1952) simba ravakuru vakuru rakaganhurirwa, nepo United States v. Nixon[FLT] [10774]) akagombedzera Purezidhendi kuti awirirane namasumo edare rinotonga. Matare akakunda zvirairidzo zvavakuru vakuru vakuru pakutama, kurambidza kufamba, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo apo ainopfuura mitengo yemitemo. Dare remitemo rinowanzotsvaka kuwirirana nouzivi hwavo hurefu, sevatongi venguva yemberi.

Kunzvera Kworuzhinji Nekwezvinobudisa Nhau

Kupfuura nzvero dzapamutemo, Bazu reUniversity rinodzorwa nokunzverwa kukuru kwavose nerezvinobudisa nhau. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inobvumira vagari vemo navatori venhau kukumbira marekodhi ehurumende. Vapfuri mukati mamasangano vanogona kufumura kusazvibata. Kuvhota vamene ichekero yokupedzisira: vavhoti vanogona kuramba miitiro yapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokusarudza Dare idzva kana kuti purezidhendi mutsva. Iri basa rokuzvidavirira rinosimbisa udzori wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

mhedziso

Bazu reBazu raVadzori rinopfuura zvikuru dare rinomanikidzira mutemo; ibasa rokuisa pamutemo. Kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zvikarakadzo zvemari yokuronga, kuronga, chiremera chehurumende, uye utungamiriri hwemibatanidzwa, purezidhendi negadziriro dzavo zvinoumba upenyu hweAmerica nemufambiro wenhau dzenyika yose. Pesvedzero yebazu ndeyepamutemo neyamasanga, inotorwa kubva kuBumbiro remitemo uye kusimba rezvamatongerwe enyika renhambo yenhambo imwe neimwe. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vehurumende, kunzwisisa gadziriro neganhuriro dzeBazu reBazu rehurumende zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti muitiro weBazu reBazu reBazu rinoitwa sei nero rinogona sei kurangarira vatungamiriri. Sezvo rudzi runotarisana nezvinetso kubva mukuvandudza utano kuti chinjo dzemamiriro ezvinhu echinjo, Bazi richaramba pakati pechisarudzo chamabasa enguva dzose dzehurumende, masimba aro ehurumende anorinda namamwe mabazu enyika eAmerica.

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