Kutanga: Simba Resayenzi Yemvura Rinowedzera Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Zvevagari Vomunyika

Mvura ndiyo nheyo youpenyu, bva kudzora kunaka kwayo nokuwanikwa kwayo inoramba iri imwe yedenho dzakaoma zvikurusa yakatarisana nehurumende, maindasitiri, uye nzanga munyika yose. Kunzvera kwamagamuchidzanwa nokubudirira kwemiitiro kunowanzotsamira papfuma yesayenzi yakaganhurirwa, kuchitungamirira kumisiyano muruzivo uye kunonozetsa kumuka tyisidziro. Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, sayenzi yevagari vemo (kutora rutivi kwokusashanda mukunzvera kwesayenzi (jeri resayenzi) yakatanga sesimba guru rokuchinja. Nokuunganidza zivo yomunzvimbomo nembavara, zvirongwa zvesayenzi zviri kugovera mikana yakakwirira, kusimudzira kungwararira kwemvura munzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, nyika, uye kunyange mwero yamarudzi ose. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti kuongorora sei nzanga kudzora, kukwidziridza purogiramu dzinobudirira, kutungamirira zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye kuisa mikana yezvirongwa zvekubatanidzwa mukuita dare revo.

Kurondedzera Sayenzi Yevagari Vomunyika Nebasa Rayo Mukunzvera Mvura

Sayenzi yevagari vemo inobatanidza vanhu mumabasa okunzvera esayenzi akadai semiunganidzwa yemashoko, kunzverwa, uye kududzira. Munzvimbo dzemvura, vazvipiri vanowanzotarira nzizi, nyanza, mvura, uye nzvimbo dzemhenderekedzo dzegungwa nokuda kwemitengo yakafanana netembiricha, pH, turbibibibibity, oxygen, uye kuvapo kwezvinosvibisa zvakadai senitrate, phosphates, uye simbi dzinorema. Pfungwa iyi haisi itsva. Vazivi vezvakasikwa nemvura vakawedzera zvikuru kusvika kwamazana amakore. Smartphone, minzwa yezvokuna, uye makwikwikwi emakore anobvumira zviuru zvevatori vezvokunyora mashoko munguva chaiyo.

Masangano akadai se Survey yeU.S. yeProgramu yeProfesi yeMbango yeEurope zvino zvinoziva zvakajeka sayenzi semanyuko apamutemo emashoko emhoteredzo. Iyi chinja inoratidzira kufamba kwakafara kuhurumende inopesana, uko kuita chisarudzo kunoziviswa kwete bedzi nenyanzvi asiwo navanhu vanorarama pedyosa nezviwanikwa zvinotarisirwa. Kudzorwa kwesayenzi kupfurikidza nokuvimbisana kwavagari vemo kunobetsera kuzadza miganhu yenhau inotambudza, zvikurukuru mumaruwa uye pasi pematunhu umo tarisiro dzezvoruzivo rwokusarudzo inoshaidzwa isingashanyiswi kana kuti kushayiki.

Michina: Kupesvedzera Kwakaita Sayenzi Yomunyika Yacho Nenzira Yakananga

Kuchinja kunoita nzanga kuti ione zvinhu zvakarongwa uye kuronga zvinhu zvakanaka.

Kuzadza Mikaha Yemashoko Nokuwana Tyisidziro Dziri Kuwedzera

Masangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa bhajeti navashandi kuti vatarisire nguva dzose. Vazvipiri vavagari vemo vanogona kuwedzera zvikuru kupedzisa nokupfuudza kwechinguvana. Somuenzaniso, vatarisiri venzanga vangacherekedza kukura kwemichero, kurasa kusiri kwapamutemo, kana kuti kuvhozhokerwa kwemvura yemunyu mavhiki ose pamberi pokunge nzvero dzapamutemo. Uku kunyevera kwapakuvamba kunopa ufakazi hunodikanwa kubudisa miraudzo youtano, kuganhurira, kana kuti kugadziridza migove yemvura. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mashoko anounganidzwa navagari vemo anogona kuwirirana noururami hwezvikwanikiso zvapamutemo apo rovedzo yakafanira inoteverwa.

Kuvaka Kuziva Vanhu Nekuda Kwematongerwe Enyika

Apo vagari vemo vanoona zvakananga kushatiswa kwemvura kana kuti kushaikwa kwemvura munharaunda dzavo, vanova vatsigiri vane simba nokuda kwechinjo. Kutora rutivi mumapurogiramu okutarisira kunodzidzisa vazvipiri pamusoro pomuitiro wesayenzi nokuoma kwekudzora mvura. Uku kuziva kunowanzoreva kuvimbisana kwehurumende, zvakadai sokupupurira pakutongwa kwavose, kusangana nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kana kuti kuvhota vatungamiriri vanongwarira mhoteredzo. Somuuyo, vaiti vemiitiro vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro yakawedzerwa yokukurukura nhau dzemvura idzo dzingaramba dziri dzakaderera mukuwirirana nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kupa Uchapupu Hwokuchinja Zvinhu

Mitemo yesayenzi yakasimba inogona kushandiswa mumhaka dzedare, kunzvera mhoteredzo, uye kutongwa kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akaunganidzwa navanonzvera uye mapoka anochengetedza muUnited Kingdom akagoverwa mumibvunzo yeparamende murushamiso rworwizi kubva kukurima. MuUnited States, Entrial Protection Agency inokurudzira kushandiswa kwemipimo yemitemo yenzi pasi peDema Water Act, inogovera kuti isvike mipimo yakanaka. Uku kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kunoreva kuti miitiro yemvura yakachena inogona kusimbiswa paufakazi hunounganidzwa navazvipiri panzvimbo zvokuvimba bedzi pamasangano ehurumende.

Kupa Simba Vanhu Vomunharaunda Munzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Zvinhu

Munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kubudirira, sayenzi yevagari vemo inoshanda sechishandiso chokutarisira nzanga. Vagari vemo vanoona matsime avo vamene nezvitubu vanogona kunyora kuchinja kwemwaka, zvinoitika zvekusvibiswa, uye migumisiro yokubudisa maindasitiri. Vanamendi ava, vanoita nharo nehurumende nemakambani evoruzhinji. Iyi nzira inowirirana nemitemo yeIntegrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), inosimbisa kubatanidzwa kwevagadziri vemitengi venzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa uye kugadziridza chisarudzo chakanaka.

Zvinooneka: Kuongorora Sayenzi Yemvura Inoiswa Panzvimbo Yevanhu

Pasi apa pane mienzaniso mina yakakurumbira, mumwe nomumwe unoratidza mashandiro akasiyana - siyana nemigumisiro.

Nzwisiso Yemvura (United States)

Yakatanga muma1990, mapurogiramu eWater Watch anoshanda mumaruwa ose 50 eU.S. Vazvipiri vakarovedzwa namasangano ehurumende uye masangano asingapinzi mari vanounganidza mamienzaniso emvura mwedzi nomwedzi kubva kuzviuru zvenzvimbo. Mumaruwa saMaryland neOregon, iyi mashoko ave ari kushandiswa mukuzivisa mapoka anopisa okurima, zvichitungamirira kugadziriro dzokutarisira zvokudya uye zvinodiwa zvechinochengeteko. Maryland yemhoteredzo inoshandisa mashoko evagari vemo kunzvera uye kubvisa mari inodzoresa mvura. Rubudiriro rweidzirwo rweidzidzirwo rwamapurogiramu iyi rwakakurudzira kukura kwevagari vemo munzvimbo dzinobuda semicroscopestastic nePFAS.

Nhengo dzeRwizi

New European Union’s Water Framed Directive inoda kuti nyika dziri mitezo dziwane "mugariro wakanaka wewirirano" nokuda kwamaterbodies ose. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda hadzina simba rokutarisira rwizi rwuri rwose nenyanza. RiverWatchFreach, yakadzorwa naEarnatch Europe, inorovedza vagari vemo kuyera utano hwerwizi vachishandisa mitoo yakarongwa. Vatsigiri vanonyora macroinmotetic emharaft, migariro yokufambisa, uye miganhuro yamakemikoro. Majekiseni anodya mishumo yenyika iyo inopesvedzera kugovera migove uye kudzo inodzorwa. Muchidhina cheRehine River, kutarira kwokuzvidira kwakabetsera kuvandudza mumvura pashure pemiraudzo yenzvimbo dzemabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadzikati.

Chiito cheGanga Plan – Kuongorora Vanhu muIndia

Rwizi rweIndia iGanga ndichimwe chezvinenge zvasvibiswa zvikurusa munyika pasinei zvapo namakumi amakore okupindira kwehurumende. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, sayenzi inoita mabasa akadai se Ganga Data Hub yakapinda munzanga dzomunzvimbomo mukutsvaka manyuko anoshatisa, kubatanidza kubvisa tsvina nenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzira zvinhu. Vazvipiri vanoshandisa maappel marekodhi okurasa zvisipo nokuyera. Iyi nguva chaiyoiyo yakapiwa kuNational Ganga Council uye inoshandiswa kuraira kuzvidavirira kubva kumaindasitiri anoshatisa. Nepo zvinetso zvichiripo, nhanho yokutanga yabvisa kurukurirano kubva kurongedziro dzapamusoro nokudzidzwa kwenzvimbo dzinodzika pasi kuti dzive dzinobatira pamwe, ufakazi hunoiswa mukuwirirana nohudzano yomunzvimbomo.

Kuongorora Mvura Yakanaka Munzanga muSouth Africa

Mushure meapartheid South Africa, kuwanikwa kwemvura nokunaka kunoramba kusina kuenzana zvikuru. Masangano akadai se AquaFound namayunivhesiti omunzvimbomo akarovedza vagari vemo venzvimbo dzokugara dzisina kurongwa kutarira mvura yavo yepombi nehova dziri pedyo. MuCape Town, mashoko evagari vemo anozivisa kushatisa kusingaperi kwematsime emvura epasi anoshandiswa nenzanga dzinowanikwa dzakaderera, achisunda guta kugovera mamwe manyuko emvura nokugadziridza gadziriro dzaro dzokudzivirira mvura. Chino chati sayenzi inogona sei kururamisa kuregeredza kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko anodzorwa nehurumende dzisingagoni kufuratira.

Zvinetso Zvokuita Kuti Sayenzi Yenyika Ive Yakaoma Mumutemo Wemvura

Mipingo inoverengeka inofanira kukurirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mashoko okuzvipira akavimbika, anotsigirwa, uye anoshandiswa zvinobudirira, pasinei zvapo nokubudirira kwawo, kubatanidza sayenzi negadziriro dzemvura dzehurumende.

Kuzivikanwa Kwemashoko uye Kuiswa Panzvimbo Yepamutemo

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoramba zvichivanetsa zvikuru ndechokuvimbwa kwemashoko anenge aunganidzwa nenyanzvi. Kushanda kwemichina inoyera, zvokufambisa, uye kudzokororwa kwemichina kunogona kutanga zvikanganiso. Kugadzirisa izvi, mapurogiramu anobudirira anoshandisa zvikuru mukurovedza, anopa zvitokisi zvinotevedzerwa, uye kudzora zvakanaka zvakadai semienzaniso uye kuenzanisa kwemienzaniso. Kana mashoko akashandiswa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvokudzosera, masangano angada kusimbiswazve nenyanzvi dzesainzi masayendisiti. Kugadza mitemo yepasi pose inoronga sayenzi yezvokuyera mvura yesayenzi yesainzi hyroglogues inoramba iripo.

Kutsigira Mari uye Kuchengetedza Kwenguva Refu

Gadziriro dzokuzvipira dzinowanzotsamira pamari inopiwa, basa renhambo pfupi, kana kuti mipiro yorudzi runobva kumayunivhesiti. Apo mari inooma, kuongorora kunoguma, uye makore emashoko anopfuurira anorasika. Kuva rutivi rwechigarire rwekudzora, sayenzi inoda tsigiro yemari yakatsiga kubva kumari yehurumende, zvichida kupfurikidza ne "kuongorora kwapanhambo nenhambo" zvinhu zviri mumasangano emhoteredzo. Kubatana kwevoruzhinji uye kuungana kwakabatsira zvirongwa kupfuurira, asi nguva refu sayenzi inoda kutsigirwa nemari yakakwana inoramba iri utera.

Kuramba Ndichitora Rutivi

Mbavarira yokuzvidira inogona kuderera, zvikurukuru kana vatori rutivi vasingaoni mashoko avo achipesvedzera zvisarudzo. Mwero yokuchengeta mifungo apo mabasa anodzorwa inoramba ichidzokororwa kana kuti apo zvikamu zvinodavirwa zvinoderera. Gadziriro dzinobudirira dzinochengeta vatori rutivi vachisundwa nokugoverana miuyo nokukurumidza, kubvuma mipiro mumishumo, uye kugovera mikana yerovedzo yakakwirira kana kuti mibato yenhungamiro. Masangano eGamica (mabhineti, matungamiriri) nezvinoitika zvomunzanga zvinogonawo kubetsera. Vaiti vemitemo vanogona kusimbisa kupfurikidza nokukoka vazvipiri kumatare ezvokuronga kana kuti zviito zvokuonga vanhu vose.

Kuparadzana Kwemadhigirii Nokusasarura

Zvikamu zvakawanda zvesayenzi zvinotsamira pamibatanidzwa yemafoni, Internet, uye mitauro yeEngland. Izvi zvinobatanidza vanhu vomumaruwa, vakwegura, uye vanosvika zvishoma vangave vasina ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Zvinetso zvemvura zvinotapura zvikuru mapoka aya chaiwo, nokudaro kusava nehanya nevavakidzani vanoramba vane zvinangwa zvinenge zviripo zvesayenzi inopa mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvigadzikiso zvinosanganisira kuunganidzwa kwemashoko paIndaneti, kutsigirwa nemitauro yakawanda, uye kushandira pamwe nemasangano enzanga kuti apedze zvigadzirwa kana kuti zvitsauko zvakavakirwa papepa. Sayenzi inoratidzira kuti sayenzi inoratidzira kuva nenzanga dzinotambura zvinokosha pakugadzira purogiramu dzinobatira munhu wose.

Mikana: Kusimbisa Kubatanidza Kwesayenzi Nemapurisa

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nokudzora kuri kuvhura nzira itsva dzokubatanidza sayenzi yevagari vemo zvikuru mukutarisirwa kwemvura.

Kufema Kusingashandisi Manzwi Nemanzwi Akaderera Zvikuru

Michina yemitauro yakaderera yemitauro yakadai seturbidity, mufambiro, uye oxygen yakanyunguduka iri kuva inowanika zvikuru. Apo inoiswa paIndaneti-oft-of - retations (IOT), aya makombiyuta anogona kupfuudzira masvingo anopfuurira kunzvimbo dzegore. Masayendisiti enharaunda anogona kutumira mirangariro yakadaro munharaunda dzawo uye maburidhi anorarama. Mubatanidzwa uyu wekufukidzwa kwakafara nechisarudzo chakakwirira chenguva pfupi unopa mufananidzo wesimba remvura iro kunyange masangano anodzidzira anogona kuwirirana. Mitengidzi inogona kushandisa iyi kuti ibudise nyevero dzenguva chaiyo kana kuti kunyandura zvitakiso zvezviito zvemotokari.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nekuchinja - chinja Kwemashoko

Michina inokwanisa kubetsera kuchenesa nokunzvera maminu esayenzi makuru, kuzivisa mafashoni esayenzi aizova asingabviri kucherekedza nokunyora. I inogonawo kubatanidza mashoko okuzvidira nomufananidzo wesatellite, zvinyorwa zvepamutemo, uye mifananidzo yemvura. Mabumbiro akarongwa se ANA’WA mugari wemo wemo weSayenzi yesayenzi inoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzemadata dzinoiswa mari dzinogona sei kutsigira mitoo kupfurikidza nokugovera murangariro wakabatana wezviwanikwa zvemvura. Nhanhovero inotevera inoisa aya mapurogiramu mumitengi emashoko emvura ehurumende, naizvozvo mugari wemo anorangarirwa nenzira idirokungokanwa nechinhu chesayenzi mukati mamiriro ezvinhu enhau mukati memiitiro.

Kurega Mibvunzo Yokunzvera Nezvinodikanwa Zvemitemo

Panzvimbo pokusiya gadziriro dzesayenzi kuti dzishande mukuparadzana, masangano emvura anogona kubatira pamwe namapoka enzanga kubvira pakutanga. Kupfurikidza nokugadza zviteshi zvenhevedzo zvakavakirwa pamibvunzo yakananga yetsika yakadai se "Ichi chinhu chinosangana nomutoro wacho wose wezuva nezuva wephosphorus? kana kuti "Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuri kutapura sei kupesvedzerwa kwemvura yepasi muichi chinhu?"[1] Mashoko anovapo achava anoshanda zvakananga. Ikoku kunoda kuchinja kwetsika mukati mativi etsika kuti apinde mukunzvera kwezvimwe, asi mapurogiramu endege mumatunhu akadai seGreat Lakes neDanube Basin aratidza kuti kunowirirana uye kunoshanda.

Kuzivikanwa Mumutemo Nemasangano

Dzimwe nyika dziri kupa mitemo inoziva nenzira yapamutemo sayenzi samanyuko akarurama oufakazi. Somuenzaniso, European Union’s Open Data Directive inokurudzira kushandiswa kwe "mashoko akarongwa napamusoro" mukushuma kwezvakatipoteredza. MuUnited States, Boolssourcing and Citizen Science Act (15 U.S.C. 3724) inoraira masangano ehurumende kurangarira kutora rutivi rwavose mumibato yesayenzi. Kuwedzera mativi apamutemo akadaro kubatanidza zvakajeka kuisarira kwapamutemo kugona kupa kurema kwamashoko evagari vemo mukurongazve, kutsigira zvisarudzo, uye gakavadzano dzemvura.

Nguva Yemberi: Sayenzi Huru Yevagari Vomunyika Muutongi Hwemvura

Ichitarira mberi, sayenzi yevagari vemo sezvingabvira ichava rutivi rukuru rwemiitiro yokunzvera mvura yenyika neyomunyika yose. Sayenzi yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose inoSinaita Kubudirira Sero 6 (mvura yakachena noutsanana) inoda "kuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwenzanga" mukutarisirwa kwemvura. Sayenzi yevagari vemo inopa nzira inoshanda yokuita chinhu ichocho. Sezvo kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunowedzera kusanaya kwemvura, mafashamo, uye tyisidziro dzeshati, kudikanwa kwemashoko anokurumidza, akapoteredza kuchakura bedzi. Masangano ehurumende haagoni kuyera kufambira mberi kwadzoro nokukurumidza zvakakwana kuti achengetedze mamiriro ezvinhu avagari vemo.

Gadziriro dzedzidzo yemhoteredzo muzvikoro zviri kubatanidza nenzira inowedzera kuongororwa kwemvura somubato wokudzidza namaoko. Ikoku kunoparira mapaipi amasayendisiti omunguva yemberi navagari vemo vakaziviswa vachakarira kujeka nokutora rutivi musimba remvura. Munguva ino, masangano amarudzi ose akafanana ne Citination Science Association uye Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network iri kugoverana miitiro yakanakisisa nemipimo yenyika yose nokuda kwemitemo yemvura. Uku kubatana kuchakuita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwavanogadzira mitemo kuti vavimbe nokushandisa mashoko evagari vemo kugura miganhu.

Kutarisira Kunogadziridza Nezvipfeko Zvinodzosera Zvokudya

Kumwe kwefambiro mberi dzinovimbisa zvikurusa ibatanidzo yesayenzi mukudzorwa kwegadziriro dzokudzora. Zvirongwa zvinogona kugadzira zvisakiso zvinopfuurira zvinowirirana: vagari vemo vanounganidza mashoko, vanoadudzira, mamaneja vanogadziridza mitemo, uye ipapo vagari vemo vanonzvera miuyo yegadziridzo idzodzo. Uku kutenderera kunokurumidzisa kudzidza ndokubvumira ruramiso yokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, kana miraudzo itsva yevhuro ichiita kuti idedze kuyerera kwenitrogen, vagari vemo vangaziva kuvandudzika mukati memwedzi, kusimbisa budiriro yemitemo uye kugona kutungamirira kumitendo yakatosimba zvikuru.

Kuvaka Kubetsera Munzanga Dzinoremekedzwa

Munzanga dzakaderera uye dzinogara munyika, sayenzi haisati iri chishandiso chemiunganidzwa yemibatanidzwa asi motokari yokuzvibatanidza nayo. Apo aya mapoka ane mishumo nenhau dzakapoteredza, anogona kudenha gadziriro dzokubudirira dzapamusoro dzinotyisidzira migove yavo yemvura. Masangano amarudzi ose akadai seWorld Bank ari kutanga kubhadharira kuchengetwa kwenzanga serutivi rwezvirongwa zvokuchengetedzwa kwemvura. Kurangarira kuti izvi zvirongwa zvakagadzirwa nokubatana kwechokwadi /* kwete kungofanana nokuchekererwa kwemashoko anopinzwa mvura.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Unogoveranwa Woutariri Hwemvura

Nokupa mashoko anokosha, kuvaka chido chezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kupa simba vanhu vomunharaunda, kupindira kwevanhu kuri kutaura nezvemisiyano isingagoni kuzadzika. Mienzaniso inobva kuUnited States, Europe, India, uye South Africa inoratidza kuti kana vazvipiri vakashongedzerwa nokurovedzwa kwakakodzera uye mipiro yavo inoitwa zvakakomba, mitemo yemvura inoita kuti ive inopindirana, uye inoshanda.

Asi bviro yacho haisati yatongozivikanwa zvizere. Kukurira denho dzine chokuita nomugariro wematai, mari, kuvimbisana, uye kugadziridza kuchada kuchengetwa kwemari nokugadziridzwa kwegadziriro. Hurumende dzinofanira kuita zvinopfuura kurangarira sayenzi segadziriro yenzanga yavagari vemo sechinhu chikuru chokudzora. Ikoku kunoreva ganhuriro dzemari, kuvandudza masangano emitemo, uye kugamuchira unyanzvi hunobatanidza zvakananga tsinhiro dzezvizvipiri kukuita chisarudzo.

Sayenzi yomunyika inopa nzira yokuparadzira nayo, maziso akarongwa negadziriro dzedenderedzwa rinoshanda pamwe chete nemasayendisiti ane unyanzvi uye vagadziri vemiitiro. Utano hwezviwanikwa zvedu, uye nzanga dzinotsamira pazviri zvichanyanya kutsamira pakuti tinoisa mashoko aya mujira remvura sei.