Dzidziso yokusarudza yakabatira kwenguva refu sechinhu chikuru chomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica, ichibatanidza mukaha pakati peBill of Rights nehurumende unodzora. Chifo chapakuvamba kwezana ramakore ramakumi maviri, Dare Guru rakashandisa Sitemende reNignalth Restingment kushandisa dziviriro dzakati dzehurumende kuhurumende, kudzoresa ukama pakati perusununguko rwomunhu nechiremera chehurumende. Sezvatinofamba mukudzika zvikuru muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri nekutanga, kurongwa kwezvisarudzo kuri kupesvedzerwa nechinjo yezvoruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinjwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuchinja kwezviziviso zvokutonga. Nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, nyanzvi, nyanzvi, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa uko dzidziso iyi inotungamirirwa nokuda kwokufamba kwekodzero dzevagari vemo nehurumende. Nyaya iyi inonzvera midziro yenhau dzenhau dzinosarudzwa muPromende inonzvera zvisaru, kunzvera miganhuro yenhauro yenhau dzekare, uye kuzivisa kwamakumi amakore pamusoro pokuziva kuti ivedzei.

Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kuno mufungo

Kubatanidzwa kunobatanidza muitiro webumbiro remitemo umo Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neChiteshi cheMitemo che 14th Amendment Claus. Kusafanana nehwerengedzo yeChibvumirano chaMari yose yeRegions Claus. Ichashandisa chitsama chose, kubatanidzwa kunoitwa pahwaro hwakarurama, kuyera kudzivirira kwechirongwa chimwe nechimwe cheAmerica chorusununguko rwakarairwa.

Mavambo azvino uno edzidziso anotevera Gitlow v. New York (1925), umo Dare rakatanga kusimbisa kuti dziviriro dzerusununguko rwokutaura dzeFirst Amendment dzaishandiswa kunyika. Mumakumi amakore anotevera, Dare rakaronga nenzira yakarongeka rabatanidza inenge Bill of Rights, kubatanidza rusununguko rwezvitsikiso, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, dziviriro panzvero dzisinganzwisisiki nepfavi, maruramiro okuzvidzora, uye ropafadzo yokuzvidzivisa. Zvisingacherechedzwi zvisakafanira zvinopomerwa namatare eGaratisition. Zvisingataurwi zvinobatanidza chikwaniso chikuru cheshanu, chinodikanwa chokutonga chavagari vemo, uye kutongwa kwechitatu, kunyange zvazvo kudzo dzapamhindi dzechitatu dzamatonge dzagara kunzwika.

Nheyo dzerondedzero dzekubatanidza dzinotsamira papfungwa ye "fardarial lururami". Mu Palko v.Connecticut [1937], Mutongi Cardozo akadzokorora kuti kodzero bedzi "dzinofanira kubatanidzwa — idzo dziri dzechirongwa chaicho cherusununguko. Nheyo dzechinjo yakadzorwa. Nheyo iyi yachinja munguva yakati, neDare gare gare gare rakagamuchira kusvika kwakasimba muzviitiko zvakadai se Duncan. [1968], idzo dzinoshandisa kunyorwa kworudyi kuti aedzei kuiidzei kupfurikidza kana kuti dare rekururamisa ku "magariro echigaro kuidzika kuidzika kui."

Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunokosha nemhaka yokuti mutoo wokubatanidza nawo unotapura zvakananga kuti nyika dzinofanira kubata sei vagari vemo. Pasina kubatanidzwa, rondedzero dzingada, murondedzero, kodzero dzebridge idzo hurumende yehurumende yaisagona. Dzidziso inosarudzwa nokudaro inoshanda segadziriro huru yehurumende yeAmerica, inodzikamisa utongi hwehurumende nemipimo yorudzi yorusununguko rwomunhu.

Miitiro Yazvino Mukusatendeseka

Kusarudza kwapakarepo kubatanidzwa kweDare reChikurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura kuratidzira murairo uyo uri zvose zviri zviviri unyore mashoko uye unopa ngwariro zvikuru kugamuchidzanwa renhau. Dare razvino uno, nevoruzhinji varo vasingachinji, rakaratidza kudisa kuwedzera kubatanidzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo nepo richisimbisawo miganhu yakavakirwa parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba uye muitiro wenhau.

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvikuru chave chiri kubatwa kweDare kweChipiri Amendment. Mu McDonald v. Chicago [2010], Dare rakaramba kuti Dare reChipiri reTramende rekodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo zvekuti munhu azvichengetere iye pachake uye zvombo. Bruten[FLT] 202], Dare rakajekesa kuti mirau yepfutisi yetsika inofanira kubvumira maminisitasitiri kuti idzore mita inomanikidzira kudzora pfuti. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, mu State Rifle & Pistol Association. [FLT]

Imwe nzvimbo yokubatanidza jurispradence inobatanidza justance Rescent Respective Claus. Mu Timbs v. Indiana [2011] (2011), Dare rakabatana rakataura kuti kurambidzwa kwefaindi yakanyanyisa kunoshanda kuhurumende, kuratidzira nguva yokutanga Dare rakaita kuti pave neBill of Rights gas muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri nerinotanga. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza kurashikirwa kweNyika yeRover SuV inodarika kana kuwanda kwemhosva yemushonga, uye Dare rakawana kuti nguva yokutanga Dare rakabatanidzwa nechirongwa chekodzero dzavanhu mudanho chakarurama.

Kusimbisa Kuva Woga uye Kutaura Usingatyi

Kodzero dzakavanzika dzinoramba dziri nzvimbo ine simba zvikuru yokusarudza. Kunyange zvazvo IPrandment ye14th Account Claus yagara ichidudzirwa kwenguva refu kudzivirira fariro dzakati dzakavanzika dzinokosha — zvikurukuru mu Griswold v.Connecticut[[[FL:1]] (1965) uye Roe v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [3] [7773]) — chisarudzo cheDare mu [[[FLT:] mav]. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022] [202] yakachinja zvikuru nzvimbo yenzvimbo. Kupfurikidza neCesaruling, Dare rakavanza kuti chisarungai kubvisa kubvisa kubvisa mimba, kutaura kwechiichine pamusoro penhau yorudyi.

Munzvimbo yerusununguko rwokutaura, Dare rakapfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yedziviriro dzinobatanidzwa dzeFirst Amendment. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza mirau yesociation yesociation, mari, uye kutaura kwakaipa zvakaedza ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende. Packham v. North Carolina[ [2017] , Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unorambidza vapambwa vevatano inonyorerwa pakuwana zviteshina, richiita kuti mutemo urege kuva nekodzero dzokutaura pachena mumativi avanhu akasiana etsika. Nomutoo wazvino unotookanwa mu [FLT:] Mahan . [FLT] .[FLT] [2] [201], Dare rinoganhurirwa reSangano reruwa rwezvikoro kuti udzoredze kodzero yemashoko avadzidzi, chikoro haagoni kusimbisa kutaura kwevadzidzi panze pezvikoro.

Kuva voga kwenhamba kwabuda senzvimbo itsva yokubatanidza. Nepo Kudzivirira kweChibvumirano chechina kwave kuchibatanidzwa kwenguva refu, Dare rakarwisa kushandisa nheyo idzi kugadzira zvinhu nokukurumidza. Mu Karpanter v. United States[FLD:1] [2017], Dare rakati hurumende inoda kuti kazhinji kazhinji kacho ive nekodzero yokuwana mashoko ezvenguva yakare, ichiziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumibato yavo yose inoitwa. Chisarudzo ichi chinoratidzira kuti muChibvumirano cheChina chePendekosti chichajairana, asi chinoramba chisinganzwisisiki kuti kurangarira uku kuchatambanukira sei kumamwe mashoko, mametrici, maemeematemily, maonzi, mashoko eemail, kana kuti mashoko enhau.

Zvinofanotaurwa Zvinoitika Munguva Yemberi

Kutarira mberi, miitiro mizhinji mikuru sezvingabvira ichaumba nguva yemberi yokubatanidzwa kunosarudza. Mutambo pakati pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mirau inochinja nzanga, uye pfungwa yokutonga uchasarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dzinogamuchira dziviriro yenzvimbo yepamusoro pehurumende yakakwana uye kuti dziviriro idzodzo dzinomanikidzirwa sei.

Kukura Kunobvira Kwekodzero

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinotarisirwa zvikurusa dzokuwedzera inobatanidza kuvandika kwemichina nedziviriro yemashoko. Sezvo ungwaru hwokugadzira, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye unyanzvi hwokuongorora hwakapararira zvinova zvakapararira zvikuru, Dare ringakumbirwa kuziva mitauro mitsva yeFimendement yeChina inobatanidza kuti ijekese zvakajeka kuita chisarudzo chemitemo uye kusvika kwehurumende. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura kuti rondedzero yemifananidzo yeGeneti Remendment — iyo inobvuma kuti jirafitirome remunhu angazivisa kupfuura mashoko ose — inogona kutungamirira kukudzivirira kwakafara pakuongororwa nehurumende kusina kukodzera kutererwa kwehurumende pamwero wenyika.

Kunewo fungidziro yokuti Dare ringabatanidza mativi eFirst Amendment’s Admimental Claus munzira itsva, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutsigira mari kwehurumende yamasangano orudzidziso. Mu Chechi yeLutheran v. Comer [2017] [2017] uye [FLT] [FLT]] Espinoza neMontane Depart of Beinve [FLT:] [20]), Dare rainoti masangano orudzidziso haagoni kubvisa masangano orudzidziso anowanika kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yezvaazvo zvorudzidziso. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinokarakadza muitiro kubatanidzwa kwakafara kwekodzero dzemashandiro, zvinoda nyika kurapa rudzidziso nedzenyika dzakafanana.

Imwe nzvimbo yefutunuko ikodzero yokufamba, iyo Dare rakaziva kwenguva refu sekodzero huru inodzivirirwa naMaropafadzo eMbengwa e 144 kana kuti Immunities Claus. Nepo Dare rakanzvera nenzira yegamuchidzanwa kufamba kwenyika pasi peFendial Procement Clauss, dzimwe ruramisiro dzakaratidza fariro mukumutsiridza maropafadzo kana kuti Immunitation Claus semanyuko akajeka ekodzero dzakabatanidzwa. Mu Saenz v. Roe[FLT:] (1999), Dare rakavimba neMaropafadzo kana kuti Immoties Claus kuti adzore zvakanaka zvinogoverwa nomutemo weCalifornia, uye uku kugona kuwedzerwa kudzimwe kodzero dzinodzorwa.

Pakupedzisira, maruramiro edzidzo, kunyange zvazvo asingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, angaona zvibvumikiso zvakamutsidzirwa. Mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773]), Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti dzidzo haisi maruramiro makuru pasi peBumbiro remitemo rehurumende, asi migariro yenzanga neremari — yakabatanidzwa nedzinokura mutsika dzedzidzo mumativi ose — ingagona kunyandurazve kutaura kuti dzidzo duku inowirirana norusununguko rwakarairwa.

Miganhu Nezvinetso

Pasinei zvapo neiyi futunuko inobvira, nguva yemberi yokusarudza haisati iri isina ganhuriro dzinokosha nedenho. Simbiso yeDare razvino uno pamavambo namagwaro ingadzivisa kukura kwedzidziso. Mutongi Thomas, zvikurukuru, akarangarira kuti Dare rinofanira kubva pamuitiro wakafanira wokunzvera uye panzvimbo pezvo kuva nechivakirwa paMaropafadzo kana kuti kuva neImmunitunies Claus, izvo anodavira kuti nenzira yokutendeka zvikuru kuratidzira revo yapakuvamba ye 144th Amendment. Nepo uyu mutoo ungachengeta maruramiro akati kuti, ungagonawo kuganhurira kukura kwamaruramiro matsva asina kunyorwa akatanhamara enhau.

Chimwe chinetso chikuru chinobatanidza kuwedzerwa kwegadziriro yetendero yeDare guru negadziriro yokutonga yakakura. Sezvo kudzikamiswa kwepfungwa dzedare kunochinja, mupimo wokusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi "dzokufunga" dzingakwikwidzwa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakadzivisa nokushingaira kubatanidzwa kwehurumende, dzichiitirana nharo nokuda kwokudzokera kumitemo miviri umo nyika dzine rusununguko rukuru rwokurondedzera kodzero dzevanhu vari munyika madzo. Kukwira kwemitemo yehurumende iratidziro imwe yeiyi kombanwa, nehurumende dzinowedzera kodzero dzadzo dzinokura munharaunda dzadzo dzimene umo Bumbiro remitemo rinopa dziviriro shoma.

Kunewo denho inoshanda yokuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvapamutemo. Kunyange apo kodzero dzinobatanidzwa nenzira yapamutemo, kuva nechokwadi chokuteerera hurumende kunoda kuti kodzero dzechiito zvechiito chinopfuurira, chiito chomutemo, uye kunyoresa ruzhinji. Dzidziso yokubatanidza inongova bedzi yakasimba semishonga inowanika kuigombedzera. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rakaganhurira gadziriro dzakati dzokutarisira, dzakadai sokukwanisa kudzivirirwa kwevakuru vakuru vamapurisa neganhuriro pakodzero dzehurumende mumitemo yehurumende. Kana izvi zvikapfuurira, kubatanidzwa kungava kwokufananidzira zvikuru kupfuura kudzorwa kwemipimo yehurumende asi kunotarisana nokuzvidavirira kunoshanda kupfurikidza nezviito zvehurumende.

Kunetsa Kwedzidzo Nomutemo

Dzidziso inochinja yokubatanidzwa kwechisarudzo ine revo huru nokuda kwedzidzo yapamutemo, ruzivo rwebumbiro remitemo, uye muitiro womutemo. Vadzidzi vemitemo navadzidzisi vanofanira kurwisana kwete bedzi nokukura kwenhau kwokubatanidzwa asiwo nechinjo yako inopfuurira mukupindura chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, yenzanga, uye yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muchikoro chedzidzo yemitemo, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwakadzidziswa sedzidziso yakagadzikiswa — muitiro wenhau wakaguma muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nokubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights dziviriro dzakawanda. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwenhau dzinobatanidzwa uye gadziriro dzeDare dzinochinja mitoo zvinoreva kuti vadzidzisi vanofanira kupa dzidziso sechinhu chipenyu, nzvimbo inokakavadzana yomutemo wemitemo. Mako akarongwa pamutemo webumbiro remitemo, muitiro woutsotsi, uye hurumende zvinofanira kusimbisa gakavadzano yepfungwa iri pasi pokubatanidzwa, kubatanidza kupesana pakati pemagariro apakuvamba nemitemo inodzora, basa reropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus, uye ukama pakati pomutezo womutemo nemutezo wapamutemo.

Nokuda kwavarapi vemitemo, zvikurukuru avo vanoshanda mukodzero dzavagari vemo, dziviriro yeutsotsi, kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo, nzwisiso yakadzama yokubatanidzwa kuvhozhokera kunokosha nokuda kwokubudirira kwenhau dzezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Magweta anopa mvumo dzinobatanidza chiito chehurumende anofanira kugadzirirwa kutaura kuti kodzero yakati yakabatanidzwa uye naizvozvo inosungirwa munyika, kana kuti nenzira inopesana, kuti kodzero haina kubatanidzwa uye nokudaro inoramba iri pasi pokudzorwa nehurumende. Kuwedzera kwenhau dzinobatanidzwa muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunoreva kuti nyanzvi dzinofanira kufanoziva kuti kunzvera kuchaita sei kubuda muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kubva pakuongorora kwounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu.

Kupfuura basa repamutemo, nguva yemberi yokusarudza ine revo huru dzenzanga. Vagari vanonzwisisa ukuru hwekodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo — uye mwero wehurumende ine mutoro wokudzivirira kodzero idzodzo — vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuzvitsigira ndokutora rutivi mune zvehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Nhungamiro dzedzidzo dzakaitirwa kuvandudza kurava nokunyora pamutemo, kubva kumapurogiramu ezvikoro zvesekondari kusvikira kumakambani edzidzo avakuru, dzinofanira kubatanidza tsananguro dzakajeka dzokuti mabasa akasarudzwa uye nei achikosha muupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Pamwero wemiitiro, vagavhuna vehurumende navatongi vanofanira kunzvera fambiro mberi mukubatanidza murairo wehurumende kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yehurumende inowirirana nemipimo yehurumende. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kunogona kuguma nemhindu inodhura nokushata kwemitemo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, vanotaura kuti kuda kukudza dziviriro kupfuura ganhuriro dzehurumende kungawana mikana mukukura kwechimiro chebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kubatanidza pakati pehurumende nemitemo yehurumende kunoparira mutemo wehurumende utongi une simba umo masangano anobatira samarabhoritari yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza kusvika kudziviriro kukodzero itsva uko gare gare gare kungapesvedzera kududzirwa kwehurumende.

mhedziso

Nguva yemberi yokusarudza zvipikirwa zvichava zvinokosha sezvinokosha senguva yazvo yakapfuura. Kuvambira pamavambo azvo muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri kusvikira kubasa rayo razvino mukuumba kuva woga kwemitemo, maruramiro epfuti, uye kutaura kwakasununguka, dzidziso yacho inoramba iri mutoo unokosha wokusimbisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo pahurumende kutsoropodzwa. Miitiro nedeyano zvakarongwa munyaya ino — kubatanidza kukura kwamaruramiro akavanzika enhau, gakava rinopfuuridzirwa pamusoro pomuitiro wakafanira, uye denho dzinoparirwa nokuramba kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende — zvose zvinonongedzera kunhambo yedzidziso inokosha.

Nokuda kwenyanzvi, vadzidzi, uye vanachiremba, kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro peidzi fambiro mberi hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo. Chinodikanwa chinoshanda mukufamba mumhoteredzo yapamutemo umo miganhu yechiremera chehurumende nehurumende iri kubatanidzwazve nguva dzose. Dzidziso yakasarudzwa ichapfuurira kuumba ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwemitemo rwekodzero dzemunhu ari wose weAmerica, kutema kana rusununguko rwakaiswa muBill of Rights iri muGhovernment iri zvirokwazvo kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuenda kumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: kurukurirano yakasarudzwa pamusoro pekubatanidza chinhu iri kure. Ichaumbwa nenhau dzinouya pamberi peDare, nharo dzinosimutsidzirwa navarevereri, uye kunzwisisa kwokunzwisisa kuti inoreva sei kuti iko kugona kuva nechisarudzo chikuru. Vaya vanopinza zvikuru nzvimbo iyi yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yeAmerica. Vachatongedzero yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yeAmerica, asi inotongedzero inopfuudzo inopfuudzo inopfuuresa, inopfudza kupfuudzira kupfura kutodzodzodzo.