Sumo: Nharo Yefaundesheni

Nhau yenzira yokududzira nayo Bhishopo yeUnited States yakakamuranisa vatongi, nyanzvi, uye vanhu vose kwezvizvarwa. Pamwoyo weiyi divi pane mavambo e .Nzvimbo yokuti rugwaro rwemitemo inofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yayo yapakuvamba panguva yokushandiswa kwechibvumirano. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti uku kurangarira kwokutonga munheyo dzakatsiga, kunodzivisa vatongi kuisa zvisakafanira zvomunhu oga. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanodavira kuti kutenderwa kwemitemo yemitemo yepakuvamba kunogona kuva chinhu chakaoma, zvikurukuru apo kunoshandiswa kumibvunzo ye inowirirana. [_3]]

Kunetseka uku hakusi kungova kudzidziswawo zvako. Kunoumba migumisiro chaiyo inobatanidza dzinza, munhurume kana mukadzi, mafungiro epabonde, urema, uye mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa. Sezvo nyika ino ichirwisana nemiganhu mitsva yokuenzana, kukurukurirana kwedzidziso yokutanga kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvinoguma nemutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga: Zvinhu Zviviri Zvinosiyana

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Chiratidzo hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Mitinhimira mikuru miviri yakabuda pahafu yepakati yapfuura. donzo rapakuvamba [ inotsvaka kuziva izvo zvikamu zvimene zvaidavira mukuwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Iyi nzira, yakatsigirwa naAttorney General Edwin Meese muma 1980, inotarira kumapepa akavanzika, kurukurirano, uye nyorerana dzavagadziri veforoma.

Mukupesana, revo yavanhu yepakutanga uscription [i] yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakataurwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia(anobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungoi panguva yokunatsa angadai akanzwisisa rugwaro kuva anoreva. Scalia akapikisana kuti mutoo uyu unodzivisa “psycholysis" yevakafa yeFrames uye panzvimbo pezvo unotsamira pakokorodzano dzemutaurowo zvadzo dzenguva yacho. Nhasi, revo yapakuvamba ichimiro chikuru chechidhori, chinogamuchirwa naClarence Thomas, Neill Gorave, uye Brett Kavagaugh, pakati pedzimwe.

Zvose zvinogoverana musengwa mumwe chetewo: pfungwa yokuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inogadzwa panguva yokuparadza uye inogona kuchinjwa bedzi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wenguva dzose wokugadziridza weChikamu V, kwete nokududzirazve kwedare.

Kukwezva Kwechiito Chokutanga

Nei vatongi vasina rusununguko rwokunyorazve Bumbiro remitemo kuti varatidzezve tsika dzavo, ipapo zvisarudzo zvinoramba zviripo. Zvikamu zvitatu zvinovapozve. Chokutanga, chisvomhu chinotaurwa kuti chinotsigira kuva pamutemo kwemadirefemoma. Kana vatongi vasina kusununguka kunyorazve Mutemo kuti varatidze tsika dzavo, ipapo zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoramba zviripo nedzinosarudzwa. Chechipiri, chitendero chemavambo chinorumbidzwa nokuda kwokugovera kusava nouporofita. Revo yakagadzwa inobvumira vagari vemo nevanogadzira mitemo kuziva mitemo pachineidzo mberi, inoderedza chibvumirano. Varunguridziro chechitatu chinoramba kuti rugwaro rwemitemo rwakanyorwa noune, mumutauro wakafara, mutemo; kutsanangura kwakatendeka kwe “rugwaro rwakasiyana nomutauro unopfumba.

Zvinetso Zvokutanga Munhau Dzakaenzana Dzamaruramiro

Kuganhurirwa Kwenhau Nechinetso Chokuparadzwa

Chikamu chine simba zvikurusa chedzidziso yapakuvamba mumashoko akapoteredza ekodzero dzakaenzana ndechenhau. Bumbiro remitemo serakatenderwa pakuvamba muna 1788 rakaverengwa nenzira yakakurumbira vanhu vari varanda savane nhanhatu vomunhu nokuda kwamadonzo omufananidzo, rakabvumidza kutengeswa kwavaranda kwamarudzi ose kutozosvikira muna 1808, uye rakanga risina vimbiso yakajeka yedziviriro yakaenzana. Vakadzi vainyimwa kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana uye, mumutemo wavose, vaiiswa pasi pokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwavarume vavo. Masangano akawanda akanga atanga machechi, uye aisava maKristu akatarisana nokuremara.

Apo Fimendement ye14th yakatenderwa muna 1868, rugwaro rwayo ( ruchizobvisawo Hurumende ipi neipi inoitorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo”[[FLT:]]]] [8] [8] [yakanga yakafara nousinganzwisisiki. Kunyange zvakadaro Hurumende yakaikarakadza kuti ivewo yakaita kuti depa repartment of Columbia, uye yakasiya Jim Crow yakasaririra ku “revo yokutanga” yerevo yokurevesa kusarura dzinza kwaisangoregwa bedzi, uye kazhinji kazhinji inodudza nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa yomutemo unorwisana nechakaipa panguva iyoyo. Vatsoropotetesei vaidzoresa kurava uku kukanganisa zvikuru.

Muenzaniso waBrown v. Board of Education

Hapana muenzaniso unoratidzira kunyanduka kwakajeka zvikuru kupfuura v. Board of Education (1154). Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akarova chikoro, achitsamira zvikuru paufakazi hwesayenzi hwenzanga hunoratidza kuvadziko yendangariro ye “asi yakaenzana”. Vashanduri vakarwa kwenguva refu ne [[FLT:] BrowN[. Vamwe, kufanana noMutongi Scalia, vakagamuchira muuyo sewakarurama asi wakatamburira kuudzika murevo. Vamwe, kufanana naProfesi McConnell, vakarangarira kuti revo yapachena yeGenetic Amegement, yakaita, kutaura, kutaura, kutaura kuti chikoro chitsaruso chinobva munhambo inongonguva ino. [Foctalth]

Iyi kurukurirano yomukati inozivisa kuti kugadziridza kunofanira kunangana neidi rokuti kugadziridza kwakanga kuri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye revo yakwo yapakuvamba ingava isina kujeka kana kuti kunyange inopokanidzana.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Utano Nokunzwisisa Kwepakutanga

Kushandiswa kwokutanga kuenzana kwevarume kwakafanana. Illinois [[FLT: 1] (1873) kuti Hurumende yakadzikwa iregedzedze mu1868 kurambidza rusaruro pavakadzi. Zvirokwazvo, Dare Rapamusorosa rakaitirwa mu Brewellw v. ) [1873] kuti hurumende ingagona kurambidza mukadzi akaroorwa kushandisa mutemo, ichifunga kuti “mutemo wehurumende, pamwe chete nechisiko chapoga, nguva dzose wakaziva musiyano huru mumativi akasiana nomumitengo yomurume nomukadzi."

Kukurumidza kuenda ku Reed v. Ret (1971], mhaka yokutanga umo Dare rakaputsa mutemo pamusoro pezvikonzero zvevatano. Dare harina kukumbira kuti pave namavambo; rakashandisa kuedzwa kwemifungo yeingano uye rakagumisa kuti kubata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiana nokuda kwokutarisira nzvimbo kwakanga kusina ukama hupi nohupi hune mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Panhambo nenhambo, Craig v. Boren[FLT]] [[FLT]] [3] [779]] na [[FLT:] United States]. Virginia

Ko murairi wekare angagona kururamisa izvi zvisarudzo here? Zvimwe, kufanana noMutongi Scalia, akataura pachena kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba harina kudzivirira rusaruro rwevatano (8) kunyange zvazvo iye akavhotera achitsigira zvimiro zvakati zvevatano zvinozivikanwa. Vamwe, kufanana naMutongi Thomas, havana kukumbanira mirangariro iyo nomutoo wakajeka inogamuchira kunzvera zvikuru vatano, inosarudza kusarudza zviitiko izvozvo pasi pomufungo wetsika. Kurangarira kusimbisa kuti chitendero chapakuvamba, kana chikashandiswa nenzira yakaoma, sezvingabvira chingabvumira zvimiro zvakawanda zvevatano zvevatano izvo zvinodokuva vaAmerica vose zvino vanoshurikidza.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero: Muedzo Mukurusa WechiShona

Zvichida hakuna nzvimbo yomutemo wakaenzana wekodzero yakadenha urongwa hwekodzero dzapakuvamba kupfuura chimiro chevatano nezivikanwo. Chirevo chapakuvamba cheBumbiro reMitemo (kunyange pashure sema 1970) hachina kurangarira “kurangarira kwevatano” seboka rakadzivirirwa. Rugwaro rwe 144th Amendmerment harwupi nhungamiro yakajeka. Uye kunyange zvakadaro, Dare mu ] Lawrence v. Texas [2003] yakaputsa mitemo yesodoma, uye Obergefell v. Hogs (20) yakaziva pamutemo kumuchato mumwe cheteyo.

Mu Obergefell, murangariro woruzhinji weMutongi Kennedy wakatsamira pa “kurarama” kworusununguko, kuchisimbisa kuti“ zvizvarwa zvakanyorwa nokutendera Bill of Rights neGrandment ye145 [IPF] hazvina kufungidzira kuziva ukuru hworusununguko mumativi arwo ose.] Kupesana kwacho kwakanyorwa neMutongi Scalia uye kwakabatanidzwa naMasarudzo Thomas naArito, kwakanga kwakakomba. Schalia akataura kuti voruzhinji vakanga vasiya “kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba” kweroorano uye vakanga vabvuta mutoo wedeo wehurumende.

Mutongi Thomas, mukupesana kwakaparadzana, akapa chibvumikiso chapakuvamba chitsva: Gwaro reChibvumirano chapakuvamba rinovimbisa bedzi rusununguko mukuzvidzora kwomuviri, kwete maruramiro okupinda muukama hwapedyo kana kuti kuroora mumwe munhu ane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Ichi chimiro, kunyange zvazvo chiri chomukati chinowirirana, chinorambwa navaAmerica vazhinjisa uye nevoruzhinji venyanzvi dzapamutemo. Chinoratidzira mwero uyo pakuvamba vanogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inoratidzika kuva inopesana nerevo dzazvino uno dzechiremera chohunhu neuenzani.

Nokuda kwavatsoropodzi vazhinji, kurwisana pamusoro peLGBTQ kunoratidzira utera hukuru hwechiNgezi: hakugoni kukurukura zvimiro zvitsva zverusaruro izvo vaFramers vaisagona kuva vakafungidzira. Revo yapakuvamba yavanhu ya “dziviriro yakaenzana” ingave yakabatanidza bedzi ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa; hakuna kubatanidza mirangariro yevatano, kuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi, kana kuti zvimwe kunyange kuvatana mumurangariro wazvino uno. Vafundisi vechiGiriki vanogamuchira kuti chinjo dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kugadziridzwa, kwete kupfurikidza nokududzirazve kwedare. Asi nokuda kwaavo vanodavira kuti kodzero dzakafanana ichipikirwa chikuru chemitemo, vanomirira kuva vadzoredzeri mitemo yemitemo iko yekusaruramisira ikotsekanwa kukusaruramisira.

Mirangariro Yazvino Uno: Mhaka yeBumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Mipimo Inochinja Yenhema

Chinotsiva mavambo chinowanzonzi “chinoraramisa chiTragisme” kana kuti“ nduramo”. Uyu murangariro, wakabatanidzwa neMutongi William Brennan, Mutongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg, uye Mutongi Stephen Breyer, unotaura kuti mashoko akafara eBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo akadai[[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] , [FLT] dziviriro yakaenzana , [[FLT]]] muitiro wakakomba unoturikirwa muchiedza chemigariro yazvinovapo nazvinofambika. Mhindu hazvirevi zvemagariro dzenzanga.Gromagatejinigno asingashoreki rugwaro kana kuti vashande manyoro enhau enhau dzakarevomomunguva yemberi zvakato.

Breyer’s Breyer Active Liberty inoisa chiono cheBumbiro reMitemo rinosimudzira kutora rutivi kwedemokrasi uye rinochinjira kuzvinodikanwa zvechaunga chinochinja. Iye anotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kurangarira miuyo inoshanda yezvisarudzo zvavo nezvinangwa zviri pasi pegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Uku kusvika, zvose zviri zviviri zvakatendeka kugadziriro yavaFramers (akanyora Bumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo “anoda kutsungirira kwamakore anouya,” muchitsamanzwiro chakakurumbira chaMutongi Marshall) uye kuremekedza kuzvitonga kwehurumende yehurumende.

Chirevo Chokutanga Chinofadza

Kupfuura murangariro wapachokwadi wezvibvumirano zvekududzira zvinhu zvipenyu, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinopa rondedzero yetsika yetsika yepakuvamba. Purofesa Cass Sunstein, somuenzaniso, akatsigira nokuda kwe “minimalist”" (jee zviitiko panzvimbo dzakamanikana pasina kupa rondedzero huru yedudziro. Dzimwe, kufanana naPurofesa Jamale Greene, dzinopikisa kuti dzidziso dzose dzapakuvamba dzinopesana. Kurarama kwemitemo kwakanyanyova kwakapfava; zvinotsigira nokuda kwe “rondedzero yemitemo yetsika yavose” inobata muenzaniso nedzidziso sepakati, pedyo norugwaro nenhau.

Ava vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti uzivi hwemavambo hahugoni kubudisa mhinduro dzakaoma muzvinoitika zvizhinji. Revo yapakuvamba ye “kunzvera nokusutumuka kusinganzwisisiki” kana kuti“ kushora nezvirango zvechienzi” inokwikwidzwa zvikuru. Uyewo mavambo anoudza vatongi [[FLT: 0] mwero wekushandisa: kana tikatarisa pa 1791 revo ye“maatomu” samuti, kana kuti nheyo yezvinaro pamusoro pezvimene? Sezvinoita kuti Mutongi Scialia abvuma [FLT:] mu [FLT:] Difit of Columbia v. [FLT:] [2003] [2008], revo yapakuvamba yeFilmetic Reformation inobatanidza“ zvombo zvinozivikanwa nai zvinobvumira pamutemo. [Maseseromei anobvumira pakuvamba]

Kuchinja Kunoita Kupiwa Kwekodzero Dzakaenzana

Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Zvakachinjwa Nedzidziso

Kungotaura nezvedzidziso yepakutanga hakungogumiri pakungotaura chete; kunochinja zvakananga migumisiro yenyaya dzinokosha dzine kodzero dzakafanana.

  • Act: Mu [FT:2] Sutuges for Fair Admissistrations v. Harvard [2023], Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akanyora nokuda kworuzhinji urwo runobvuma runobvuma ruzivo rweNyapadzo yerudzi runoputsa zvikuru. Murangariro wakakweverwa zvikuru panzwisiso yapakuvamba ye 1450th Amendmendmendment, achisimbisa kuti yakanga iri “chiono.” Kurega, Mutongi Sotomayo akapomera voruzhinji kufuratira donzo rapakuvamba regendment reconst comment comment coult Classivement. $5] purofiti yamazana amakore okugamuchira mutemo we “madhikisi.
  • Dare raiparadza gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act, richizivisa kuti “zvinhu zvachinja nenzira inoshamisa" uye kuti mutoo wenhau wechienzi hauna kururamiswazve nemigariro yazvino uno. Murangariro waHerst Roberts wakanga wakavakirwa munheyo youchangamire hwakaenzana nounyanzvi hwehurumende, kwete mukuraviwa kwakananga kwerevo yapakuvamba yedavidzo ye15. Chisarudzo ichi chakava netapuro huru pakodzero dzokuvhotera, kuparira kuiswa kwemitemo inodzora.
  • Dhostism Kodzero: Mu Board of Trustees v. Garrett (2001], Dare raidavira kuti hurumende dzakanga dzisingadzivirirwi nesutu dzakavanzika pasi peAmerica neUremalm Act, kurangarira kuti rusaruro pavanhu vane urema rwakanga rusingadzikirwirwirwirwiswa nerefu yerefu yeredhi rapakuvamba. Chisarudzo chakaganhurirwa nenzira inobudirira mano eDare raMakurukota okuita akaenzana navanhu vakaremara kutozosvikira ADA gare gare gare ashandiswa kukutaura mumamwe maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Rumwe norumwe rweidzi nhau runoratidzira kuti uzivi hunodudzira ruramisiro hunopesvedzera sei dziviriro dzakaenzana dzamaruramiro. Ruramisiro inonamatira kuumwari hwepakuvamba sezvingabvira zvikuru kutera kuzvisarudzo zvehurumende zvokutonga kutoti revo yakajeka yapakuvamba ichida kupindira. ruramisiro inobatanidza mutoo une simba zvikuru ingava inodisa zvikuru kuwana kupunzwa kwemitemo uko mipimo yapanguva ino ino inobvuma kusaenzana kusina kururama.

Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza

Kuvamba kunobatanawo nedzidziso ye inorevesa decis. Nheyo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera mitemo yapamberi. Mutongi Scalia akakurumbira akapikisa kuti “utangira hahudi mutongi wepakutanga kuti atonge muenzaniso wakaipa kubva pamurangariro wepakutanga kana usina kuvimbwa nawo uye usina kubvumikiswa kuva anoshanda. Iyi nyaradzo inobvuma kuti kunyange vapakuvamba havasati vachizodzura chivako chose chivako chazvino uno chemitemo yokudzivirira yakaenzana. Nokudaro, nepo munhu wokutanga angadavira kuti [[FLT:] Brown. v[FLT3] [FFLT]] [F:]

Ichi chiito chokudzikamisa chave chichiratidzirwa zvizere munguva yemberi yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri pashure pa Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), iyo yakatonga [ Roe[. Mutongi Alito anoramba zvakajeka murangariro wavazhinji wekushandisa mashandire eTristitution ndokutaura kuti revo yeChurostom haina kudzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Mushonga, wakanyorwa neRumbiso Breyer, Kagane, uye Sotomayo, akatsoropodza voruzhinji nokuda kwamakumi amakore okusiya muenzaniso uye nokuda kwokuisa “kusununguka kusingateyi upenyu hwechi14.

Chisarudzo icho chimene chinoratidzira kuti mavambo, apo anoshandiswa pasina ganhuriro dzesuo dzakasimba, chinogona kuparira chinjo dzinoshamisa mukudzivirirwa kwekodzero( nokuda kwavamwe, kudzokera kukuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo; nokuda kwavamwe, kudzongonyedzwa kune ngozi kwerusununguko rwakadzikama.

Kupedzisa: Kuderedza Kusagadzikana

Gakava pamusoro pemavambo mumashoko akapoteredza ekodzero dzakaenzana haringabviri kupedzwa. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogovera mifungo ine simba, bva isina kukwana. Kurendanisa kunopa kusungirirwa kukuva kwehurumende yedemocracy yeBumbiro remitemo necherekedzo pamusoro penhau dzinotonga.

Zvichida nzira inobudirira zvikurusa iri mberi haisati iri kuomerera parondedzero imwe asi kuziva kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvine chimwe chinhu chokupa. Matare anofanira kurangarira rugwaro nenhau zvakakomba − sezvo vazivi vemavambo vanokurudzira(apo vanorambawo vakazaruka kunzwisiso inochinja yezvinodikanwa nehuenzani munzanga yakasununguka. Unyanzvi hwetsika dzeAmerica dzave dziri mano awo okubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri gamuchidzanwa nokuchinja. Zvidzidzo zvakadzika zvedziviriro yakaenzana zvingava zvisina kutsamira pa 1868 revo, asi munheyo yokuti rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo, kufanana nebako retsika, rinochinjira kururamisiro.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pakurukurirano, ona Mutongi Scalia’s ANTAURTY yendudziro neMutongi Breyer’s Active Liberty[. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwokungwarira zvikanganiso zvechiShona, bvunza Purofesa Jamal Greene’s [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Mutemo weMitemo Unova Matemo OOFYC, uye nokuda kwokutarira kwapameso pamiuyo inoshanda, ABHAURONS yezvinokosha yedziviriro zvakaenzana.[FLT]

Pakupedzisira, madudzire atinoita Bumbiro Remitemo anoratidza zvatinokoshesa zvikuru pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, rusununguko, uye kuenzana.