Gakava rinogarororo pamusoro pe mavambo senzira yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo rakakura sezvo nzanga dzinova dzakasiana---tsauka netsika. Pamavambo adzo, mavambo anodavira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kunzwisiswa parevo yaro yapakuvamba kana kuti zvinangwa zvevagadziri varo panguva yokunyorwa kwechinhu. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa uku kudzikamisa mutemo uye mashandiro edemokrame. Vanopesana kuti munzanga yamarudzi akasiyana- siyana, kuomererana kurerekera kurevo kuregeredza ruramisiro uye kuderedza mapoka ane kodzero dzawo dzisina kuzivikanwa zvizere pakuvamba. Uku kumutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzira rekuti chinyorwa chekare chinogona kuramba sei chiri chapamutemo murudzi rwetsika dzinotevedzekerekedzo nenzanga dzakasiyana-dzo.

Mavambo Okutanga Kureva Kuti Munhu Aiva Munhu Wepakutanga

ChiShona chakabuda souzivi hwapamutemo hwakasiana mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, zvikurukuru semhinduro kuzvinofungidzirwa kuva chiito cheWarren neBurger Courts. Nyanzvi dzakadai saRobert Bork naMutongi Antonin Scalia dzakatsigira kuvamba senzira yokudzvinyirira nayo chisarudzo chedare uye kududzira kwapachivako mumutemo wehurumende. Bork yakasimbisa vavariro yemavambo [ yemavambo] yemafomu, nepo Scalia gare gare gare akasimudzira revo yavose [[[FLT:]] revo yomunhu wehurumende yavanhu vane mufungo ingadai yakanzwisisa rugwaro rwacho panguva yokuitwa. Iyi mavambo kubva padonzo redonzo rapakuvamba kunyora kuti ridaidze revo revo revo rete yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunotora panzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinokosha: (1) Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo, uye mutemo unofanira kuva unozivikanwa nokugadzwa; (2) kududzirwa kwedare hakufaniri kushanduka kuti kuratidzire mipimo yenhambo inovapo panguva imwe cheteyo, nemhaka yokuti basa iroro nderechirongwa chehurumende kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro muChikamu V; uye (3) kunamatira kurevo yapakuvamba inosimudzira dzikamo, kudeya kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Idzi nheyo dzinofadza kuavo vanoitira hanya pamusoro pavatongi vasina kusarudzwa dzinoisa purogiramu yavo vamene. Bva United States inokura zvikuru mutsika, mudzinza, uye murudzidziso, chiShona, chiono chapakuvamba chinotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva zvinoedza kuwirirana kwayo nokururamisira.

Tsika Dzakasiyana - siyana Sechokwadi Chebumbiro Remitemo

Chaunga chazvino uno cheAmerica chinoratidzirwa nemhatsa huru — kwete bedzi yedzinza nedzinza asiwo yerudzidziso, mirangariro yevatano, kuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi, uye chiono chenyika. Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoreswa muna 1787 neboka duku, rakati tsigireinwa navanhu vachena; gare gare rakagadziriswa kubvisa uranda hwakaenzana, kuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kutambanudzira maruramiro okuvhota. Kunyange zvakadaro nhau dzakawanda dzenguva ino dzinobatanidza roorano yetex, kodzero dzechiito, ek, rusununguko rwokubereka (ht) rwaisafungidzikanwa kuvagadzirisi, uye kunyange revo yapakuvamba yavose yeSpeandon Amend Confter Amend Refectivels ingasava nerences zvakajeka. Mukahando uyu pakati pezvapakuvamba neyazvinoitika zvenzanga zvazvinovapo zvazvino uno ndiwo mutsetse mukuru wemhongedzero mukuru mukurukurirano yapakuvamba.

Multiculturalism also brings into focus the ways that the Constitution’s original meaning was shaped by exclusion. The Three-Fifths Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Clause, and the original Senate representation formula all embedded racial inequality into the constitutional structure. While the post–Civil War amendments repudiated much of that framework, originalists must confront whether the meaning of phrases like “equal protection of the laws” and “privileges or immunities” should be fixed in 1868 or allowed to evolve as understandings of equality deepen. Scholars such as Jamal Greene and Kermit Roosevelt III have argued that originalism’s faith in a single, stable meaning overlooks the contested and pluralistic character of constitutional interpretation.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Mundima Yakasiyana - siyana

Kubatanidza Revo Dzenhau Netsika Dzazvino Uno

Chimwe chedenho yakakomba zvikurusa inyanduko pakati pamashoko akapoteredza enhau nebvumirano yetsika yapanguva imwe. Somuenzaniso, Board of Education ye14th yakanyorwa munzanga iyo inomanikidzira pamutemo kusarura dzinza munyika dzakawanda; vagadziri vayo vangave vasina kuvavarira kurambidza zvimiro zvose zvehurumende. Chinongedzero chikurusa mu Brown v. Board of Education [[FLT:] [FLT] [54]] yakadudzira Kudzivirira Clauslegie kurambidza zvikoro zvakaiswa muvumo. [5] Chisarudzo icho vatangiri vakarwisa kuyananisa noruzivo rwavo.[5]

Zvisarudzo Zvokutonga Pakubatanidza Kodzero

Vatongi vezvokuvamba kazhinji kazhinji vanonangana nenhau idzo vasatongorangarira. Somuenzaniso, kuvandika kwemipimo pasi peChitsinhaniso cheChina: revo yapakuvamba ye “kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari” haina kurangarira metaimu, serura, kana kuti miraudzo. Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana ringamisa kunzvera kusvikira ku 18 muzana kana kuti kushandisa nheyo dzamanyuko matsva. Nenzira yakafanana, zvinoitika zvinobatanidza kuva akafanana nevarume nevakadzi, LGBTQ+ kodzero, uye kubereka hakuna kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba yerusununguko neuenzaniso dzinobatanidza dziviriro nokuda kwemapoka anotaurwa kare muupenyu hwavose. [[FTL:][5] "Obergefell] v. [8] [2], (20) apo ruramisiro, SCCcelialtic pamusoro pezviito zvemitemo yomutemo wemitemo yapakuvamba; zvisinei zvechipose, zvinowirirana nemurangariro wedare rinodzivirira nokuresaidzwa navanhu vose.

Kusaziva Revo Yapakuvamba

Chimwezve chinetso ndechokuti revo yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo inopokanidzwa. Vanyori venhau nenyanzvi dzemitemo havabvumirani pamusoro pezvinenge zviri munzwisiso dzapakuvamba (*kazvikosha, somuenzaniso, Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo kana kuti maruramiro akabatanidzwa nebasa rehondo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusamende]Dhiko reColumbian reColumbia v. Heller [2008]] [2008]) yakagamuchira murangariro wekare, uchitsamira zvikuru pamanyuko enhau. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti chinyorwa chenhau chinopesana uye kuti pakuvamba chinogona kubudisa miuyo inoratidzika nenzira inonyumwira sezvisarudzo zvechisarudzo nomutengo. Munzanga yakasiana-tsika, umo nzanga dzine zvinoitika zvenhau nedudziro yakasiana nerevo, mutoo wemitemo inoreva kuva isingatsigiriro yenhau.

Makakatanwa Anotsigira Kuvamba Munzanga Yetsika Dzakasiyana - siyana

Pasinei zvapo neidzi denho, vadziviriri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanopa zvikonzero zvinogombedzera nokuda kwokupfuurira kwadzo kushanda. Chokutanga, mavambo anotsigira mutemo kupfurikidza nokuomerera kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo rune revo yakatsiga iyo vatongi vanofanira kushandisa, kwete kugadziridza. Uku kufanoziva kunobvumira vagari vemo kuziva kodzero dzavo nemibato, kusimudzira dzikamo, uye kudzivisa matare kuva masuper-legislatures. Munzanga yakasiana-petanuro yakasiana umo mipimo yakavakirwa parugwaro rwakaitwa inogona kugovera chikonzero chisina muganhu wogariro kugadziro yezvisarudzi chipi nechipi chezvisarudzo zvenguva ino.

Chechipiri, dzidziso yokutanga inoremekedza muitiro wedemocratic . Chinjo huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza neChikamu V, chinoda mativi makuru uye nokudaro bvumirano yakafara. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti manzwi akasiyana - siyana ane shoko mukuchinja dhigirii remitemo. Apo vatongi vanochinja Constitution kupfurikidza ne “kuwana" maruramiro matsva mupenumbras, iko kupfupi nedemocracy. Chitendero, kupfurikidza nokuda kuti kutevedzerwa kune zvakagamuchirwa zvomenemene, mauto anochinja kutenderedza vagari vemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekuchinja.

Chechitatu, dzidziso yokutanga inogona kugadziridzwa kuwiriranisa mamiriro ezvinhu asingachinji. Vamwe vatangi vanokarakadza kuti vatongi vanofanira kushandisa revo yapakuvamba yenheyo dzakafara (zvakadai se “dziviriro yakaenzana” panzvimbo pezvishandiso zviduku zvenhau. Iyi nzira, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi mitoo yemavambo ye [,]" inobvumira mutauro weMitemo yeMitemo kushandiswa kumamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi apo ichiri kugombedzerwa kududzira kurevo yamashoko aiva nayo apo yaitendera. Somuenzaniso, revo yapakuvamba ye “crielle nerationsss" ingasairwo kupfurikidza nenongedzerowo zvayo yenheyo dzemwero, kwete miitirowo zvayo ye 1791. Uku kuchinja uku kungagonesa kugonesa kwendangariro yenhau yenhau dzenguva inowirirana.

Magakava Okurwisana Nedzidziso Yokutanga Munzanga Yetsika Dzakasiyana - siyana

Vashori vanopikisana kuti uranda hwepakuvamba hahugoni kupedza zvakakwana zvinodikanwa zvenzanga yetsika. Chirambidzo chavo chokutanga ndechokuti kutsiva kwapakuvamba kwakaparira njodzi kusarura kwenhau. Bumbiro remitemo rakarongwa panguva apo uranda hwaibvumirwa, vakadzi vaisagona kuvhota, uye vanhu vazhinji vedzinza nevechitendero vashoma vaibviswa paugari hwemo hwemo. Nepo kugadziriswa kwemigariro kwakaruramisa kumwe kweidzi idzi ruramisiro, vatangiri vanowanzodzivisa kutsanangura zvinodzivirira kupfuura zvakaratidzwa nevanoyera. Vatsoropote vai vainongedzera kunhau dzakafanana ne Karemav. United States (194), iyo inotsigira chiJapan intern , iyo inodzivirira chinyorwa chapakuvamba pamitengo.

Chechipiri, chiShona chingava fambiro mberi yenzanga panhau dzakadai seLGBTQ+ kodzero, kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi vakaremara. Kunyange kana revo yapakuvamba ye “dziviriro yakaenzana” ichigona kutambanudzwa kufukidza mapoka aya, mutoro wezvibvumikiso unowira zvikuru pane avo vanotsvaka chinjo. Kurangarira kwokutanga kunowanzosimbisa“ rugwaro” rwomutemo weAmerica, urwo rwakabvisa nzanga dzakasiiwa. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza nzanga dzakapfuura, chiShono chemavambo chinogona kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo kubatira sechibvumirano chipenyu cherusununguko kuvanhu vose.

Chechitatu, kutaura kwokuti revo yapakuvamba inodzorwa uye haitori rutivi ndi inopedzisa nokuda kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira. Seizvo nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakasununguka dzakadai Mark Tushnet naJack Balkin dzakacherekedza, kunzvera kwemavambo kazhinji kazhinji kunosarudza mumhatsa yamanyuko enhau kuti asvike mhedziso dzinowirirana nezvisakafanira zvetsika. Kuoma kwenhau, kwakabatanidzwa nokuoma kwetsika dziripo, kunoreva kuti mavambo haasati achidzoreri vatongi sechipikirwa chawo. Panzvimbo pezvo, anogona kuva chifukidzo chezvibvumirano zvokutonga zvechibvumirano chetsika.

Kusvika Kunoenzaniswa Nokumwe

Kuyera mavambo nenzira yakarurama, kunobetsera kurangarira mitoo inotsiva yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Mukwikwidzi akatanhamara zvikurusa ndi chikomberedzo chinorarama chebumbiro remitemo, icho chinotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo inochinja kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare kuti iratidzire mipimo inochinja migariro. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa kutsigira Affordicable Care Act, kuziva maruramiro kuroorano imwe cheteyo yetego, uye kukudza dziviriro nokuda kwavakadzi nepwere duku. Chitendero chemitemo chinotsiva zvakajeka zvikuru kutsika dzamarudzi ose, asi chinotarisana nezvirambidzo izvo zvinoshaiwa pamutemo nekuva nemitemo inokarakadzwa.

Mamwe marudzi akatanga gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzedzikamisa gamuchidzanwa nemhatsa. Charter of Rights and Freedoms yeCanada, somuenzaniso, inobatanidza “muti mupenyu” dzidziso inobvumira maruramiro kukura nemhindu dzenzanga, nepo achishandisawo muedzo wokuwirirana uyo unorangarira zvinangwa zvemitemo nokushata kuduku. Ruramisiro rweSouth Africa inobatanidza zvakajeka kuenzana, chiremera, uye zvamatongerwe enyika, uye Dare rayo reMitemo rinodudzira mashoko noruzivo rwenhau yenyika yakasiana. Izvi zvinoitika zvine mwero zvinokarakadza kuti mutemo unoyera unogona kutsanangurwa munzira idzo dzose dziri mbiri rugwaro rwapakuvamba nechikamu chapa.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzeAmerica dzakakarakadza kuvamba kana kuti “chiIndanganiswa” chiTsvene, icho chinobata revo yapakuvamba senzvimbo yokutanga panzvimbo pemisungo. Mumurangariro uyu vatongi vanofanira kurangarira nzwisiso yapakuvamba asi vaiyerawo muenzaniso, miuyo, uye miraudzo inochinja mipimo yetsika. Mutongi Stephen Breyer anosvika Practive Libertion[ Activerative nemigumisiro inoshanda. Nepo mitoo yapakuvamba zvikuru, yakadaro ichiedza kuwirirana nemipimo yenhau nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga.

Kusarudza Nguva Yemberi: Kududzira Kunoitwa Pamutevedzeri weBumbiro reMitemo

Gakava pamusoro pezvapakuvamba munzanga yamadzinza harina kutongopedzwa nenzira yakajeka. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, maruramiro okutonga, uye rudzi rwekodzero. Chakajeka ndechokuti rondedzero ipi neipi inoshanda yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kurwisana nouchokwadi hwemhatsa. Vazivi vanogona kuita kusvika kwavo kwakazara zvikuru nokubvuma ukoshi hwerevo yenhau yakatsigiswa, kupfurikidza nokushandisa nheyo dzakafara panzvimbo pemiitiro yenhau yakaganhurirwa, uye kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo pacharomendedzero (um., , dziviriro yaClaus) inosimudzira kunzwisisa kuenzana. Munguvayo, vatsoropotendi vedzidziso dzekare vanofanira kuziva ukoshi hwerevo yerevo, yakagadzwa sechisimbwa pasimba redare uye manyuko rokudzika.

Pakupedzisira, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatira segadziriro inowirirana nokuda kwenzanga inopesana nevazhinji nemhaka chaiyo nemhaka yokuti mashoko aro makuru ari kunzi “muitiro," anodzivirira,” “rusununguko rwokutaura” angatsanangurwa. Chinetso ndechokukudza zvose zviri zviviri musengwa wapakuvamba kumutemo uye kuwirirana neruramisiro nokuda kwavose. Ikoku kunoda vatongi, nyanzvi, uye vagari vemo kupinda mukurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro remitemo, yakaziviswa nenhau asi isingapiwi mutorongo naro. Munzanga yamarudzi akawanda, kurukurirano haisi uteramo kutsikano mufungo womutemo wemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia yeFilosofi wetendero pa Frigitoism, kusabvumirana kweMutongi Scalia mu -Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT]], Jack Balkin’s [[FLT]] yemaprotory neBumbiro remitemo Mhenyu"[[FLT:], uye kunzvera kwakaenzana mu[FLT:][FLT][5] .[FLT][FLT]] .[FLT]