Kushanduka - shanduka Kwezvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi ZveElectoral: Kubva Kupedzisire Kusvika Kublockchain

Kwemazana emakore, vagari vemo nehurumende vakatsvaka nzira dzakavimbika, dzakachengeteka, uye dzinowanika dzokushandura nadzo munhu mumwe nomumwe kuti aite chiito chakafanana. Nhau yokugadzirwa kwezvokuvhota inhau yokuchinjazve, kubudirira kwepanhambo nenhambo, uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichienderera mberi kuumba kuperera kwesarudzo munyika yose. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwevezvenhau asi nokuda kwomuvhoti ari wose nehurumende inosarudzwa kuti vadzivirire gadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende munguva yechinjo yokuchinja nokukurumidza kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kubva pakuziviswa kwavanhu kwemagungano ekare kusvika kunzvimbo dzokuvhota nadzo dzemunhu oga nhasi, kufambira mberi kumwe nokumwe muruzivo rwokuvhota kwakaedza kupedza zvinetso zvikuru: nzira yokunyora nayo chisarudzo nenzira yakarurama, nzira yokuchengeta nayo chakavanzika ichocho, nzira yokuverenga nayo mamiriyoni ezvisarudzo nenzira inobudirira, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugumisiro wokupedzisira unoratidzira vavariro yechokwadi yemugadziridzi. Nyaya ino inoronda rwendo irworwo, ichinzvera mitoo, michina, uye masangano ayo akarondedzera unyanzvi hwokuvhotera, uye anotarira mberi kumichina yezvo kugadzirwa kwevhotera, uye inoisa pangozi njodzi mujecha.

Mitoo Yapakuvamba Yokuzivisa: Mavambo Okuita Chisarudzo Chokuunganidza

Kare, vanhu vaivhota vanhu vose uye dzimwe nguva vaingotaura ruzha, kuitira kuti vanhu vabvumirane kana kuti kuratidza kuti vanhu vagara sei pane kudzivirira vanhu kuti vasazviziva.

Girisi Yekare: Mapere neMapambi

Muhurumende yehurumende ye Atene yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vakaungana muAgora kuti vavhote panhau dzehurumende. Mutoo waibatanidza kudonhedza bhodhi ( piphos[[FLT]]]) murusando rwedombo rwetemikari rwakasarudzwa rweivhu, chirongo chitema nokuda kwetendero. Uyu muitiro wakaparira shoko [[[FLT:]] rostracism [, apo vagari vemo vaitukwangarukira zita romutendi wezvamatongerwe enyika vaishuva kutapwa padiro yechidikacheketi yehari yakaputsika ([FLT:]]]). Nepo iyi nzira yakaparira pfungwa yakapfava: kunyora, kuratidzwa kwakapfava.

Roma Yekare: Magungano Emarudzi Akaoma Kunzwisisa

Kuvhota kweRoma kwakarongwa zvikuru asi kwakaenzana. Vagari vakarongwa kuva mapoka okuvhota anonzi centuriae kana tribus[, mumwe nomumwe achivhota vhoti imwe pashure pokurangarira kwomukati. Pakutanga, mavhoti akanga ari mashoko, asi chinjo dzapashure dzakatangwa mabolotte ([FLT:]] tabellace ) kuderedza kumanikidza. Voter vainyora chisarudzo chavo pahwehwehwechete hwemapuranga remiti ndokuidonsera mutswa. Iyi shandurudzo kubva kubhisitorendiro yapa bhiringi yakanga iri nhano huru kukuvara, kunyange zvazvo kushaikwa kwechipotoorwa kwechipfumba.

Europe YeMiddle Ages: Kupindazve Kwemabharakiti Akavanzika

Mukati meMiddle Ages, kuvhota kwakarega zvikuru mumuitiro sezvo gadziriro dzehurumende dzakananga muhurumende dzamambo nedzerudzidziso. Zvisinei, kusarudza kwavafundisi − zvikurukuru iya yapapa namabhishopi ne(kukukudziridzwa mitoo yakakwirira. Conclave of 1241 yakashandisa scrity muitiro umo vafundisi vakanyora chisarudzo chavo pabhoroti namavhoti zvakaverengwa muchivande. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 13, nheyo ye [FLT:] yakashandiswa [[FLT]] [FLT]] yakaiswa pakudzivisa chioko uye zvamazvirokwazvo. Iyi gamuchidzanwa yaizogona kudzivirira pesvedzero yenyika gare gare gare.

VaBallot vokuAustralia: Kuchinja Kwezvakashanduka - shanduka

Pamberi pezana ramakore rechi 19, kuvhota muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwakawanda kwaiitwa navose kana kuti zvimwe netsorodzi dzinotsikirirwa pamubato idzo dzaigona kushandiswa nyore nyore. Kubudirira kwakaitika muna 1856 apo South Australia akatanga Australian bollot[. Iyi tsika yakanga ine zvinhu zvikuru zvitatu: yakadhindwa pamutengo wavose, yakaronga vose vaipinda mubato, uye yakabvumira vavhoti kuti varatidzire chisarudzo chavo mumatumba akavanzika. Chinjo yacho yakakurumidza kupararira kuUnited States, Britain, uye dzimwe hurumende dzinova nheyo dzekuvhotera kwazvinoreverwa pepa. Nhasi, Australiaoti inoramba iri mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokuvandika zvose zviri zviviri.

Michina Inogadzira Zvinhu Zvakawanda

Vanhu zvavaigara munyika zvavaiwedzera uye maguta zvaakawedzera mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwerechi20, dambudziko rokuverenga mamiriyoni emapepa nemaoko rakava guru.

Michina Isingashandisi: Chigadzikiso Chokutanga Chomuchina

Muna 1892, Jacob Perkins naWilliam H. Myers vakaronga muchina wokutanga wokuvhota, uyo wakapinda muNew York State. Voters vakapinda mutende, vakakweva chibatiso chokuvhara jira (kuedza kuva voga), uye ipapo vakasundira zvishandiso zvimwe nezvimwe zvinotevera kumazita evavhoti. Apo muvhoti akasiya tende, mubato wakadzorwa, uye muchina wakarekodwa pavhoti yezvomukati. Michina yose yakabvisa pepa rose [, ichiita kuti rive risingabviri kuro kurotanharo kana kuti zvikwaratiso zvisina kururama. Pakasvika 1930, zvakanga zviri zvokuvhotera muU.S., nemichina inogadzirwa yokuvhotera yakakurumbira mumaguta anoshandiswa (AVM)

Zvisinei, michina yemagiya yaidzongonyedzwa. Yairema, yaidhura, uye yakanga isina rudzi rupi norupi rwechinyorwa chepepa rinotsigirwa namapurisa. Pashure pegakava ramabhishopu ramabhishopi ra 2000, mativi akawanda akaatsiva nemichina mitsva. Asi dzimwe nyika dzakapfuurira kushandisa michina yemagirodhiropu kusvikira kuma2010, dzichidudza kuvimbika uye kupfava kwadzo.

Miitiro Yekadhi Yepunch: Nguva yeVotomatic

Muna 1964, injiniya weIBM Joseph P. Harris akatanga gadziriro ye Votomatic , iyo yaishandisa kadhi rebhorati nesimbi kuvhara. Voters dzakaisa kadhi mukabhuku ndokubudisa peni paburi redai redanho, kugadzira chad yakaramba yakabatanidzwa zvishoma (icho zvino inciffamo "ikeked"). Makadhi acho aiverengwa netabhu yemagetsi. Punch akanga akaderera kubudisa nokubudisa zvinhu zvakawanda uye tabhulate, achiaiita kuti zvive zvakakurumbira mu1970 na 1980.

Utera hwemakadhi okurova zvibhakera hwakava pachena zvikuru mukati menhamba yeFrioride ya 2000, umo madhindi asina kujeka uye kukundikana kwakaparira kusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi kuva mhirizhonga. Ikoko kwakaparira fungu remari rehurumende kupfurikidza neHeart America Vote Act (Hava) ya2002, yakasunda masimba akawanda kugadziridzwa kusvikira kugadziriro dzemagetsi.

Mashandiro Emagetsi

Zana remakore rechi20 rava kunopera rakatanga michina yokuvhota yaivimbisa nhamba dzinokurumidza kuwanikwa, kudhura, uye kuderera kwemari yaishandiswa panguva refu. Marudzi makuru maviri akaoneka: Michina yeFrectureing Electronic (DRE) neOptical Scam.

Michina Yemagetsi Inorekodhwa

MININIPI inopa chivhoti panzvimbo inotakurika kana kuti giramu yebutting. Voters vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvavo ndokuzvisimbisa, pashure pacho vhoti inochengetwa zvakananga muyeuko yomuchina. Dzimwe DRES dzinobudisa risiti yepepa kana kuti muvhoti wepepa wepepa rinovhotera (VPAT), asi mifananidzo mizhinji yapakuvamba yakanga isina pepa raitsigira. Uku kusavapo kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma uye kwakakwidziridza zvinetso pamusoro pezvipukanana zvesoftware, kupoda, uye kudzoresa. Zvirweko zvakakwirira zvakafanana nechisarudzo cha 2006 muSarasota County, Florida, apo DRE yakaparira kushata kumhanya pasi pemabhoti munhare, yakasimbisa ngozi.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti maDRE emazuva ano ane VVPAT anopa mwero wakanaka wokumhanya nokuchengeteka. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherechedza kuti kunyange VVPAT ine ganhuriro — vasingawanzonzveri mutsetse wepepa, uye muchina wacho unogona kuchinjwa usati wadhindwa.

Mashandiro Echipiyaniso Chokuona

Michina yokuongorora yeoptical inobatanidza kurovedzana kwepepa nokumhanya kwokuverenga kwemagetsi. Miseve inotara maoval kana kuti miseve papepa bharati (inenge iri musero yebvunzo), iyo inoiswa munzvero inoverenga mabhii ndokujekesa miuyo. Pepa rinonyorwa sechinyorwa chakasimba, richiita kuti zvinyorwa zvive zvakananga.

Optical scan yazova ruzivo rwokuvhota rwava kushandiswa zvikuru muUnited States. Mukuwirirana ne [FLT]] Kuonwa , , sapa 2024, 70% yavavhoti vakanyoreswa vanogona kurarama mumabumbiro anoshandisa pepa reoptic bolots. Sisitemu inorumbidzwa nokuda kwokupfava kwayo, mutengo, uye kudzokororwa kwakasimba. Zvisinei, haisi dziviriro kuzvikanganiso: scanner inogona kurasisa zviratidzo, uye vagadzirisi vakashata vanogona kuvhiringidza kuvhotera (g. g., "kapfumitefiro" muPalm Coast", Florida 2000).

Mashandiro Etsandanyama Nezvinogadziriswa

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kugadzirwa kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemavhiri inobatanidza DRE netsigiro yeoreccan. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti angashandisa chishandiso chokubata kuti aite zvisarudzo, icho ipapo chinodhinda pepa rinopindwa kuti riverenge. Uku kugovera wirirano dzemagetsi (kubatanidza mitauro, tsigiro yenzwi, uye madimikari makuru) achichengeta chinyorwa chepepa. Jurictionsedededededed seNew York City neLos Angeles dzakatumira miitiro yakadaro kubasa guru.

Zvinetso Nemakakatanwa Muruzivo Rwokugadzira Mari Rwazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo namakumi amakore okunatswa, ruzivo rwokuvhota ruchiri manyuko egakava guru.

Chengeteko: Kutyisidzira Kwokutya Kutya Kutya uye Kurwisa

Michina yokuvhota yemagetsi yakaratidzwa kuva ine ngozi kumhatsa yedenho. Muna 2017, vanzveri vechengeteko paDEF CON vakaratidzira kuti vangagona kuva michina inoverengeka yokuvhota mumaminiti, vachishandisa zvishandiso zvinozivikanwa. Vatambi vehurumende vakaranganisawo zvirongwa zvokuvhota: vavhotera veRussia vakatsvaka mapepa okunyoresa mu2016, uye U.S. masangano ezvokuchengetedza ezvokuchenjera aisimbisa kuti vavengi vokumwe vakaedza kuderedza chivimbo mumichina yokuvhota. Michina isingagoni kudzorwa inorangarirwawo semitengo ine ngozi zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti masangano okuvhotera asingaonekwi kana kuti chitsotsi chingagona kuchinja pasina migumisiro yokuwana. Kuvhotera kwenyanzvi dzose dzinoda kugona kuva nepepa revota.

Kuwanwa: Kubatanidza Vazivi Vose Kunogona Kutora Rutivi

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runofanira kupfuudza vavhoti nemhinganidzo dzemitauro, uye kuganhurirwa kwokunyora. Act America Vote (HARVA]) ya2002 inoda kuti muchina mumwe chete wokuvhotera usvike panzvimbo imwe chete. Nhasi, michina yakawanda inopa mabhora enzwi, madhiragi ebhorati ane bracklet, uye masvet neaff yemishoni dzevota dzinoshandiswa nemagetsi. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinopfuurira: michina inobhadhaka haisati yadzidziswa kuvadziswa. Zvinetso zvenguva yemberi ndezvokugadzira zvose zviri zviviri zvakakotseka uye zvinoti zvinotipoteredza pasina kubvumiranisa zvimwe zvinangwa.

Kunzwisisa uye Kuongorora

Kunyange gadziriro dzokuvhota dzakasanorongwa dzinogona kubudisa zvikanganiso. Kunzvera kwakaipa, mudhindi akatsvikinyidzirwa, kana kuti muroti ane mirayiridzo isina kujeka inogona kutungamirira kupasi pevhu kana kuti kuraviswa. Mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokururama ikokusimba kunzvera . Mukuwirirana nako muenzaniso wepepa wemifungo unoverengwa nemaoko uye kuenzaniswa nerefu yemagetsi. SaColorado neCalifornia ine miganhuro yepidhia yepidhia (RL), iyo inovimbisa ganhuriro dzakakwirira idzo miuyo inogamuchirwa. Maererano ne[FFL:]. [FFFF].FFF]

Kurasikirwa Nesimba Rekufambisa Madhiragi

Michina yakawanda yokugadzira zvinhu inodhura kuitenga nokuichengeta. Michina chaiyo yeDRE inogona kubhadhara pakati pe $3 000 ne $6 000; gadziriro dzokunzvera nokuona dzinoda kugadziridzwa kwenguva dzose asi dzichiri kuda kugadziridzwa kwemichina. Michina yakawanda ine upenyu hwemakore 10 kusvikira ku15, pashure payo mativi ava mashoma uye matura echengeteko anopera. Magiramu akawanda ari kutarisana nokudikanwa kwokutsiva midziyo yatengwa neHIVAS iyo zvino yava kusvika kumugumo woupenyu. Nhando yemari yakaparira vamwe kunonotsa michina, njodzi dzinowedzera kuchengeteka. [FLT][FLT][FF:2]

Nguva Yemberi Younyanzvi Hwokugadzira Mari

Tichitarira mberi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoverengeka rwuri kubuda runovimbisa kunyorazve nzira yatinovhota nayo — asi rumwe norumwe rune ngozi dzarwo rumene nezvinodikanwa zvokuedza kwakasimba nechivimbo chavanhu.

Kugadzira Nokugadzira Nokuparadzira Ruzivo Rwevatungamiriri

Blockchain, ruzivo rwokugadzira ndege rwakaisvonaka kuseri kwemichina inodzorwa, yakakarakadzwa senzira yokuita nayo kujeka, zvinyorwa zvokuvhota zvinojeka. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti breckchain inogona kuita vhoti, inobhadharwa, uye inotevedzerwa nevoki. Zvirongwa zvinoverengeka, kubatanidza kuvhota kwa 2018 West Virginia yokutanga (zvinobvumirwa nemauto okuvhota vapfuvura napane remota), zvakaedza pfungwa yacho. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanoratidza kuti kuchengeteka kunotsamira pakuvimbika kwemahotera (chishandiso chevhoti) uye gadziriro yokutarisira. Kana runhare rwava nechatonge rusingatsigiri , runogona kuchinjwa isati yasvika bringi. Zvikaronze, kuoma kwemite yemite yemite yemite yemite yemite yemite ye [FF][1]

Kubudisa Zvinhu Zviri Kure uye Indaneti

COVID-19 denda rinowedzera kufarira kupfuvurira kuvhota kuri kure, kubatanidza maposi mubhora uye mahotera apaIndaneti. Nepo kuvhota kweposi kune chinyorwa chenguva refu uye chinobudirira zvikuru (Oregon akaita sarudzo dzose neposi kubvira muna 2000), kuvhota kwapanhamba kwapanhanter kunoramba kuripo. Estonia anopa muenzaniso wakanakisisa unozivikanwa: kubvira 2005, vagari veToniya vanogona kuvhotera paIndaneti vachishandisa kadhi reID renyika. Vatsvakurudzi vekosherate , uye vamwe nyanzvi vanotaura kuti hapana gadziriro yokuvhotera yeInternet inogona kugovera zvose zviri zviviri kuvanza uye kuva nechengeri kunodikanwa nokuda kwekuvhotera. [FLTF] Foundation Foundation [FFFOLD]

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kuperera Kunoratidza

Ungwaru hwokugadzira (AI) hunopa miganhu inovimbisa kutarisirwa kwesarudzo. Maaruti okudzidza kwemichina anogona kuziva mitoo inonzwika mukunyoresa kwevhoti, mureza unobvira kunyorwazve, uye kuziva mwero yokudzosera yakasiyana ingaratidzira kana kuti kudzvinyirira. A inogonawo kubetsera mukuisa miganhu inoyera kupfurikidza nokunyora mipimo yapamutemo ichiva inoderedza tsvudziro. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweAI mukusarudzo yemitemo, kushaikwa kwokuona zvakanaka, uye bviro yemikoro yemifungo. Kushandiswa kupi nokupi nokupi kwokuvhota kuchada kurangarira kwakasimba kwomunhu neyamuenzani anoyera.

Kusimbiswa Kwemagetsi Anoita Kuti Zvinhu Zvive Nezvinhu Zvipenyu Zvive Zvipenyu Zviduku

Marongedzero ebiometric jhear jheam jheam yeminwe, iriso, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwechiso, angaderedza kuvhiya kwapanzvimbo dzokuvhota uye kuderedza ngozi yokuzvitora. Nyika dzakafanana neIndia dzinoshandisa kusimbisa kwebiometric (Aadhaar) mumapepa adzo okunyoresa. Kunyange zvakadaro mabhakitiriya haakwanisi kudzivirira: anogona kuvharwa, uye anosimudzira zvinetso zvechivande nokuti mashoko ebhakitiriya haagoni kuchinjwa kana akabiwa. Zviremera zvekushandisa kuyera zvinofanira kuyera pazvakakwakwa pazvo kugona kuongororwa zvikuru uye zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo.

Pedzisa-Kusiya

Imwe yenhungamiro dzinovimbisa zvikurusa ndeyekugumisa kuvhota kwapashure, inozivikanwawo se EV. Muidzi gadziriro, vavhoti vanogamuchira risiti (kazhinji kazhinji idisvu recover(inovabvumira kubvumikisa kuti vhoti yakanyorwa zvakarurama pasina kuzivisa kuti vakavhota sei. Kuwedzera, munhu upi noupi anogona kunzvera ketani yose kubva pakuisa parusarudzo rwokupedzisira. Mitemo yakafanana ne Utsanana uye [FLT:] [FLT]]] Haliose akaedzwa mukuvhota. EV anobatanidza mapepa akakwirira (magestrotechy-oket).

mhedziso

Nhau yoruzivo rwokuvhota idivi renhamburiko inogara iripo yavanhu kuvaka chivimbo mukuita zvisarudzo zvakabatana. Kuvambira pamatombo muGirisi yekare kusvikira kumari inochenutswa yemienzaniso yazvino uno, chishandiso chimwe nechimwe chakaratidzira mipimo nezvinoitika zvenguva yacho. Michina yemichina yezana ramakore rechi 19 yakapedza chinetso chokuverenga asi yakaparira denho itsva dzokuchengeta nokurereka. Michina yemagetsi yokupedzisira yezana ramakore rechi20 yakawedzera kumhanya nokuwana dziviriro asi yakafumura miganhu inokatyamadza. Uye ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwezana ramakore rechi21 nechi21, blotting, , FIluech chipikirwa chezvinhu zvipenyu nengozi zvose zviri zviviri.

Chinoramba chiri chenguva dzose idikanwo yomuitiro wakadzikama: kuvandudza kuwanikwa nokusanoita, asi usatongorega nheyo huru dzokuvanza vhoti, kuva nechokwadi, uye kuongororwa kwavanhu. Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo, vanzveri vechengeteko, vatsigiri vekodzero dzokuvhota, uye vagariwo zvavo vanofanira kushanda pamwe chete kuumba nguva yemberi yoruzivo rwokuvhota. Kuperera kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunotsamira pairi.