Sumo: Nhaka Isingaperi YevaJudha vokuAmerica

Kodzero yokutonga nedare rinobetsera vatongi inoumbwa sechinhu chinozivikanwa neAmerica. Haisi nzirawo zvayo yepamutemo asi kuratidzwa kukuru kwebasa rokutonga. Kubva pakuramba kwehurumende kurwisana noudzvinyiriri hweBritain kusvikira kumadare emazuva ano, kuumbwa kwedare redare redare redare kwakatanga zvinoshamisa, kuratidzira kuchinja kwemagariro avanhu, kuti vagari vemo vanozoshanda, kuti kodzero dzipi dzinosarudzwa nedzinochengetedzwa nedare repamutemo. Kunzwisisa nhau iyi inokosha kuti vanzwisise mutoro wehurumende uyo mamiriyoni eAmerica anodanwa kuti aite gore rimwe nerimwe. Nyaya ino inoratidza rwendo rwedare redare redare redare rinobetsera kubva pamavambo aro ekare kunzvimbo yaro yaro ichiripo, kusimbisa zviitiko zvepamutemo, kurwisana kwenzanga, uye zvinetso zvinoenderera mberi izvo zvakaiumba.

Mavambo eJury Duty: Kubva Pamavambo Ekare Kuenda KuMagna Carta

Murangariro wavanhuwo zvavo vatori rutivi mukutonga kwapamutemo usati wasvika United States pasati pasvika zviuru zvamakore. MuAthens yekare, matare makuru avagari vemo (kazhinji kazhinji mazana) akasarudza zvose mhaka dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo, kuva nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga. Roman Republic yakashandisawo majaji (quaestes pertue) nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba. Zvisinei, muvakidheri wakananga wedare rinotonga razvino uno reAmerica ndiro dare rinotonga reEngland, iro rakavamba mukati meMiddle Ages.

Pashure peNorman Consolation ya 1066, tsika dzomunzvimbomo dzeuchapupu dzakabatanidzwa nechamambo. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi12, Mambo Henry II akatanga "ukuru," gadziriro umo vanhu vomunzvimbomo vakapikirwa kushuma pamusoro poutsotsi nekakavadzano. Ikoku kwakashanduka kuva mitumbi miviri yakasiana: vatongi vakuru (idzo dzakaiswa mudare) uye vatongi vapambudzo (inosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka pakutongwa). Nguva yakakomba yakasvika muna 1215 neMagna Carta. [[FLT:]] Clause 39[[FLT: 1] yemitemo yacho yakataura kuti hapana munhu akasununguka aigona kusungwa kana kubviswa zvinhu zvake "kubvumirwa norutongeso rwezera rake.] — Mutevedzero mukuru wezera rimwe rakava — chiwiso cherusununguko rwepamutemo rwechiNgeri. [F.]

Vatongi vekutanga veEngland vaiwanzova vanhurume vane zvinhu, uye vaiwanzosarudzwa nokuti vaitoziva chokwadi chenyaya yacho — vaitova zvapupu zvakawanda kupfuura vatongi vasina kwavakarerekera.

Guta reJury muAmerica inotongwa neRoma

Apo vagari veEngland vakasvika muNorth America, vakauya negadziriro yedare redare redare redare. Macolonia kazhinji kazhinji akavimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts Body of Liberties [ [1641] matare edare anobetsera atongi, uye dzimwe nyika dzakatevera sututisiti. Juries mudzo dzakava chishandiso chine simba chomunzvimbomo chokudzivisa chiremera choumambo. Apo vakuru vakuru vakuru veBritain vakaedza kumanikidzira mitemo isingafarirwi — yakadai seStamp Act kana kuti Sugar Act — migaro yavagari vemo vadzorwi vadzorwi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yairamba kushurikidza vadzorwa navavakidzani vavo voruwa. Iyi "Kuva pamutemo kwedare risingashandiswi" yakashatirwa Hurumende ndokuva nzvimbo yokumukira.

Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chimene chakaronga kuramba kutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi sechipomero mukurwisana naMambo George III: "Nokutinyima isu muzvinoitika zvizhinji, betsero dzedare naJury". Mumakore apamberi pehondo, magungano ehurumende akapfuudza zvisarudzo zvinosimbisa kusatendeseka kwematare edare. Basa raJury rakaonekwa kwete sekodzero asi sebasa ravagari vemo vakasununguka, cheki yechiremera nesimba rokutonga.

Foundation yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kugadzira Chipikirwa Chorudzi

Pashure pezvimiriro, Vavambi veMadzibaba vakatarisana nedenho yokugadzira dare redare rehurumende iro chiremera chakadzikama chorudzi nerusununguko rwomunzvimbomo. Bhishopi yeMitemo yeU.S. yakatendera muna 1788, yakataura kutongwa kwedare redare redare redare muChikamu III, Chikamu 2: "Kutongwa kwematsotsi ose, kunze kwemuCase of Impeachement, kuchava kwaJury." Ikoku kwakashanda bedzi kumhaka dzehurumende. Zvisinei, varwi vazhinji veAnti-Féderale vai vaitya hurumende itsva yaizonetemesa dare redare rinobetsera. Zvikumbiro zvavo zvakatungamirira kuChikamu cheRegill of Icondocrity.

Sixth Amendment (1791) yakavimbisa zvakajeka kodzero ye "kutonga kwechikamu chedare rehurumende nerevoruzhinji, nedare risingasaruri reHurumende neruwa umo mhaka yacho ichave yaitwa. Pevention [ Pestement ] yakatambanudzira kodzero yokutonga mhosva dzedare mumhosva dzehurumende umo mari yegakava inopfuura $20. Kuwedzera uku kwakarongwa kudzivirira vagari vemo kubva mukudzorwa kwehurumende uye kuvimbisa kuti vatsigiriki vaibatanidzwa mukutonga kweruramisiro. Sezvakanyorwa naAlexander Hamilton mu [[FLT:]] Filtereran Nhamba.[FLD:3], mutongi ndi "kudzivirira uori kana kuti kushatiswa kwehurumende muvatongi muvatongi."

Vatongi vanofanira kusarudzwa sei? Chii chakaitika apo bumbiro remitemo rinorwisana nezvibvumirano zvehurumende?

Mhindumupindu Muzana Remakore rechi19: Kuwedzera Peni reJury

Muma1800, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi yakachinjwa zvikuru nesangano rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, rekubvisa zvinhu, uye kubvisa zvinhu kwavakadzi. Pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, hurumende zhinjisa dzinoganhurira basa redare redare kuvachena, varidzi vezvinhu vechirume kana kuti vabhadhari. Chirongwa chakanga chiri chokuti varume bedzi vane "mubatanidzwa wenzanga" vaigona kuva vasingasaruri. Asi sezvo vakasarudzwa vakawedzera — nekubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvikwaniriso zvepfuma zvokuvhota — dziva redare rinotonga rakakudziridzawo kubatanidza varume vose vechichena vanopfuura 21.

Pashure peKivil War yakaunza chinjo inokatyamadza zvikurusa: kubatanidzwa kweAfrica America pamatare apamutemo. Murayiro weChivil Rights wa1875 wakarambidza kusarura dzinza mukusarudzwa kwedare redare, uye Dare Gurusa mu Straunder v. Virginia[FLT] [[FLT]] [1880] yakatonga kuti kubvisa varume vaBlack pahuroma kunoputsa dziviriro ye 1449 South Africa. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kwakanga kwakaneta, uye nyika zhinji dzokuMadokero dzakapfuurira kubvisa vagari vemo veBlack kupfurikidza nokunzvera kurava, mitero, uye masangano ose evatongi. Yaizotora Kodzero yeMamiteko yeMaruwa echibhakatabheri (Mazana 20) kuti adzorerwe zvizere.

Imwe fambiro mberi yechi 19 yakanga iri nhevedzano ye yakakomba — muitiro wokubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuti vave nechokwadi chokusasarura. Nepo muitiro wacho wakanga une midzi yekare, wakava wakaumbwa zvikuru mumatare eAmerica mukati menhambo ino. Vatongi nagweta vakashandiswa mungozi kuzivisa tsvumo, asi wakavhurawo suo kubatira nokupotera zvisakiso (majambwa pasina chikonzero), izvo gare gare zvakava nenharo. U.S matare anotsanangura muitiro wazvino unotambudza seasingadzoki kuzivisa magiratiro.[FLT]

Kufambira Mberi Kwezana Remakore Rechi20: Kuchinja Kwakaitwa Pakodzero Dzevanhu uye Zvenyika

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakanga riri nhambo yokuchinja kukurusa kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi muAmerica. Miitiro mitatu mikuru yakagadziridzazve sangano racho: kubviswa kworusaruro rwapamutemo, kukura kwesayenzi yenzanga mukusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, uye kukura kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi mukuzivisa pamutemo.

Kugumisa Vatano Norusaruro Rwedzinza Mubasa Rouganda

Pakutanga kwama1900, zviremera zvizhinji zvakangoramba zvichibvisa vakadzi pabasa redare rinobetsera vatongi chose chose, kana kuti kuvabvumira kusarudza nenhamburiko duku. Chinofungwa chakanga chiri chokuti basa guru ravakadzi rakanga riri mumusha uye kuti vakanga vasina kunyanyova vakakwana nokuda kwezvinoitika zvenhau. Kufamba kwavakadzi, zvisinei, kwakapikisa kuti basa rokuvhota nerokusarudza rakanga riri mabasa ehurumende asingasaruri. Pashure pe1953 [191] Dare Gurusa reSamende rakapa vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota, kukwidzwa kuvabatanidza mumatare ehuro. Pakasvika 1940, mitengo mizhinji yakanga yapfuudza vakadzi kubvumira vakadzi kubatira, asi kazhinji kazhinji kacho yakaita kuti vatsive nokuzvidira. [FLD:] Dare gurusaro rakato pakupedzisira rakatonga [FFK [125].[3]

Rusaruraganda rwakatobvumikisa kuva rwakasimba zvikuru. Dare reChivil Rights rakanangidzira matare ose edare apamutemo sechiratidzo chekusaruramisira kwokuMadokero. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha 1964 chakarambidza rusaruro mumativi akawanda oupenyu hwavose, kubatanidza dare rinobetsera. Mhaka yenji [[FLT:]] Batson v. Kentucky[[[FLT]]] [1986] [1966]) yaidavira kuti vachuchishushi vaisagona kushandisa denho dzokubvisa jukssss nemhaka bedzi yedzinza ravo. Gare gare gare kutonga kwatambanu ku "BATAN" denho yevatano nedzinza. Zvisarudzo izvi zvakamanikidzirwa kuva zvinooneka zvikuru nokuzvidavirira muchisarudzo chamatare anotonga. [Foct:]

Juri sechinopisa muchinjikwa

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakavambawo nheyo yokuti dare redare rinobetsera vatongi rinofanira kumirira chikamu chapamuchinjikwa chenzanga. Ichi hachisi chimwe chetecho nekutaura kuti vatongi vokupedzisira vanofanira kuratidzira zvakakwana chiverengero chavagari vemo; panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wokuunganidza vatongi vanobvira haugoni kubvisa nenzira yakarongeka boka ripi neripi rinosiana. Dare Gurusa redare rakasimbisa ikoku mu Duren v. Missouri[[FLT]] [[FLT] [10] [797]), iro rinoda kuratidza kuti upi noupi ari pasi peboka (vakadai savakadzi kana kuti vashoma) akaruramiswa nefaudzo) anoruramiswa nefariro huru. Somuuyo, matare mazhinjisa zvino anokweva nera pamutemo vavhotera muvhori vabatanidzwa varo, izvo zvinogovera mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa.

Basa Remazuva Ano: Kuronga, Matambudziko, uye Kuchinja

Nhasi, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi rutivi ruchiri runokosha rwegadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica. Vagari vanosarudzwa nenzira isina donzo mumanyuko akafanana nezvinyorwa zveDMV nemuvhoti. Vanogamuchira madai okuoneka padare, uko vangaiswa panzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yokutonga. Urefu chaihwo izuva rimwe kana kuti nguva yekutonga kumwe, kunyange zvazvo mamwe masangano anobata mashoko marefu. Masangano akagadziridza kuita basa rakakodzera zvikuru — mamwe anopa zuva rimwe/zuva redare rimwe, nepo mamwe ane madhamu edare kuti aderedze kuoneka kusina kufanira.

Zvinetso Zvava Nazvo: Kuchinja - chinja Kwebasa Rebasa Nezvounyanzvi

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwaro, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi razvino uno rinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinoverengeka. Mwero yemhinduro inodzorwa iitiro hanya huru. Vagari vazhinji havatendi mazita, kuchitungamirira kuzvirango zvedare kana kuti kungova pasi pedziva redare ramajangarati akazara. Vamwe vanoti izvi zvinopa upenyu hwakabatikana hwazvino uno, vhiringidziko, uye muripo wakaderera (hurumende zhinji dzinobhadhara vatongi se $10100,000 (1020) pazuva. Vamwe vanonongedzera kukurasikirwa noruvimbiko mutsika yeruramisiro. Matare anopindura kupfurikidza nokukwira, kubvumira kudzosera, uye kutumira zviyeuchidzo kupfurikidza norugwaro kana kuti email.

Kuchinja kwematopiki ndimumwe muganhu. Dambudziko reCOVOID-19 rinokurumidza kuedza nokusarudzwa kwedare redare riri kure uye kunyange kutongwa kuri kure. Nepo kutonga kwakawanda kweutsotsi kwadzokera kuzviitiko zvenhau, mamwe masangano zvino anobvumira kuvhura nokushandisa vhidhiyo kuchengetedza nguva nezviwanikwa. Zvisinei, mibvunzo inosara pamusoro pokuti majuri ari kure anogona kubudisa ururami nokuvimbika zvakafanana.

Imwe chinyorwa chazvino uno i kushandiswa kwezvinobudisa nhau mukati memiedzo. Matare ane mitemo yorumano inorwisana nevatongi vanonzvera mhaka kana kuti kukurukura nhau paIndaneti, asi kuputsa kuchiri kuitika, pane dzimwe nguva kuchitungamirira kumatare asina kururama. Vatongi vanofanira zvino kudzidzisa zvakajeka pamusoro peidzi revo.

Kukosha Kwebasa reJury: Mbiru

Kupfuura chinodikanwa chapamutemo, kubatira mudare rinobetsera mutongi ndeimwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa idzo mugari wemo anogona kupinda nadzo negadziriro yeruramisiro.Iko icherekedzo pazvose zviri zviviri simba rehurumende uye kushata kwedare.Apo vagari vemo vanobatira, vanounza mipimo yenzanga mudare, vachivimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zviratidzire kwete mitemo nemipimo asiwo pfungwa yetsika yavanhu.

Jury basa rinodzidzisawo vanhu. Pashure pokubatira, vatongi vazhinji vanoshuma kuti vanowedzera chivimbo mumatare nokunzwisiswa kukuru kwomutemo. Kunoderedza muitiro wokutonga uye kunokurudzira mamwe zvimiro zvokutora rutivi kwenzanga, zvakadai sokuvhota. Mumashoko eAmerican Bar Association, "Vatongi ihana yenzanga.]

Uyezve, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi mukudzivirira maruramiro avanhu rinoramba riri rinokosha. Vatongi vanogona kubvisa mutemo usina kururama, kuramba kupomera mhaka mumwe munhu anotarisana nokutongwa nedare rinodzvinyirira, kana kuti kukuvadzwa kwomupomeri asina dziviriro pasangano rine simba. izvi zviito zvokudzivisa hazviwanzowanika asi zvinokosha. Vatongi vanodzivirira pakudzvinyirira — chikonzero nei Vatongi vaiuwana vachiukoshesa kupfuura rinenge sangano riri rose.

Mugumo: Nguva Yemberi Yokushanda Zvisina Kufanira

Nhau yebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi muUnited States inhau yewedzero yapashoma napashoma, yakaoma. Kubva mugadziriro yakabvisa vazhinjisa vavagari vemo kuiyo inoshuva kumirira kukamukana kwenzanga, rwendo runoratidzira kutamburira kworudzi kurarama maererano nevavariro dzarwo dzakagadzwa dzokuenzana neruramisiro. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakatarisana nedenho itsva: kuva nechokwadi chemhatsa, kudzivirira kusasarura, uye kuchichinjira kuchinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kutarira mberi, chirongwa chacho chichapfuurira kushanduka. Ungwaru hwokugadzira hungapesvedzera kusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera kana kuti kunyange mativi akati okuongorora. Kugadzirirwa kwegadziro repaIndaneti kungaderedza chiverengero chemitongo yedare redare revagari vemo. Kunyange zvakadaro nheyo huru — yokuti vagari vemowo zvavo vanofanira kuva neshoko gurusa mukuva nemhaka yapamutemo kana kuti kuva nemhaka — inoramba ine simba nhasi sezvakwakanga kwakaita muna 1215. [[FLT: 0] Basa rekutonga hausi mutoro; iropafadzo nedziviriro. Kunzwisisa nhau yaro kubetsera mugari wemo ari wose kunzwisisa chikonzero nei kuita zvinhu izvozvo zvichimukwidza nhau.

Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro reU.S. rinogovera nhungamiro yapamutemo kubasa redare rinobetsera vatongi, uye National Center for State Courts inopa nzvero inopfuurira pamusoro pezvitsva zvedare redare redare redare redare. Izvi zviwiro zvinogona kubetsera munhu upi noupi kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa ravo rinogara.