Table of Contents
Kodzero yokuvhota inomira sechipikirwa chikurusa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva nokuda kwezhinjisa yenhau yeAmerica, vakadzi vakanyimwa nenzira ine nhevedzano iyi maruramiro makuru ougari hwemo. Rwendo kubva kukusatendeuka kwakakwana kusvikira kubhokisi rebhorati runomirira rimwe ramasangano avanhu anochinja zvikurusa munhau yeU.S.h. (a makumi amakore akarefu aichinja kwete mitemo yokuvhotera chete, asi murangariro umene wavanamudirori veAmerica.)
Kunzwisisa nzira iyo vakadzi vakawina nayo maruramiro okuvhota [ inozivisa zvinopfuura maidi enhau; kuratidzira kuti masangano echiito enguva dzose anogona sei kukurira chishoro chakasimba, kuti masangano enzanga anochinja ndokugadziridza gadziriro dzawo, uye nei kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota kuchipfuurira nhasi. Iyi haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yenhau yenguva yakapfuura . Iyi haisiri gadziriro yokutora rutivi rwedemocracy iyo ichiri inowirirana zvikuru.
Mavambo Okuora Mwoyo Kwevakadzi
Kusunungurwa Kwebumbiro remitemo uye Ubati ushe Hworuzhinji hweAmerica Hwapakuvamba
Apo Madzibaba Akavambwa akanyoresa Bumbiro reMitemo muna 1787, nhau ye maruramiro okuvhota avakadzi haina kukodzera kukurukurwa. Uzivi hwakapararira hwe publican yaamai [[[[[FLT:]]] vakadzi vakanzi vachengeti vetsika dzomumusha vane basa ravo guru raibatanidza kusimudzira vagari vemo vakanaka, vasingatori rutivi zvakananga mukutonga. Iyi rondedzero, yakabatanidzwa nedzidziso yavose yomutemo yeChirungu [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]]] [icho chakatarataniswa zviri pamutemo chiziviso chomukadzi muroora mumurume wake mukuvaradziso woruzivo rwamazivikare rwavakadzi vanoruramiswa noupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika.
Zvinodikanwa kuva muridzi wezvinhu zvinotonyanya kuoma kukurumidza kuvhota. Zvikamu zvizhinjisa zvenyika pakutanga zvakaganhurira kuvhotera kuvaridzi vezvinhu vechichena varume pazera ramakore 21, kubvisa kwete bedzi vakadzi asiwo voruzhinji rwavarume. Nenzira inofadza, iyi gadziriro yakavakirwa panzvimbo panhambo nenhambo yakatanga mabudiro. muNew Jersey, 1776 constitution yakapa maruramiro okuvhotera ku "vagari vose" avo vaisvitsa zvinodikanwa zvenzvimbo, vachibvumira nokusaziva vamwe vakadzi nzvimbo kuvhota kutozosvikira chigaro chakarambidzwa chose chose chose.
Gadziriro Youkadzi Hwechokwadi
Pakasvika 1820 na1830, pfungwa ine simba yetsika inozivikanwa se " Chitendero cheZvokwadi" kana kuti "dzidziso yemativi akapoteredza" yakanga yapfachurwa. Iyi zvitendero zvaidavira kuti vakadzi vaiva noukuru hwetsika hwakagarwa asi vakanga vasina kushatiswa mumuviri nomundangariro nokuda kwenyika ine utsinye yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhetevedzero yetsika dzomusikirwo [ inofungidzirwa kuva inobatanidza musha, chechi, uye basa reparadziro, apo vanhu vaidzora mativi makuru makuru etsika ebhizimisi nehurumende.
Nenzira inopesana, iyi pfungwa iyo yakaganhurira vakadzi yakagoverawo ruramiso yokutanga nokuda kwezviito zvavo zvavo zvavo zvavose. Kana vakadzi vaiva vachengeti vetsika, vakanga vasingadi pesvedzero yavo kuti varwise ushati nouipi? Uku kurangarira kwakabvumira vakadzi kupinda muhurukuro yavose kupfurikidza masangano asingadiwi, nzanga dzinoparadza, uye fambiro mberi dzetsika [zvuzivo dzoruzivo rwokuzviwanira idzo dzaizobvumikisa rovedzo inokosha nokuda kwechiito chechiito.
Kuberekwa Kweboka Ravakadzi Rokudzosera
Seneca Falls Kokorodzano: Mavambo Emhindumupindu
11848 Falls Convention yakaratidzira mavambo echirongwa esangano ramaruramiro avakadzi muAmerica. Yakarongwa na Elizabeth Cady Stanton[ uye [FLT] .Lucretia Mottt, vose vari vaviri vakabudirira vakanga vabviswa muNsongano yeNyika yeAnti-Horbery muLondon nemhaka yetsika dzavo dzechirume, uku kuungana kwakakwezva vanenge 300 kukwirira kumusoro weNew York York.
Kokorodzano yakabudisa Kuziviswa kweMitemo yeChirume , chinyorwa chakaratidzirwa noune paChiziviso Chorusununguko. "Tinochengeta idzi zvokwadi kuva dzinozviratidza," yakazivisa, "kuti varume navakadzi vose vakasikwa vakaenzana. chinyorwa chacho chakarongwa nenyunyuto dzine gumi nesibhozo pamusoro poukuru hwevarume, nemisoro yavakadzi inopesana nemitemo yakakurumbira. Pachisarudzo chose chakataurwa, chakabvumikisa gakavaro hurusa . [inopfuura bedzi nechepfuupfupi pashure pemaspiringi pashure paDouglas, mukurumbira weAfricanclain, akataura mudate.
Vatungamiriri Vepakutanga Nemitoo Yavo Yakasiyana - siyana
Sangano rapakuvamba raidenha rakakwezva vatungamiriri vanoshamisa vane migariro yakasiana - siana nouzivi zvakapfumiswa (uye pane dzimwe nguva zvakakamuraniswa) chisakiso:
Susan B. Anthony akaunza tsauriro yesangano neyokusaneta. Aichimbova mudzidzisi asina kutongoroora, Anthony akapa upenyu hwake hwose kumaruramiro avakadzi, achiva chiso chinooneka zvikurusa chesangano. Mubatanidzwa wake naElizabeth Cady Stanton wakabatanidza ndangariro dzaAnthony nerondedzero ine simba yaStanton.
Zvokwadi yeSujour, aichimbova mukadzi akapinzwa muuranda, akaunza murangariro wepamhene uyo wakadenha zvose zviri zviviri urudzi nevatano. [Ain] akakurumbira " Handisi Ini Mukadzi? muna 1851] akataura kuti muitiro wakatarisana nedzidzo, funganyo yepakati yenhau dzechichena.
Stone yeLucy yakapayona mutoo wetsika unochinjika zvikuru, ichichengeta zita rake roumhandara pashure peroorano (kureva zita rokuti "Matombo echiKhala") apo aitsigira nokuda kwenhimbe dzehurumende nehurumende panzvimbo pechiito chehurumende. Masvikiro ake akafadza avo vakawana Stanton naAnthony vachinyanyochinja.
Frances Willard yakabatanidza kudzorwa, ichitaura kuti vakadzi vaida vhoti kudzivirira misha papesvedzero inoparadza yedoro. Iyi nzira yakawedzera chikumbiro chesangano pakati pavakadzi verudzidziso vane tsika dzakarerekera kunzvimbo dzose avo vangadai vakadzivisa zviito zvamatongerwe enyika.
Kubudirira, Zvipingamupinyi, uye Nhimbe Renguva Refu
Kuronga Kuchinja Kunoitwa Mutemo
Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, vanyori vemapepa vakatanga kukarira kukwidziridzwa kwokuenzana kwedzinza kwaizobatanidza kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi. Firefeteth neFinute Amendments, iyo yakapa kodzero dzokuva mugari wemo nedzokuvhota kuvarume vaichimbova varanda, yaipa vose mukana nokuodzwa mwoyo. Apo Amendi ye 15 yakataura kuti kodzero dzokuvhota hadzingagoni kurambwa pa"rati, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda" asi kwete vatano yakawanda yakanzwa kuva yave yaveripo.
Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumuraudzo huru yokutanga musangano. National Woman Suffge Association (NWSA), yakatungamirirwa naSusan B. Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stanton, yakaronda tsinhirano yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende uye panhambo nenhambo yaishandisa maitiro enyongano. Methoman Suffge Association (AWSA), inotungamirirwa naLucy Stone naHenry Blackwell, yanangidzira ngwariro panhimbe dzehurumende uye yakachengeta mitoo inowirirana zvikuru.
Kubva Kutsva Nokusateerera Kwehurumende
Muma1870, mamwe mapepa okunyoresa akagamuchira nzira inonzi New Regionance," achiramba kuti vakadzi vakanga vatova nekodzero dzokuvhota muGaramende re 144th. Mazana avakadzi akaedza kuvhota musarudzo ya1872. SSan B. Kusungwa kwaAnthony nokuda kwokuvhota kusiri kwapamutemo muRochester, New York, kwakava nhau yakakurumbira zvikurusa. Kutonga kwake, uko akarambwa kodzero yokupupurira mukuzvidzivirira kwake amene uye akabvisa $100] [yakaramba kubhadhara], kwakabudisa muruwa.
Dare rapamusoro rakaramba chose chose ichi chibvumikiso mu Minor v. Haprestett (1875), richitonga nokubvumirana kuti kuva mugari wemo hakuna kungoita kuti kuvhota kuve kodzero. Ichi chisarudzo chakamanikidzira mapepa okunyoresa kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rukundo rutsva rwehurumende rungagona kuchengetedza nharidzano yavo.
Kukunda Kwokumadokero Nokudzivisa Kumabvazuva
Nenzira inoshamisa, West yakazova nharaunda yokutanga kubatira shamhu yavakadzi. Wyoming Territory yakapa vakadzi vhoti muna 1869, ichiteverwa neUtah Territory (1870), Washington Territory (18883), uye Montana Territory (1887). Apo Wyoming akava nyika muna 1890, yakaomerera pakuchengeta chitunha chavakadzi pasinei zvapo nedzvinyiriro yeCongrega Corganization, ichizivisa, kuti, "Ticharamba tiri kunze kweUnion Union makore ane zana rimwe panzvimbo yokupinda muUnion isiri navakadzi."
Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakagovera:
- Fromatist [ yaikoshesa mipiro yavakadzi kukuvaka nzanga
- Kusadzikama kwekuparadzira kwaireva ndima dzaida kukwezva vakadzi vagari
- [ Michina yezvamatongerwe enyika yakadzikwa inobvumirwa nokuda kwemimwe miitiro yokuedza
- [ Kutora rutivi kwezvemari kwavakadzi munzanga dzokuMadokero kwaioneka zvikuru uye kwaigamuchirwa
Munguvayo, nyika dzokuMabvazuva nedzokuMadokero dzakaramba dzisingatapurwi. Masangano ane zvikwereti , kazhinji kazhinji achitungamirirwa navakadzi vakapfuma, akataura kuti kuvhota kwaizoparadza vakadzi, kuparadza mhuri, uye kuchinja mabasa omuzvarirwo echirume. Bhizimisi rezvinodhaka rinotsigirwa chishoro chinyemwe chinotsigirwa nechinyararire, kutya kuti vakadzi vaizovhota vaizotsigira kurambidza.
Zana Remakore Idzva Nedanho Rokupedzisira
Kubudirira Kwevatungamiriri Vatsva
Pakasvika 1900, mapiona apakuvamba akanga ava kukwegura kana kuti akanga afa. Chizvarwa chitsva chakaunza simba idzva namazano. Carrie Chapman Catt, akatsiva Susan B. Anthony sapurezidhendi weNational American Woman Saffnge Association (akaitwa ne merng NWsa neAWSA muna 1890), akakudziridza Plan"
Aidzidzisa Paul naLucy Burns, vachipesvedzerwa nemazano ehondo eBritain, akatanga National Women’s Party (NWP) muna 1916. Vakatanga mitoo yegakava isati yambooneka muAmerica yesuffivjeism: kutora Holy House, makopi anopisa ehurukuro dzaPunt Wilson, uye kupfura nzara apo upwere, dzidzo yepwere (yaiva namadhigirii matatu), uye kuzivisa kubuda kunoshamisa kubva mumasangano okuremekedza echiuto okutanga.
Hondo Yenyika I: Nguva Yokuchinja
Hondo yenyika I yakashandura kurukurirano yehove. Sezvo varume vakaenda kuhondo dzeEurope, vakadzi vaizadza mabasa efekitari, vakabatira savanamukoti, uye vakatengesa zvisungo zvehondo. Kupokanidzana kwacho kwakava kusingabviri: America yaigona sei kurwisa kuita kuti nyika ive yakakotseka nokuda kwoubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" nepo ichiramba hafu yavagari vemo vayo vanobatanidzwa muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende?
. . . . . . . . . . ichiva boka rokutanga kutora imba inodzorwa. Mireza yavo yakabvunza mibvunzo yakajekeswa: "Mr. Purezidhendi, Long Accompliest for Liberty"? na "Kaiser Wilson"(---karoriaster kumutungamiriri weGermany. Apo United States yakapinda muhondo, vazhinji vairangarira uku kuratidzira sechinopesana. [FLT:]] Arostations, navakadzi 500 vakasungwa.
Kubatwa kwezvitupa zvokunyoresa zvakaiswa mutorongo kwakanyandura hasha. Vakadzi vanobva mumhuri dzakatanhamara vakatarisana nemigariro youtsinye muOccoquan Workhouse. NGWERE YAMATROGURY" pana November 15, 1917, vakaona varindi vachirova nokutambudza vasungwa vainyoresa. Apo Alice Pauro navamwe vakaparira kurova nenzara, zviremera zvakapindura nesimba rinorwadza rokuwedzera.
Kuvaka Hurumende
Apo zviito zvehurumende zvakabatwa misoro mikuru, nhimbe dzehurumende dzakawana rukundo rwakakomba. Pakasvika 1919, nyika gumi neshanu dzakanga dzapa simba rakazara ravakadzi, nepo vamwe vazhinji vakabvumira vakadzi kuvhota musarudzo dzapurezidhendi kana kuti matare. Hurumende iri yose yokuMadokero kunze kweNew Mexico yakanga yava navakadzi vakapfuudzwa. Izvozvi zvakaparira dzvinyiriro ine simba yezvamatongerwe enyika yavakadzi yaigona kuvhotera Purezidhendi naProfende mudzimwe nyika asi kwete, kusimbisa upenzi hwetsika.
Sarudzo 1616 yaJeanette Rankin[FLT] yakabva Montana sezvo mukadzi wokutanga muCongress akagovera chiratidzo chine simba. Apo akaisa vhoti yake mukurwisana nokupinda muHondo Yenyika I (mumwe we 50 wemitezo yeImba kuita saizvozvo), vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti yakabvumikisa kuva isina kufanira kwavakadzi nokuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Bva Rankin's religined religineism yakabatanidza nehondo yakawanda yeAmerica yakaneta nehondo.
Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Rukundo Neganhuriro Dzarwo
Hondo yeCongress
Purezidhendi Woodrow Wilson, uyo akanga ave achishora chiito chehurumende chekudzosa, pakupedzisira akatsigira kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo muna January 1918, achiidana kuti "mwero wehondo". Imba yakapfuvura kugadziriswa nechiverengero chaichoicho chezvitatu zviviri zvaida(ne mumwe mutezo anosiya kudoka kworufu rwomudzimai wake kuti avhote. Dare rakabvumikisa kuva rakaoma zvikuru, kuramba kugadziriswa kaviri pamberi pokunge rapfuvura pana June 4, 1919.
Mutauro wakapfava wekuvandudza waibatanidza muuyo wawo wokuchinja: " Kodzero yavagari vemo veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kudzorwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano."
Mutambo Wokuisa Michina Yemvura
Kuyera kwaida tendero inobva mumaruwa 36 (36 mativi makuru e 48 panguva iyeyo muUnion). Mukati megore rimwe, maruwa 35 akanga atendera. Hondo yokupedzisira yakaitika muTennessee mukati mezhizha ra1920. Anti-suffrajustrs uye mapepa okunyoresa akaburuka paNashville, vaiti vemitemo vaikurudzira muyakava inonzi "Hondo yavaRons"). [FLTY:0] Manyuko akapfeka marusarusi apo vashori vai vaipfeka marusi matsvuku.
Vhoti reTennessee reTennessee rakasvika [[FL:0] .Harry Burn , mutongi wemisino yamakore 24 aipfeka ruvara rutsvuku asi akatakura tsamba yaibva kuna mai vake. Hurrah, uye vota kuti vamuise. Shb Burn akanga anyora. "Musakanganwa kuva mukomana akanaka, mubatsiri Mai. Catt vaiisa 'rat' pakukwidzwa." Harry Burn akachinja kuvhota, akaputsa tayi. Gare gare gare, akatsanangura kuti, "Ndinoziva kuti zano ramai ramaigarokotseka nokuda kwomukomana wake kuti atevere."
Pa August 26, 1920, Munyori weState Bainbridge Colby akapupurira Regimendment yechi 19th Retation. Pashure perwisano yamakore 72, vakadzi veAmerica vakanga vawana maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okuvhota.
Kukunda Kusingakundiki
Chikamu chegumi nemapfumbamwe cheFimendimendi yakaratidzira chiitwa chikurusa, bva maruramiro okugovera mari akasara kure nenyika yose[. Kugadziridza kwakarambidzwa kusarura vatano asi hakuna kutaura nezvedzimwe mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzakadzivisa vakadzi vazhinji kuvhota:
Vakadzi veAfrica vakanangana nemitemo yeAmerica imwe cheteyo yeJim Crow iyo inoputsanisa varume vatema vakashata , mitero yokuvhota, mitero yasekuru, zvitsauko, uye tyisidziro yamasimba masimba. Apo vakadzi veBrack vakaedza kunyoresa muSouth, vakatarisana netsiviro yemari, masimba masimba omuviri, uye kunyange tyisidziro dzorufu. [[FLT:]] Convention of Lovaled Vard , inotungamirirwa naMary Church Terrell, yakarwisa uku kusaruramisira, asi kuchinja kune revo kwakasvika kutozosvikira maruramiro avagari vemo pamakore gare gare gare.
Vakadzi veAmerica vaisagona kuvhota nemhaka yokuti havana kurangarirwa savagari vemo kutozosvikira paChiteko cheIndian Citizeshishi muna 1924, uye kunyange ipapo, nyika dzakawanda dzakawana nzira dzokudzivisa nadzo kutora rutivi kwavo kutozosvikira kuma 1960. Dzimwe nyika dzakataura kuti maIndian America airarama pamusoro penzvimbo dzakasiana akanga asiri vagari vemo; vamwe vakada kuti vasiye nzanga dzedzinza.
Vakadzi veAmerica vapasia vakatarisana neganhuriro dzougari hwemo dzakavakirwa padzinza. Chiratidzo cheChina cheExcluusion muna 1882 uye mitemo yakatevera chakadzivisa vatami vazhinji veAsia kuva vagari vemo, uye nokudaro muvhoti, pasinei zvapo nokuti vakanga vagara muAmerica kwenguva yakareba sei. Iyi ganhuriro haina kubviswa chose kutozosvikira kuma1940 nama1950.
Vakadzi veLatina [ vakatarisana nemhinganidzo dzomutauro, tyisidziro, uye mibvunzo yakaoma yevagari vemo. MuSouthwest, vakawanda vakatarisana nenzvero dzechiNgezi bedzi dzakagadzirirwa kubvisa vakurukuri vechiSpania, pasinei zvapo nokuti dzimwe mhuri dzakagara munharaunda yacho kwezvizvarwa zvisati zvava rutivi rweUnited States.
Kuramba Kurwira Kupiwa Kwekodzero
Nhambo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Nefambiro mberi Yakasiana
Sangano razvino uno ramaruramiro avagari vemo rama1950 nama 1960 pakupedzisira rakataura mhinganidzo dzakawanda idzo Confection yechigumi nepfumbamwe yakanga yasiya dzisina kukuvara. Vakadzi vakadai se Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, naDiane Nash vakaita mabasa anokosha mukurwisa maruramiro okuvhota izvo zvaizobetsera vaAmerica vose pasinei zvapo norudzi kana kuti munhurume.
Vakadzi veruvara vaigona kushandisa norusununguko kodzero dza1965 kuti mapepa evachena akanga apemberera makore 45 adarika. Pakati pa1965 na1969, nhamba yevakadzi vechitema vakanyoreswa kuvhota muMississippi yakawedzera kubva pa5% kusvika ku60%.
Kurwira Kodzero Dzakaenzana
Vanyori vazhinji vakadavira kuti kuenzana kwavakadzi kwaizokurumidza kutungamirira kukuenzana kwakakwana kwapamutemo. Apo ikoku kusina kuitika, Alice Paul akanyoresa Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) muna 1923, achingotaura zvakapfava, kuti: "Kuenzana kwekodzero pasi pomutemo hakuzorambirwi kana kuti kuiswa mubatanidzwa neUnited States kana kuti nehurumende ipi neipi pamusoro pevatano. ”
Nhimbe yeERA, iyo yakawana simba muma 1970 pamberi pokuwa kwemitemo mitatu inoperevedza kukwezviwa muna 1982, yakaratidzira kuti maruramiro okupa oga haagoni kuvimbisa chiyero chevatano yavanhukadzi. Kundikano yekundikano yakasimbisa mapoka anopfuurira pamusoro pemibato yavakadzi namaruramiro munzanga yeAmerica.
Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Nokudzvinyirirwa Kwezvinhu Zvinofambisa Magetsi
Nhasi, vakadzi vanovhota pamwero wakakwirira kupfuura varume [1] kuchinjwa kubva pamakumi amakore apakuvamba pashure pekunge vakadzi vazhinji vatadza kushandisa maruramiro avo matsva. Musarudzo yapurezidhendi yazvino uno, kuvhiya kwavakadzi kwapfuura napa 3-4 muzana. Bva denho dzinopfuurira:
[ Mitemo yeID [[FT: 1] nenzira isingaenzaniswi inotapura vakadzi vanochinja mazita avo pashure peroorano kana kuti chatanuro uye havana kushandura mapepa ose. Vakadzi vakwegura vasina marezenisi okutyaira vanotarisana nezvinetso zvakati.
Nzvimbo yokupa mari inovharwa munharaunda dzomumaruwa nemumaguta inoparira nhamo nokuda kwavakadzi vangashaiwa chokufambisa kana kuti kutamburira kupedza nguva yokurega mitoro yokutarisira.
Mitemo yokuparadzanisa [ inotapura mamirioni eAmerica, navakadzi (pachikamu chezvizhinji) vakadzi veruvara (pachinomirira chikamu chinokura nokukurumidza zvikurusa chavagari vemo vakapfigirwa.
Vakadzi vomunyika yacho kazhinji kazhinji havana kero dzegamuchidzanwa dzomumugwagwa dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokunyoresa kwomuvhoti uye vangararama maawa kubva munzvimbo yokuvhotera iri pedyosa.
Zvidzidzo Muboka Ramatsotsi
Kuchinja - chinja Kwemararamiro Avo Nemararamiro Avo
Sangano rekudzosera rakakwanisa murutivi nemhaka yokuti rakashandisa zvirongwa zvizhinji panguva imwe cheteyo. Nepo vamwe vashingairi vakaronda gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo, vamwe vakanangidzira ngwariro pamutemo wehurumende. Nepo vamwe vakachengeta ruremekedzo, vamwe vakadaidzira kusawirirana. Uku mhatsa yemitoo, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva kuchiparira rwisano yomukati, pakupedzisira kwakasimbisa kufamba kupfurikidza nokufadza kumifungo yakasiana- siyana uye dzvinyiriro pakuchengeta mativi akawanda.
Masangano azvino uno anogona kudzidza muuku kurangarira [[FLT: 0] kwakawanda. Panzvimbo pokuraira rucheno rwepfungwa, kufamba kunobudirira kunoparira nzvimbo nokuda kwekusvika kwakasiana - siana apo kunoramba kunangidzira ngwariro panharidzano yokupedzisira.
Simba Refambiro Mberi Yokutyisidzira
Kurwisa kwamakore 72 nokuda kwokuvanza kwavakadzi kunoratidzira kuti chinjo yokuumba inowanzoitika mu. Rukundo rumwe norumwe rwenyika rwakavakira simba nokuda kwerunotevera; kuedza kumwe nokumwe kwakakundikana kudzidzisa zvidzidzo zvinokosha. Madokero anotaura kuti vakadzi vakabudirira pakuvamba vakagovera ufakazi chaihwoihwo hwokuti kuvhota kwavakadzi hakuna kuparadza mhuri kana kuti kuita kuti zvamatongerwe enyika zvive, kurwisa rutyo rwavavengi.
Iyi fambiro mberi inofambira mberi yenyika inotungamirira kuchiito chehurumende, yakaratidzira masangano akawanda enzanga eAmerica, kuvambira pakuenzana kweroorano kusvikira kukuita mbanje pamutemo. Rukundo rwepanzvimbo inosimukira kunoparira mienzaniso [ inoita chinjo huru zvikuru inobvira.
Kubatana Kunovaka Pasinei Nemisiyano
Ukama hwesangano neruramisiro yedzinza hwakabvumikisa kuva hwakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji hunonetsa. Vamwe vachena vainyoresa vaishandisa nharo dzourudzi, vachitaura kuti vakadzi vachena vakadzidza vakafanirwa namavhoti kupfuura varume vatami kana kuti vatema. Vamwe, kufanana naIda B. Wells-Barnett, vakarwira kusarurana kwedzinza rose apo vaidenha rusaruro rwesangano.
Pasinei zvapo neiyi funganyo, mamiriro ebatira pamwe yemadzinza akabvumikisa kuva ane simba. Tsigiro yaFrederick Douglas paSeneca Falls, kufora kwakabatanidzwa kwakarongwa naAlice Paul (Pasinei zvapo chishoro chakabva kuMadokero esuffraist), uye kurongeka kwemakirabhu dzechitema zvose zvakaparira budiriro yokupedzisira yesangano racho.
Kukosha Kwokuita Mabasa Epwere
Kutanga kwavatungamiriri vaduku saAlice Paul kwakasimbisazve sangano rakanga ravapo. Ava vaduku vakaunza nzira itsva, simba, uye kusashivirira [ nefambiro mberi. Vakanga vachidisa kuisa mungozi kusungwa, mikurumbira yavo, uye utano hwavo nokuda kwedonzo.
Uyu mutoo unodzokororwa munhau yose − kubva kuMudzidzi North Coording Committee in Civil Rights Movement kusvikira kuvanoshingairira mugariro wemhoteredzo wazvino uno. chinjo yechizvarwa mukati memasangano inowanzogovera sundo yokupedzisira inodikanwa nokuda kworukundo.
Kuchinja Kunoita Nyika Yose uye Kufurira Kwazvinoita Nyika Dzose
Kudzidza Kumasangano Emarudzi Ose
Sangano reAmerica retsoropodzi ose ari maviri rakapesvedzerwa uye rakapesvedzerwa nenhimbe dzamarudzi ose dzavakadzi . Mapepa eAmerica akafunda unyanzvi hwechisimba hweBritain, akapinda misangano yamarudzi ose, uye akavaka mibatanidzwa yamarudzi ose.
Nyika yeNew Zealand ndiyo yakatanga kupa vakadzi kodzero dzokuvhota muna 1893, yakatevera Australia muna 1902. iyi mienzaniso yakapa vanhu vokuAmerica mirayiridzo ine simba yokukakavadzana nenyaya dzine simba, (kana dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu dzaigona kumanikidza vakadzi pasina njodzi, nei United States yaisagona?
Nenzira yakapesana, rukundo rweAmerica muna 1920 masangano akafuridzirwa munyika yose. Nhambo yehondo yakava nenyika dzakawanda dzakatambanudzira maruramiro okuvhota kuvakadzi , achipesvedzerwa murutivi nomuenzaniso weAmerica nechiito.
Kurwisa Kunopfuurira Kwenyika Yose
Nepo nyika zhinjisa zvino dzichipa nenzira yapamutemo maruramiro okuvhota, zvinodzivisa kushanda munyika yose. Mune mamwe marudzi, ganhuriro dzetsika, masimba masimba, uye zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvinodzivisa kutora rutivi kwakazara kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwavakadzi. Kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwavakadzi kunopfuurira, namazano echiAmerica ezvirongwa achiri anokosha kuvatsigiri venguva ino munyika yose.
Kunyorwa Kwazvino Uno uye Kudzoserwa
Kutora Rutivi Kwavakadzi Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nhasi
Zana ramakore pashure peMitemo yechigumi namapfumbamwe, kubatanidzwa kwavakadzi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakachinja utongi hweAmerica hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu . Vakadzi nguva dzose vanovhota pamwero wakakwirira kupfuura varume uye vakava simba gurusa musarudzo. "Mukaha mukuru" mumiitiro yokuvhota (hwuna vakadzi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira vadaviriri nenhau dzakasiana kupfuura varume mitoo yezvirongwa.)
Bva vakadzi vanoramba vari pasi penzvimbo inosarudzwa. Pasinei zvapo neinenge 51% yechiverengero chavagari vemo, vakadzi vane inenge 28% yezvigaro zveCongregation uye havana kutongowana mirau inowirirana mumitezo yehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo dzavakuru vakuru. Miganhu haisati ichiri yapamutemo asi imo inoumbwa: denho dzemari, mirangariro yenhau, ganhuriro yamabasa, uye mirauriro inopfuurira pamusoro pamano avakadzi okutungamirira.
Kudzvinyirirwa Kwamajoini
Mitemo yokuvhota namashoko etsamba yapakuvamba inotapura zvikurukuru vakadzi vangaparapatika nemhaka yemitoro yokutarisira. Kubvisa kwokuwedzera kunotapura vakadzi vanochinja mazita pashure pomuchato kana kuti kurambana.
Kuvharwa kwemahofisi eDMV munharaunda dzomumaruwa kunoita kuti kuwana muvhoti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwavakadzi vakwegura vasati vachatyairazve. College proves[] (zvino vakadzi vazhinjisa) nzvimbo dzinogara dzinoomesa kuvhota kwavo. Iyi mhinganidzo yazvino uno inoda kungwarira kumwe cheteko nokushandisa zviito izvo zvinoratidzira sangano rapakuvamba resuffge.
Bhizimisi Risina Kukanganisika Ramaruramiro Akaenzana
Vatungamiriri vesangano raifungidzira kuti kodzero dzokuvhota nenzira yomuzvarirwo dzaizotungamirira kukuenzana kwakazara. Zana ramakore gare gare, kufungidzira ikoko kwakabvumikisa kuva netariro yakanyanyooneka. Vakadzi vachiri kutarisana norusaruro rwebasa [ mumabasa, kutarisirwa kwoutano, dzidzo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo zhinji. Kukundikana kubvumira Amagariro Akaenzana kwakabva United States pasina vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo youendoma.
Masangano azvino uno akaita se #MeToo nenhimbe dzemari yokubhadhara zvinopfuuridzira mapepa ebasa akavamba. Idzi nhamburiko dzinotiyeuchidza kuti [[FLT: 0] kodzero dzokupa, nepo kuchikosha, dzinomirira rutivi rumwe chete rwekuenzana kwakazara kwenzanga.
Mugumo: Nhau Yavakadzi Yamaruramiro Okutamba muAmerica
Nhau yokushatiswa kwavakadzi muAmerica inotidzidzisa kuti dhemocracy haisati iri chiitwa chakatsiga asi chirongwa chinopfuurira. Kurwisa kwemakore 72 kubva Seneca Falls kusvikira kuGaramende reChine gumi namapfumbamwe kunoratidzira kuti kuwedzera kutora rutivi kwehurumende yeruzhinji kunoda kuita chiito chinopfuuridzirwa, kufunga kwoukombi, uye kupfuurira kusingachinjiki mukutarisana nechishoro.
Rukundo rwamabhii rwakanga rusina kukwana kana kuti rwechigarire. Vakadzi vazhinji, zvikurukuru vakadzi vane ruvara, vakamirira zvikuru makumi amakore nokuda kwokuwana kwerevo. Nhamburiko dzokuvhota dzanhasi dzomuvhoti dzinotiyeuchidza kuti maruramiro angahwinwa anogona kuva kodzero dzakarasika[ pasina kungwarira kwenguva dzose. Kurwisana kwomukati kwedzinza, kirasi, uye unyanzvi hunopa zvidzidzo pamusoro pokuvaka mavhengairira pamwe chete apo kunenge kuchichengeta nharidzano dzakanangidzirwa.
Zvichida zvinokosha zvikurusa, sangano rinobvumikisa kuti vagariwo zvavo vanogona kuwana chinjo yechienzi[. Vakadzi vakawana vhoti vakanga vasiri vanopfuura vohunhu(8) vakanga vari vadzidzisi, vanamai, vashandi, uye vanorwira zvitendero vakaramba kugamuchira kuva vagari vemo veboka rechipiri. Vakatarisana nokunyomba, masimba masimba, kuiswa mutorongo, uye makumi amakore okukunda pamberi pokuwana rukundo.
Nguva dzose mukadzi anosarudza, anomhanyira kushandira nzvimbo, kana kuti anotora hurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika, anoshandisa kodzero idzo zvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvevakadzi zvakarwa zvakaoma kuti zvichengetedze.
Sezvatinotarisana nedenho dzapanguva ino dzokuvhota nokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sangano rinopa zvose zviri zviviri kurudziro nezvidzidzo zvinoshanda. Rinotiyeuchidza kuti fambiro mberi inobvira asi isingatongodzivisiki, kuti maruramiro anofanira kudzivirirwa nenzira yokushingaira, uye kuti democracy inobudirira apo inobatanidza manzwi ose[. Vakadzi vakarwira chipikirwa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanoramba vachizadzika chero bedzi vagari vemo vakabviswa. Kunzwisisa ikoko kunofanira kupfuurira kushanda pachiri nhasi sezvakwakanga kuri kunokosha sezana ramakore rakapfuura.
Kurwisa kwamaruramiro okuvhota kwavakadzi kwakashandurazve zvikuru hurumende yenyika yeAmerica, kuchibvumikisa kuti chipikirwa cheBumbiro reMitemo rokuenzana chingagona kukura kupfuura chiono chayo chakaganhurirwa. Uku kukura hakuna kuitika nenzira yomuzvarirwo kana kuti nyore nyore(kunoda zvizvarwa zvavakadzi kuraira kuzivikanwa, kuronga nzanga, kudenha mitemo isina kururama, uye kupfuurira kukunda. Rukundo rwavo runotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose ine simba guru apo inobatanidza munhu ari wose, uye kuti basa rokuvaka nzanga yakatongopedzwa.
Mamwe Matura
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peiyi nhambo inokosha munhau yeAmerica, zviwanikwa zveNational Archives [ zvinogovera kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvapakuvamba nezvishandiso zvokudzidzisa. Raibhurari yeCongress inochengetawo miunganidzwa yavakadzi [ inoparira manzwi enhau kuupenyu kupfurikidza netsamba, mifananidzo, uye nhau dzomunhu oga dzinobva kusangano.
