Kududzira pamutemo uzivi hwemitemo hunodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo rakavakirwa panzwisiso yapakuvamba panguva yarakagamuchirwa. Iyi nzira inosimbisa ukoshi hwokunamatira kurevo yokutanga yorugwaro, panzvimbo pokuridudzira kupfurikidza nemipimo yazvino uno kana kuti mirangariro. Semutoo werondedzero yemitemo yemitemo, kuvamba kwakashandurazve nzvimbo yeAmerica yejurisprudence, kupinda munzvimbo yakatanhamara kupfurikidza nebasa ravadzidzisi navatongi vaipikisa kuti kutendeka kurugwaro kunoda chibvumirano kurevo charwo chakasimbwa panzvimbo perezinesii. Uzivi hunoshanda parangariro yokuti chiteshiviso chemitemo yapamutemo yakanyorwa, sorumbiso, ruchinodzo rwokusimbisa, rusingavapi ruchimbirira kuvandudza gadziriro dzarwo. Iri sangano rokufunga rinoita kuti ripfuungane zvikuru muzvikoro, matare anoumba anoona ose anoona mutemo wapachena.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga

Chitendero chekare chinotsvaka kuchengetedza chinangwa chevanogadzira mitemo nokunangidzira ngwariro parugwaro namashoko akapoteredza. Chinopikisa kuti revo yegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo inofanira kuramba isingachinji nekufamba kwenguva, kugovera dzikamo nokufanotaurwa mumutemo. Iyi dzikamo haisati iriwo zvayo ukoshi husinganzwisisiki; inovakirwa kuti mutemo ushande, inoita kuti vagari vemo navanogadzira mitemo vanzwisise miganhu yemitemo yehurumende vasingatyi kuti miganhu iyoyo ichachinja nekugadzwa kutsva kwomutemo kana kuti muitiro wezvematongerwe enyika. Mupfungwa iyi, kudzikamato yepakuvamba kwakabatana zvikuru nepfungwa yokuva nomutemo wedemocracyicratic: kana revo reTestation richichinja pamaoko avatongi vasina kurongwa, ipapo vanhu vainganzwisisa mapepa avo kupfurikidza nevamiririri vavo.

Nheyo Dzenhau

Manyuko edzidziso yokutanga anogona kurondwa kusvikira kunhambo yamavambo imene. Mafream naratifiers vakanzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo segwaro rakanyorwa rine revo yakagadzwa norugwaro nevavambi varo. Mu Federal[[FLT:]]. 37, James Madison akacherekedza ukoshi hwe "mupimo wavose" pamusoro perevo regconstmentation, nepo dare rapakuvamba rakanangidzirwa nerevomhesvedzo yakadai se Barry v.[FLT][FLT] [FT]] anotsigira basa rejaricary'sss' mududziro remitemo mukuwirirana namashoko ayo akajeka. Mukati medhealcerist John Marshall anoshandisa nguva dzose dzenhau renhau renhau renhau namavara enhau rapakuvamba. Zvisinei, haana kurangarira kusaziva zvapakuvamba, Matoosetiapote Dare remitemo ramatongedzero, rinodzora kupfurikidza kupfuunike kusvika kuzivisa kupfurikidza kuti ritsate, raAr

Mapete

Kuzvimirira kunotsamira pamamiriro anoverengeka ehwaro. Chokutanga, kunoomerera kuti revo yebumbiro- pamutemo inogadzwa panguva yokuitwa kwemitemo. Nyongodzi inorehwa naavo vanoigamuchira inoramba iri revo yayo nhasi kutoti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadziridzwa nenzira yakarongwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro V. Chechipiri, kuvamba kunoomerera kuti vatongi vanosungirwa kushandisa revo iyoyo yakananga pasinei zvapo nokuti vanobvumirana nemigumisiro yacho. Yechitatu, kuvamba kurambira pfungwa yokuti gadziriro dzeBumbiro remitemo inofanira kupfurikidza nokududzira mipimo yedare kuti iratidzire kuchinja tsika dzenzanga, panzvimbo pezvo kubvumira kuti chinjo yemhindumupindu inofanira kuuya kupfurikidza negadziriro yetsika kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuronga pamutemo mumigariro yehurumende yakagadzwa. Zvinodaidzo dzemitemo zvokutonga kuti zvisatevedzerwe nesimba rematare kuti zvive zvadzoro. Pamiteveri ibvumiro yomutauro wapakuvamba, zvinotaura kupfurikidza nomutauro wakanyorwa mumutauro wakananga "zviito zvechienzi] zvinotongedzo.

Marudzi Okutanga Edzidziso Yokutanga

Nokufamba kwenguva, dzidziso yepakutanga yakava nezvikoro zvakasiyana zvemafungiro, zvinotonyanya kuzivikanwa kuti vavariro yapakuvamba nerevo yapakuvamba. Imwe neimwe inopa mutoo wakasiyana wokuziva nawo zviri muBumbiro reMitemo rakagadzwa, uye kusiyana pakati pazvo kune revo dzinokosha nokuda kwebasa rokutonga nekurukurirano yenyanzvi.

Kutanga

Nharidzano yapakuvamba inonangidzira ngwariro paicho vagadziri vamagakava vairangarira pakunyora Bumbiro reMitemo. Iyi nzira, inotsigirwa navanonzvera vapakuvamba vemitemo saRobert Bork, inotarira kuvavariro dzomunhu oga dzavanyori vechinyorwa chacho . Zvikurukuru nhume kuConfestitution yeConstitution ye1787(okupedza mativi ose emitemo.) Kurangarira kuti nemhaka yokuti vagadziri vemiitiro vakanga vari vagadziri vegadziriro yemitemo, zvinangwa zvavo zvenhau zvinofanira kutungamirira kududzira. Vatsoropote, zvisinei, vakanongedzera zvinetso zvakakomba nouyu mutoo: kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma kuziva vavariro imwe huru pakati pezvikamu zvamafomu izvo zvakafunga zvakasiyana; zvinoparira njodzi dzedariro dzapakuvamba.

Revo Yapakuvamba

Revo yapakuvamba-jee neiyi inodanwa kuti "revo yavanhu vose". (_Emphasize revo yorugwaro sezvinonzwisiswa navanhu vose panguva yokunyorwa kwemifungo. Panzvimbo pokubvunza muvavariro dzemifungo yemipimo, iyi nzira inobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo munguva yokuvamba aizonzwisisa sei rugwaro rwemitemo. Justice Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru weiyi nzira, uye yazova chimiro chikuru chetsika dzapakuvamba mudzidzo yepamutemo. Kuchinja kubva muvavariro yerevo yakaitwa nerevo yenhauro yekuti Bumbiro remitemo, sechinyorwa chakanyorwa, anowana chiremera chayo kubva pamabasa aro avanhu musimba ravo repamusoro. Naizvozvo, nhau dzinonzwisiswa namashoko adzo dzomutemo pamusoro pezviito zvapamutemo. Nhetengodzo dzinopiwa muzvinyorwa zvapamutemo mumhindu yenhau dzapamutemo.

Kushandisa Mumatare Azvino Uno

Kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwave kune pesvedzero mumhaka dzapanguva imwe cheteyo dzapamutemo, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzebumbiro remitemo. Vatongi navatongi vanotaura kuti kunopa simba rakajeka rokududzira mutemo, nepo vatsoropodzi vachiupikisa kuva kwakaoma zvikuru kana kuti kwakachipa. Chifo chekusimbiswa kwaMutongi Scalialia muna 1986, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakaoneka mumhatsa yakafara yemirangariro yeDare Gurusamende yakakwirira yakadai seSecond Confementing kugadziriro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nemitemo yetsotsi nejeri retsoro nerongedzero yeSahlulero, apo vatongi vaNeil Gormoth vanogona kuva nesimba rokuwedzera kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kwenhau, Mutongi Bret Kavaughgh, uye Justice Amy Concerith Concettlett, uyo akabudisa mwero wakasiana-mhidhina kupfurikidza nomuitiro wetsikano yetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzakaitwa navadzidzi vanotanga kutsigira kutsigira kutungamirira kutungamirira kwedare rehurumende.

Zvisarudzo Zvokutanga Zvinoratidza Kuti Munhu Aiva Nechido Chokuongorora Zvinhu Zvinooneka

[Zvisarudzo zvapamberi pedare raMakurusa [[Fton-scheme] zvinoenzanisira kushandiswa kwemifungo yapakuvamba. Mumutemo weB [FLT:] wemasvetude [FT] we-v: [FLT].[19] Mutemo weReformation] [2008], Dare rairangarira kuti Second Confectivement inodzivirira kodzero yokuva nepfutinaidzo nokuda kwe "kuzvipfura, kutsamira zvikuru paremberi yapakuvamba yerenguriro yavose yorugwaro urwo rwakanga rwanzwikwa muna 1791.[F] Mutesito Nji yePlato Njinian's yagara yagara yagara yakato ye----vhurongerose yagara yakato ye---vhurongero.[Foken, kana kuti: "Ntsutsumo ye-seiwo yato ye-sengwa yatomu yapakuvamba, yatongerwa jingawokutomu ye-sengwa.[FEX.NFEX.NUPN,10]

Vatsigiri Vanoyevedza Muimba Yaichengetwa Navanamwari

Pakati penhamba dzinokosha zvikurusa musangano rapakuvamba pane Vatongi Antonin Scalia naClarence Thomas, vane basa rakaita kupfuura vamwe vatongi vapi navapi kuti vaise kuvamba mumutemo mukuru webumbiro remitemo.

Mutongi Antonin Scalia, uyo akabatira paDare gurusa kuvambira muna 1986 kusvikira parufu rwake muna 2016, akanga ari mutsigiri anooneka zvikurusa naakananga wedzidziso yapakuvamba munhau yeAmerica. Mirangariro yake iri miviri yeDare uye asingabvumirani ne(w) akashandisa nenzira yapakuvamba revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yeBumbiro-mitemo, kazhinji kazhinji nenzwisiso yakakomba nesimbiro isingachinjiki pakuvimbika kwamagwaro. Muna 1997 Tanner Lectures paPrinceton University, Scalia anosianiswa pakati pe "revoro yokutanga" uye "vavariro yapakuvamba," achitaura kuti yaichimbova hwaro bedzi hwapamutemo hwetsananguro hwemitemo. Akanzwisisa kuvamba sepfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika asi somutoo wemitemo inodzivisa kuisada kwavo vamene. Sctalia pesvedzero yake yakatambanukira kure nemirangariro yake; uye kushandura kusinhanhanharo kuto kutsigira pamutemo, kutoodza kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo kutoko.

Mutongi Clarence Thomas, uyo akakumbanira Dare muna 1991, akapfuuridzira chirongwa chemavambo zvakatopfuudzira. Nepo Scalia pane dzimwe nguva akarega kutevera mhedziso dzapakuvamba kumhedziso dzayo hurusa, Thomas ave achidisa nguva dzose kudzokererazve mienzaniso yakatsiviwa inorwisana nenzwisiso yapakuvamba. Mumifungo inobatanidza chibvumirano chaManyika, Commercional Claus, naMaropafadzo aImmunion, naImmunion Classionacle, Thomas akadate nokuda kwokusiyanisa kwarororororo marangariro ayo anobva padzidziso yedare refu asi anodavira kuti anogombedzerwa nerevo revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo. Murangariro yake inodzo mu [Foct:] [Foct.M.D.D.D.Asciomston anowana kudzoromeset mativi ose enhauswo asingabvumirwi nomutemo wapakuvamba haa akafuridzirwa haast. Chicastitution anoto anodzivirira kuti muuwarome. Chicaine. Chicagoswose. Chicago

Kupfuura Dare raPamusorosoro, mavambo ane vatsigiri vakasimba pakati pejudia yehurumende. Mutongi Frank Easterbrook weNhengo yeSeven anosvika murairo nedudziro yemitemo kupfurikidza neredhisi rerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba, kubata unyoro nohwemavambo semitoo inowirirana zvikuru. Mutongi William Pryor weDengula weDengula neMutongi Jeffrey Sutton weSixth Trandtton vanewo yakanyorwawo mirangariro yapakuvamba inokosha yakanyorwa munzvimbo dzinovambira patsika dzapakuvamba kuenda kumiitiro youtsotsi. Pesvetika yemavambo emagwaro iri kutsigirwa nokugadzwa kwavatongi vakabatana nenyanzvi dzedzidzo yekare vasati vatora bhenji, vazhinji vavo vakafunda vatongi vokutanga kana kuti vadzidze pasi penyanzvi dzedzidzo yokutanga dzetsika dzapakuvamba. Uku kupfuudzira uzivi hunosimbisa kuti uzivi hweAmerica kupfuurira kupfuurira kuurongwa nomutemo weAmerica kwamakumi amakore.

Kutsoropodza Nezvinetso

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuomerera pamavambo kwakakomba kunogona kufuratira chinjo dzenzanga netsika dzinochinja. Vanokarakadza kuti mutoo unochinjika unobvumira matare kutsanangura Bumbiro remitemo nenzira inoratidzira mipimo yenhambo nezvinodikanwa. Uku kutsoropodza kunotora zvimiro zvakawanda uye kunodenha mavambo pazvikonzero zvose zviri zviviri zvokurondedzera nezvinoshanda. Kuramba kune simba zvikurusa kunotangira mucherechedzo yokuti chizvarwa chokuvamba chechinjo [1] vazhinji vavo vaiva navaranda, vakaramba kodzero yokuvhota, uye kuganhurirwa kwokutora zvinhu zvinova vachena mumitengo yavanhu yemazana amakore akatevera. Vatsoropotedza kuti Hurumende inodzikanisa kufungira kwavo kuti kufungira mano akaipa ekare kare uye kuti chinyorwa chidzivise kushanda sechirongwa chenzanga chazvino uno.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Rinotsiva

Chinotsiva chakatanhamara zvikurusa kumavambo inzira "Bumbiro reMitemo ripenyu", iro rinobatanidza kuti revo yebumbiro- pamutemo inochinja munguva kupfurikidza nokududzira kwokutonga. Vatsigiri vakadai saMutongi William Brennan naMutongi Stephen Breyer vakarangarira kuti mashoko akafara eBumbiro remitemo ("dziviriro yakaenzana," "yati,"" uye chirango chechienzi" chakagadzirwa semipimo yavose iyo iri muvara waifanira kugadziridzwa navatongi kuti varatidzire mipimo yenguva ino. Konsiti yeBumbiro remitemo rinosimbisa kuchinjika, richitaura kuti gwaro rakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere harigoni kushandiswa kumigariro yazvino uno pasina kubvumira revo.[F][5][5], kana kuti `FFF], kana kuti sulie, chisarusarudzo chapakuvamba.[10][5]

Vazivi vemavambo vakapindura iyi denho munzira dzinoverengeka. Vamwe, kufanana neMutongi Scalia, vakarangarira kuti Brown vangagona kururamiswa pazvikonzero zvekare nokuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba yeFolement Protection Claus yakapesana neyamarudzi ehurumende. Vamwe, kubatanidza Justice Thomas, vakabvuma kuti mavambo angada kurega mamwe magamuchidzanwa akakurumbira asi akaomerera kuti ndiwo mutengo webumbiro remitemo rinoisa hurumende panzvimbo yomutemo. Gakavanwa pakati petsika dzapakuvamba nedzinoraramira pamutemo rinoramba richigadziriswa, uye rinopfuurira kuumba nhau dzenharo hurusa mumutemo weAmerica [1] kubatanidza maruramiro okubvisa mimba, rudzidziso, rusununguko rwerudzidziso, uye simba rapamusoro. Nhau huru ndeyokuva nechiremera chechiremera chehurumende pakati pavanhu vakanyorwa pakati pehurumende, zvichinziri kuratidzira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa nehurumende kupfuumbidzo kupfurikidza nemutoko.

Kuramba Kunoshanda uye Kwepfungwa

Kupfuura mhatsa nebumbiro remitemo rinorarama, kuvamba kwakatarisana nenhevedzano yetsoropodzwa dzakananga dzinobva kunyanzvi dzinopanikira kana richigona kupa zvipikirwa zvaro. Chikamu chimwe chezvirambidzo chinonangidzira pazvinetso zvinoshanda zvokuwana revo yapakuvamba. Vapanikiri vanotaura kuti chinyorwa chenhau chinowanzova chezvikamu zviduku, chinopesana, kana kuti chinopesana, kuchikuita kuti kuve kusingabviri kuzivisa revo imwe, kurambidza revo nokuda kwegadziriro dzakawanda dzemitemo. Nguva yokutanga yakanga iri nguva yekurukurirano yakasimba yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vaAmerica vakabvisa zvikuru mirangariro pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro remitemo kubva pakutanga chaipo. Vatsoropotesi vanoramba kuti vapakuvamba vanomanikidzirwa kuzivisa ufakazi hwenhau hunotsigira miuyo yavo inoda, muitiro unosekesa kutaura kuti kupesana kwekutonga kwehurumende kwehurumende.

Mutsetse wechipiri wokutsoropodza unodenha mavambo etsika echinjo. Nei tichifanira kusungwa nemirangariro yavanhu vakararama makore anopfuura mazana maviri apfuura? Iyi "chikamu chakafa" kurukurirano inopanikira kuvakwano kwokubvumira chizvarwa chakapfuura kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno. Masvomhu anopindura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rakashandiswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedemokratiki (* uye kuti chiremera charo chinopfuudzirwa chinova pabvumirano yavanhu vakatevera avo vasina kusarudza kuipedza. Vanopikisawo kuti chinetso chapamberi chapashure hachisi chechienzi kuudzori chapakuvamba; mutoo upi noupi unotaura Bumbiro remitemo rinotonga sounofanira kugamuchira kuti rugwaro rwayo rwakanyorwa munguva yakapfuura. Mubvunzo hausi [FLD:][FFF] [3]

Chirambidzo chechitatu chinomutsa chinetso chemuenzaniso. Kuzvipira kwokutanga kududzira kwainoratidzika kuva kunopesana nedzidziso ye stares decisis, iyo inorangarira kuti matare anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo pamberi pezvisina kururama. Mutongi anogona kuva mutangiri wenhau apo achirangarira mipimo inopesana nenzwisiso yapakuvamba? Sangano dzakaresa, kufanana neMutongi Thomas, ave achidisa kudzora kana kuti kudana mumipimo murefu uyo anorangarira seasingawirirani nerevo yeBumbiro remitemo. Vamwe, kubatanidza Justice Scialia neJastice, vakarangarira kuti chisarudzo chapakuvamba chinogona kugadzikisa [FLT.FL:] mumis kana kuti chibvumirano chikuru chinopfupikisa zvikuru.

Kudzikamisa Kufunga Netsika Dzazvino Uno

Mutsika, matare anowanzoshandisa kusawirirana pakati pemavambo nezvinokosha zvazvino uno kupfurikidza nemhatsa yemitoo inodudzira. Vamwe vatongi vanogamuchira mutoo we "udzori" unorangarira revo yapakuvamba sechinhu chimwe pakati pavazhinji, pamwe chete nemuenzaniso, kurangarira kwechiichichinjo, uye miraudzo inowirirana. Vamwe vanoshandisa "mitoo yapakuvamba yemavambo," inoedza kuumba mitoo iyo chizvarwa chakavamba icho chingadai chakashandisa, kubatanidza mutoo wavo wokugadza nawo, enzanisiro, uye kusasarura. Vamwezve vanowana musiyano pakati pe "tsananguro" (kufumura revo yakatsiga yorugwaro) uye "kushandura" (kuedza kureva izvozvo mumitengo yechadenga, izvo zvingada kushandiswa kwechisarudzo mukati mepuro yakatemwa). Uku kunosimusiyanwa nenyanzvi nenyanzvi dzinobvumira kupesana neRynet Lawnernerneron, kubvumira kuti kutepfekeka kwamashoko kwamashoko ezvamatongerwa enyika nokuda kwerenjereri.

MuDare rapanguva imwe cheteyo reSupreme Court, Vatongi vazhinjisa havasati vari vazivi vapakuvamba chaivoivo kana kuti vatsigiri vakachena vebumbiro remitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanobatanidza mitoo inodudzira nayo, vachishandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye rondedzero yemhindumupindu mudzimwe. Mutongi Elena Kagan, somuenzaniso, akazvirondedzera amene saapakuvamba mupfungwa yokuti anovamba nerugwaro namashoko arwo enhau, asi akabatanidzawo mirangariro inoshandisa pfungwa dzinorarama nemitemo yemitemo. Mutongi Neil Gormoth, nepo anozvirumbidza amene anozvirumbidza, akaratidza kudisa kurangarira revo yapakuvamba pamwe chete namanyuko akati. Zvomene yemitemo yazvino unoumbwa napamutemo ndeyokuti vatongi vazhinjisa vemiitiro yetsika yazvinoyera pamutemo avo vanowana zvinyorwa zvapakuvamba uye zvisiri zvechipo.

Pakupedzisira, kushandiswa kwedzidziso yapakuvamba kunoramba kuri rutivi rukuru uye kunokakavadzana rwomutemo webumbiro remitemo, kuchiumba nzira iyo matare anodudzira nayo chinyorwa chehwaro cheUnited States. Uzivi hwakabvumikisa kuva hwakasimba, huchibvisa panzvimbo yokupedzisira muma 1970 kuva simba guru muAmerica mumurangariro wapamutemo. Pesvedzero yahwo iri pachena kwete bedzi mumifungo yedare asiwo muchikoro chemitemo, kuwirirana nezvinowirirana nemitemo pamberi pematare, uye kurukurirano yavose yakapoteredza nhau yemitemo yapamutemo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvinetso zvinoparirwa nenhau yenhau, kusabvumirana kwetsika, uye zvinodikanwa zvemifungo zvinosimbisa kuti udzori hwetsika dzicharamba dzichipfuurira sezvo vatongi navadzidzi vanona rondedzero nokuwirirana namabasa apakuvamba. Kurangarira kunokosha kupfuurira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nerevo. Kurangarira kupfurikidza nerevo kwapakuvamba nezvinopesana namashoko adzoro.