Chibvumirano che15 chePramende kuUnited States chinomira seimwe yenhau huru huru dzapamutemo munhau yeAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1870 mukati menhambo yokudzorerwazve, yakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuti kodzero yokuvhota haingarambiswi yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wouranda wakarevererwa. KuAmerica yakabudiswa yakabudiswa yaimirira chipikirwa chokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye nzira yakananga yokutora nayo hurumende. Bva nhau yePramendement yechi15 haisati iri nhau yenhano yefambiro mberi. Inhau yakaoma yekukunda kwapamutemo kwakanangana nokurwisana kwamasimba makuru, kwesimba rehurumende nechiremera, uye yefariro yakato inotoda kuvamba kubatira mubato. Kunzwisisa nhau yenhau yechokwadi, kuongorora kudzoroteverwa kwenguva refu kwenhau yarongeripo, kudzorongedzerwa kurwisana nesimba rapamutemo nechiremera chomutemo nechiremeratino.

Kupa Kodzero Hondo Yevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Isati Yaitika

Mumakore apakuvamba erepabhuriki yeAmerica, kuvhota kwaiwanzoganhurirwa kuvachena, varume vanogadzira zvinhu. Nepo zvinodikanwa zvezvinhu zvakaderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma nokuda kwavarume vachena mukati menhambo yeJackson, vaAmerica vechiAfrica (vangave vaiva varanda kana kuti vakasununguka) vakanga vabviswa munyika yose. Pakasvika nguva yeHondo yeChizvarwa, vashomanene bedzi venyika dzokuchamhembe vakabvumirwa vanhu vakasununguka vatema kuvhota, uye kunyange ipapo, migariro yaiwanzova mitsva.

Nzvimbo yapamutemo yekodzero dzokuvhota dzeAfrica pamberi peHondo Yavagari Vemo yakaumbwa nezvinhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:

  • ganhuriro dzenzvimbo yapakati dzebumbiro remitemo: Nyika zhinji dzokuchamhembe dzakaganhurirwa zvakajeka kuvhota kuvarume vachena mumirayiro yavo yenyika. New York, somuenzaniso, yaida kuti vavhoti vechitema vave nenzvimbo inokwana $250 (Z $250), nepo vachena vasina kutarisana nechinodikanwa chakadaro.
  • Chisarudzo chaDred Scott (1857): MuDred Scott v. Sandford, Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. rakatonga kuti vagari veAmerica veAfrica vakanga vasitongori uye vaisagona kuva vagari veUnited States. Iyi chisarudzo nenzira inobudirira chakavhara maruramiro api naapi okuvhota pasi pomutemo wehurumende.
  • Tsika yomunharaunda netyisidziro: Kunyange uko varume vatema vaigona kuvhota pamutemo, vaiwanzotarisana nenetsoro, masimba masimba, uye matsive ezvemari. Nzvimbo dzokushatisa kazhinji kazhinji dzakanga dziri mhoteredzo dzine utsinye.
  • Kushaikwa kwedziviriro yomubatanidzwa: Hondo yeChizvarwa Chose isati yaitwa, zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota zvaidokusarudzwa chose chose nenyika, uye hurumende yehurumende haina kugovera mutoo wokudenha nawo mitemo yorusaruraganda.

Pfungwa yokuti rimwe zuva hurumende yaizomanikidza hurumende kupa kodzero dzokuvhota pasinei nokuti rudzi rupi rwaionekwa serwechii, kunyange pakati pevairambidza kuvhota yainzi inoda kuvhota, isingasviki 1 muzana yevanhu vokuAmerica vaigara munyika dzeAfrica.

Kugadziridza Uye Kumanikidza Kuisa Chibharo

Hondo yavagari vemo yakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Mumuuyo wokutera, rudzi rwakatarisana nedenho huru yokubatanidza vaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa vaAfrica muchimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika nechenzanga. Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akanga afungidzira kuvambazvezve kuregeredza kunoregeredza, asi kuurawa kwake muna April 1865 kwakabvisa dzikamo yesimba kuvaRepublics dzeRepublic muCongress, uyo akaona chiito chehurumende sechinodikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vakasununguka.

Kuedza kwokutanga kutsigira kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwevaAmerica veAfrica kwakauya kupfurikidza neCivil Rights Act ya1866, iyo yakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vakanga vari vagari vemo uye vane maruramiro akaenzana.Ichi chiito, zvisinei, hachina kutaura zvakananga kuvhota. Amendement yechi14, yakatenderwa muna 1868, yakagovera hwaro hwepamutemo hwekodzero yokuva mugari wemo woudangwe uye dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, asi mutemo wayo unorambidza kuchengetwa kwakasiya kamuri rokusazivikanwa nenhau yesuffrage. Chikamu 2 cheKirasiteji yechi 14 chakaedza kuranganisa maruramiro okuvhotera kurudzi rwechirume kupfurikidza nokuderedza maruramiro avo vechirume muDare, asi haina kudzivisa chose kusarura dzinza mukuita kuvhotera.

Kuperevedza kweidzi nhanho kwakava pachena zvakajeka sezvinoitwa nehurumende dzeMadokero, mumhete dze "Madokero Matema," kwakavamba kupfuudza mitemo yakaganhurira zvakakomba maruramiro eAfrica. Iyi mipimo yaibatanidza mitemo yokusawirirana, gadziriro dzebasa, uye mamwe masangano apamutemo akarongedzerwa kuchengeta simba ravashandi rakafanana nouranda. Mumhinduro, Radicalcerians Republicans, inotungamirirwa nenhamba dzakafanana naThadeus Steven, Charles Sumner, naFredrickos, yakataura kuti pasina kuvhota, vaAmerica vacharamba vasingagoni kuzvidzivirira musimba revara. Vhoti yakanga isati iriwo zvayo maruramiro okufananidzira; yakanga iri dandaro youranda rokuzvidzivirira uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gakava Remisangano

Kuitirana nharo pamusoro pePendement yechi15 kwakanga kwakakura uye kuchiratidza.Vatsigiri vakataura kuti kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakanga kuri kugadziridza kuri madikanwa kukundikana kwePendement yechi14 uye mwedzi yechisimba nokudzvinyirira muSouth. Vakanongedzera kukufa kwemagandanga kwegore ra1866 Memphis neNew Orleans, umo mhomho dzevachena dzakarwisa nzanga dzevatema, seuchapupu hwokuti pasina kudzivirirwa nehurumende, kodzero dzevanhu vakasunungurwa dzaisazova nerevorevi.

Chishoro chakabva kumirayiridzo inoverengeka. Democrates naRepublicans vakataura kuti kuvhota yakanga iri nhau yehurumende uye kuti kugadziriswa kwaimirira kuvhota kwapamberi kwesimba rehurumende. Vamwe vakatya kuti kugadziriswa kwaizozarura suo kuvakadzi, kariro yakaita kuti vatongi vazhinji vechirume vasafare. Zvirokwazvo, mutauro wechi15 weRemendement wakarambidza zvakananga kusarura ganda, asi haana kududza zvepabonde, kuchitungamirira kukukamukana kwakakasharara muboka ravakadzi. Elizabeth Cady Stan naSusand B. Anthony akashora kuvhotera nemhaka yokuti hainawo kusimbisa kuvhota, achikwidziridza varume vatema. Frederick Douglans, zvisinei, nokuda kwokutsigira, kuti nguva yechimbidzano yechidokeri yechitema.

Rugwaro rwokupedzisira rwegadziridzo rwakanga rwapfupikiswa noune: Chirango 1: "maruramiro avagari vemo veUnited States okuvhota haasati achizorambwa kana kuti kunyorwa neUnited States kana kuti nehurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yorudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda."

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakakarakadzwa neCongress muna February 1869 ndokutendera nehurumende nhatu muna muna February 1870. Zvikurukuru, nyika shanu dzokumaodzanyemba(Mississippi, Texas, Virginia, Georgia, uye Florida) dzakadikanirwa kubvisa mamiriro ezvinhu okunyoresa kuUnion.

Tapuro Yapakarepo Nokumuka kwaJim Crow

Mumakore mashomanene okutanga pashure pokuvakwa kwechiNgezi, Pession yechi15 yakava netapuro inoshamisa. Varume veAfrica vakavhota muzviverengero zvikuru muSouth, uye mazana vakasarudzwa kumahofisi omunzvimbomo, ehurumende, uye ehurumende. Pakati pa 1870 na1901, vaAmerica vaviri vemuAmerica (Hallel Revels and Blanche K. Bruce weMississippi) uye vamiririri makumi maviri veAfrica vakashanda muCongress. Panzvimbo nenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, vakuru vakuru vakuru vevatema vakava nezvinzvimbo sezvavanodzorwa, mitezo yechikoro, mameya, uye vagadziri vemitemo. Nguva ino, kazhinji kacho yainzi "Puntregon" kana kuti "Bcal Reconformationon," ," vamiriri vamiriri vanoshanda zvapachokwadi muruwa rwenyika.

Kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwevaAmerica veAfrica kwakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa uye chamasimba masimba. Mapoka ehondo akadai seKu Klux Klan, White League, uye Red Shirts akabuda mhiri kwamadokero okuMadokero, achishandisa ugandanga, kudzorwa, uye kutyisidzirwa kwavazhinji kuti vadzvinyirire vrack vovhota. VaKlan vakanga vasiri varwi bedzi vaBlack vogatation asi vachena voga voga voga voga voga asi munhu upi noupi aitsigira chibvumirano cheRepublication. Muna 1870 na1871, Congress yakapfuunt yakapfuudzira utsotsi hwehurumende kudzosa kodzero dzokuvhota ndokubvumira mauto kuti adzivirire. Nokuti nguva, izvi zvakabatsira kudzora masimba masimba makuru, asi kudzora kudzosera ezvematongerwe enyika kwaidzo.

Mugumo weRepublican Reconstructionon muna 1877, pashure pesarudzo yapurezidhendi yaiitiranwa nharo ya1876 uye Kubvumirana kwa 1877, zvakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo. Mauto eFederal akabviswa kuMaodzanyemba, uye Republican Party yakarega zvikurukuru kuzvipira kwawo kudzivirira maruramiro eBlack okuvhota mukutsinhana "Kutsinhana" uko kwaizotsigira tarisiro itsva yaPrezidhendi Rutherford B. Haye. Nekubviswa kwemitemo, nyika dzeSouthern yakabva nokukurumidza kudzosa purofiti yeKonsoni.

Maturusi Okuodza Mwoyo

Kuvambira muma1880 uye kuwedzera muma 1890 uye kutanga kwama1900, nyika dzeMadokero dzakaita nhevedzano yemitemo nechinjo zvebumbiro remitemo zvakagadzirirwa zvakananga kubvisa vaAmerica veAfrica pavhoti. Iyi nhano dzakagadzirwa nokuchenjera kuti dzioneke sedzisingatori rutivi rwedzinza papepa apo dzaibvisa zvinobudirira vagari vemo veBlack. Zvishandiso zvikuru zvaibatanidza:

  • Kuedza kusagona kurava: Vavhoti vanobvira vaidikanwa kurava nokududzira kupfuudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti rugwaro rwapamutemo rwakaoma. Nepo vavhoti vazhinji vechena vakanga vasingagoniwo kurava, mabharani ehurumende akapiwa uchenjeri hukuru hwokupa miedzo yakavakirwa padzinza. MaAmerica eAfrica akapiwa zvikamu zvisingabviri kana kuti akakundikana pamatanho, nepo vachena vaiwanzopiwa zvikamu zviri nyore.
  • Mitero yePoll: Mutero waidikanwa kuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji kuwedzera, kureva kuti munhu aifanira kubhadhara mitero kwamakore akapfuurawo. Uyu murombo weAfrica, aisagona kubhadhara mutero. Vachena vazhinji varombo vakatapurwawo, uko kwakanga kuri tapuro yakarongwa nokuda kwefariro dzakati dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Zvitsama zvamadzibaba: Dzimwe nyika dzinosunungura varume pakudikanwa kwokurava nokunyora kana kuti kwezvinhu kana vakanga vave vakakodzera kuvhota pamberi pa 1867, kana kuti kana madzitateguru avo akanga akakodzera. Sezvo vaAmerica veAfrica vakanga vanyimwa vhoti pamberi pa 1867, ichi chitsama chinosunungura nenzira inobudirira vavhoti bedzi. Dare Rapamusoro rakarova sekuru muGuinn v. United States (1915), asi panguva iyeyo kuvadziko yacho yakaparadzwa.
  • Princileries : Mukamu mumwe weSouth, Democratic zvikurukuru yakanga iri chisarudzo bedzi chine revo. Masangano eDemocratic akazvizivisa amene masangano akavanzika uye akabvisa vaAmerica veAfrica muvhota muPrimiry. Dare rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakatonga muuyu muitiro muna Smith v.wright (1944), asi rakatora makumi amakore okuwana simba kuti riwane.
  • masimba netyisidziro: Kunze kwomutemo, vaAmerica veAfrica vakatarisana nokurohwa, kubhomba, kubhomba, dzvinyiriro yemari yakadai sokudzingwa munyika kana kuti kurasikirwa nebasa. Tyisidziro yemasimba masimba yakanga yakakwana kudzivisa vanhu panzvero.

Pakasvika 1900, chipikirwa chePramende ye15 yakanga yangoparadzwa bedzi muSouth. MuLouisiana, chiverengero chavatema vakanyoreswa chakaderera kubva pa130 000 muna 1896 kusvikira pa 5 396 muzana bedzi pa 1900, kuderera kwe 96 muzana. Mitoo yakafanana yakaitika munharaunda. Dare rapamusoro, munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvakadai se United States v. Reese [1876] uye United States] v. Cruikshank[FLT] [186] [18]), rakadudzira kuti risarudze kuvhota pamutemo.

Kutamburira Kutsigira Kwenguva Refu

Kwemakore makumi matanhatu akatevera, Kuchinja kwechi15 kwainyanya kunzi hakuna kusimba.

Hondo Yenyika II yakachinja zvinhu. Masoja eAfrica eAmerica akanga arwira hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu munyika dzakawanda akadzokera kumusha akatsunga kuichengetedza kumusha. Hondo yeRusununguko yakatangawo simba idzva, sezvo United States yaiedza kuzviratidza sechiratidzo chorusununguko mukupesana neSoviet Union. Kubatwa kwoutsinye kwevatsoropodzi vekodzero dzevanhu vane rugare kwakaparadzirwa munyika yose, kuchinyadzisa hurumende yeUnited States uye kukonzera kumanikidzwa zvematongerwo enyika kuti kuchinja kuvepo.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu uye Mutemo Wokupa Vanhu Kodzero wa1965

Chivil Rights Movement yazvino uno ye 1950 ne 1960 yakaita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzive chinodikanwa chikuru. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956), masangano akanyarara, uye Freedomes zvose zvakabetsera kuvaka simba, asi kurwisa kodzero dzokuvhota kwakanga kwakakomba zvikuru. MuMississippi, Mudzidzi Nonligbor Coordiniting Comège Comse Committee (SNC) namamwe mapoka akarongwa kunyoresa, kutarisana nechishoro chemasimba masimba kubva kuzviremera zvomunzvimbomo namapoka evarungu. Kuurawa kwekodzero dzokuvhotera James Chaney, Andrewman, uye Michael Schwerner muna 1964 kwakapiwa ngwariro yenyika.

Nguva yakarondedzera yakasvika muna March 1965 muSelma, Alabama, umo varwi vehurumende vakadenha vafambi vane rugare vaiedza kufamba vachibva Selma kuenda Montgomery kundokumbira maruramiro okuvhota. Kudenha kwe "Bloody Svondo", umo varwi vaishandisa gasi rinodzura, makirabhu, uye shangu, zvakakwidzwa munyika yose uye zvakanyandura fungu rokutsamwa. Mumhinduro, Purezidhendi Lyndon B.Johnson akatanga Voting Rights Act ya1965, iyo akasaina mutemo pana August 6, 1965.

Murayiro weVoing Rights Act unoonekwa nevakawanda sechikamu chinobudirira zvikuru chemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yati yambopiwa.

  • Kuisa 4:[ kwakagadza mutoo wokuzivisa miganhu nemiitiro yokuvhota youdzvinyiriri, kuchida kuti vawane jeko rehurumende pamberi pokuita chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yavo yokuvhota.
  • Chitsama 5: Chinodikanwa mativi akabatanidzwa ku "preblic" chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumuitiro wokuvhota neBato reRuramisiro reU.S. kana kuti Dare roruwa reU.S. reP. reGwaro reColumbia.
  • Kuvhota 2:[ kwakaratidzira muitiro upi noupi wokuvhota kana kuti muitiro waisarura pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti ruvara.
  • Vaongorori navacherekedzi: chiito chakabvumira hurumende yehurumende kutumira vaongorori kuti vanyorese vavhoti mumativi akavharwa.

Tapuro yacho yakanga yakakurumidza uye huru. Mukati megore rimwe rechiito, 250 000 vavhoti vatsva veAfrica vakanyoreswa muSouth. MuMississippi, kunyoresa kweBlack kwakawedzera kubva pa 6,7 muzana muna 1964 kusvikira kuinenge 60 muzana pa 1968. Chiverengero chavakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa veAfrica pamwero yose yehurumende.

Nhaka Ye Amendedzero Yechi15 Muzana Remakore rechi21

Zvisinei, kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota kunopfuurira muzana remakore rechi21, sezvo zvimiro zvitsva zvokuparadzana zvakatanga, mutemo uyu wakasimbiswazve uye wakasimbisa mutemo weVoting Rights Act.

Muna 2013, Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rakatonga Shelby County v. Hoder kuti nzira yokufukidza nayo yakashandiswa muchikamu 4 cheVoting Rights Act yakarevererwa uye haina kuvhota. Chisarudzo cheDare racho chakakanganisa zvinenge zvatoda kutevedzerwa, kusiya nyika nehurumende zvakasununguka kuti zviite kuchinja kuvhota pasina utungamiriri hwehurumende. Mumakore kubvira ipapo, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo inoda kuvhota, kuganhurira kuvhota, kuvhota, kubvisa mavhotera, uye kuvhara nzvimbo dzekare, . Zvinoita kuti vashori vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi veAfrica nevamwewoki venyika vashomanana.

15th Amendment haisi vimbiso yokuzviparadza. Inoda kuramba uchingwarira, mutemo, uye kudzikamisa dare kuti zvirambe zvine revo. Rugwaro rwokugadziridza runopa Congress "simba rokushandisa nyaya ino nomutemo wakakodzera," kuratidzira chitendero cheFramers kuti kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota kuchava kurwisa kunopfuurira. Mumakore achangopfuura, Chibvumirano chave chichirangarira mutemo mutsva wekodzero dzehurumende dzokuvhota, wakadai seJohn R. Lewis Voting Rights Act, izvo zvingadzorera nokusimbisa gadziriro dzeProgirance dzeVoting Rights Act.

Chikamu chenhau chePendement yechi15 chinotiyeuchidza kuti kodzero dzokuvhota muAmerica hadzina kumbobvira dzavapo. Dzakahwinwa mukurwisana, dzakarasika kupfurikidza nokudzivisa, uye dzakawanwazve kupfurikidza nokupfuurira. Chipikirwa cheRevoludzo cha() kuti maruramiro okuvhota haasati achizorambwa nemhaka yedzinza — idzo dzose dziri mbiri dzezviitwa zvomunguva yakapfuura nedenho nokuda kwazvino.

Zvidzidzo Zvanhasi

Nyaya yePendeko re15 inopa zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka zvinogara nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukurwira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu:

  • Zvibvumikiso zveCunistigation hazvina kukwana pachazvo. Hurumende ye 15 yakanga iri kutaura kune simba kwenheyo, asi yaida kuti Kutsinhana Gadziriro yekodzero dzavanhu namakumi amakore ezviito zvive zvinhu chaizvoizvo nokuda kwevaAmerica vazhinjisa veAfrica. Kodzero dzisingamanikidzwi ikodzero dzisingashandi.
  • ganhuriro dzokuvhota dzinoshanduka. [Nepo Amendment yechi 15 ikapedza miganhu yedzinza yakajeka pakuvhota, haina kudzivisa hurumende kugamuchira zvinodikanwa zvinoratidzika kuva zvisina muganhu izvo zvine miuyo inosasarura. Uyu mutoo unopfuurira nhasi nemitemo yeid yevota, miitiro inodzosa, uye mitoro yokutarisira.
  • [ Kuchengetwa kwezvisaririra kunokosha. Nhambo dzefambiro mberi hurusa nokuda kwamaruramiro okuvhota dzakasvika apo hurumende yehurumende yaita basa rokushingaira mukudzivirira vavhoti. Nhambo dzekudzivisa kukurusa dzakasvika apo kuchengetwa kwehurumende kwabviswa kana kuti kuneteswa.
  • Kurwisa kwacho kunopfuurira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza kuzvipira kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pession yechi15 haina kupedza chinetso chorusaruraganda mukuvhota kamwe chete kana kuti zvose; yakatanga gadziriro yokurwa kunopfuurira.

Pesvedzero ye15 Inoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Inomira sechiyeuchidzo chechiono chavamutsidziri vokumutsidziri vehurumende avo vakanzwisisa kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakanga riri hwaro hwedzimwe kodzero dzose. Asi inomirawo senyevero: kodzero isingadzivirirwi inogona kubviswa. Kutendwa kwakakwana kwechipikirwa chekugadziridzwa kwemitemo cheAmerica .Ndokuvapo kwerudzi umo kodzero yokuvhota yakaenzana zvirokwazvo uye yakachengetedzwa nokuda kwevagari vose pasinei zvapo nedzinza(chichiri basa richiri kufambira mberi.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kuravazve, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinogovera kunzvera kune udzame kwenhau nekwemitemo: