Mitemo yeID yazova imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa muAmerican sarudzo, ikagara pamhatsa yechengeteko yesarudzo nekodzero dzokuvhota. Sezvo nyika dzichigamuchira zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana, gakava pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvavo, kururama, uye simba rinowedzera. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo (*) kubva pamavambo ayo enhau kusvikira kumiuyo yayo inoshanda. Nhau inopa kunzverwa kwakadzikama kwemitemo yevhoti yeTS, nharo dzayo uye dzinopesana nayo, ufakazi hunopesana pamusoro pemiuyo yayo, uye hondo dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira kuumba nguva yavo yemberi.

Mitemo Yevoter MuUnited States Yakaoma Zvikuru

Mitemo yeVoter inoda kuti vanhu varatidze zvakananga vasati vavhota blackot. Zvakanyorwa zvinosiyana zvikuru nehurumende, kubva pazvinodikanwa zvemifananidzo zvakatsiga kusvikira kukusatombodiwa kweID. Mukuwirirana neNational Conference of State Legislatures, serewa2024, 35 ehurumende dzine rudzi rwakati rwomutemo weID inovhota, ne18 veavo vanoda idi yepikicha. Iyi mitemo inoumba nzvimbo yakaoma nokuda kwavhoterai uye vakuru vakuru vemavhota.

Nhoroondo

Kumanikidza kwazvino uno kwemitemo yeID yakawana simba pashure pekuvhota kwa 2000 purezidhendi weSangano reSangano reHelp America Vote muna 2002. HAVA yakaraira kuti vavhoti venguva yokutanga vakanyoresa nepositi vagovere chiziviso, asi dzimwe nyika dzakapfuurira. Indiana yakava nyika yokutanga kugadza mutemo weID wakakomba muna 2005, kugadza muganhu weIPUD wakafanana nomutemo. Dare Gurusa reHend America Vote Act (H) 2008 mu Crawford v. Marion Counts Counts inotsigira mutemo waIndiana unogovera chiedza chevhurati yevhuro yemikari yemimwe nyika. Chiforomesesaro cha200, chitsauko chezvinodikanwa zvakakura, zvikurukuru pashure pezvinodikanwa zve1010.

Kushongedzwa Kwezvinodikanwa Zvesimbi

Mitemo yeVoter inowira mumapoka anoverengeka akavakirwa parumano namarudzi ezivikanwo inogamuchirwa:

  • Photo Id Mitemo yeMitemo yeFoto: Mitemo inofanira kupa mufananidzo weID wehurumende (mutoo, raisensi yomutyairi, pasipoti) kukanda bharati yenguva dzose. Avo vasina id vangavhota pabhorasi repeyiti asi vanofanira kudzoka mukati mamazuva mashomanene kuti varatidze mavhoti yavo. Mienzaniso: Indiana, Georgia, Texas, Kansas, Visconsian.
  • Non-Strict Id Mitemo yeMitemo: Mitemo isina pikito yeID inogona kuvhota kupfurikidza nokusaina muvhota kana kuti kuva nomushandi wokuvhota. Marobhoti egadziriro anogamuchirwa pasina nhano dzokuwedzera mune zvimwe zvinoitika. Mienzaniso: Alabama, Rhode Island, South Dakota.
  • Non Id Photo Laws: Kuzivikanwa kunogamuchirika kunobatanidza magwaro akadai sezvikwereti zvemari yemari, kutaura kwebhangi, kana kuti magwaro ehurumende anoratidza zita nekero. Mienzaniso: Arizona, Ohio, Virginia.
  • [[NHAU:0] Non-Strict ID Photo Maraw: Majekiseni asina ID anogona kusaina affidavit kana kuti kukanda chivhoti chegadziriro icho chinoverengwa kutoti chadenhwa. Mienzaniso: Michigan (kusvikira chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura), New Hampshire.
  • Hapana ID ID inodikanwa: nyika umo vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji havakumbirwi zivikanwo kana kuti vanogona kungosaina bedzi kutaura kunosimbisa zivikanwo. Mienzaniso: California, New York, Illinois, Oregon (masangano anowanzoshandisa kusaina uchokwadi).

Mune dzimwe nyika dzine mapikicha akaoma, kuwana id chinodikanwa nenzira inobudirira pakuvhota(ibasa riri nyore nokuda kwavamwe, asi mhinganidzo inokosha nokuda kwavamwe.

Kukakavadzana Munharo Dzacho

Kurukurirano yenyika pamusoro pemitemo yeID yomuvhoti yakavakirwa pamipimo miviri inokwikwidzana: perero yasarudzo nokupinda zvakaenzana. rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa mashoko, matsotsi, uye nharo dzenheyo.

Nhau YechiNgezi: Kutendeseka Kworusarudzi uye Chivimbo Chavose

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuda kuzivikanwa imwero unoshanda unowirirana kudzivirira kuvimbika kwesarudzo. Vanonongedzera kungozi yokuvhota kwemavhoti . kunovhota pasi pezita romumwe munhu (apo zviitiko zvinonyorwa zviri zvishoma, vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti kunyange njodzi duku inoparira mutemo unodzivirira. Chivimbo chapamhenei. 2019 chinoziviswa neLifarect Foundation inopfuura 100 yezvinoitika zvekuvhotera kwamabhiriyoni evota anopondwa mumakumi amakore, asi vatsigiri vanotaura kuti [[FLT: 0]] inooneka [[FLT:]] youtera hunobvisa chivimbo. Chivimbo chavose mukuvhotera, ivo vanosimbisa apo vanotsvaka kunzvera nzvimbo. Uyezve, vanocherekedza kuti mabasa mazhinji enguva dzose anotengeswa, majeko, anotenga mari yezvidhori, haafaniri kuderedzawo kupfumba.

Mhaka Inorwisana Nechiito Chokudzorwa Kwemari: Kudzvinyirirwa Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Vashori vanopesana kuti mitemo yeID inopedza chinetso icho chisati chichitongovapo apo inogadzira chitsva. Nzvero huru, kubatanidza nzvero inonzwika yakaitwa muna 2012 neBrennan Center yeRuramisiro, yakawana kuti kuvhota kuri kunyangarika kusingawanzowaniki. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chinangwa chaichoicho chemitemo yemadmidhino hachisi chokunyengera asi kuti kudzvinyirira kunoitwa neachinodzvinyirira. Kufunda kwakaoma nokuda kwamapoka evoruzhinji anoda kutsigira rimwe boka kuti rivhoti. Nzveroyi nguva dzose kunoratidza kuti vashomanene vanovhotera, vakwegura, vanowana vanhu vashoma, vadzidzi, uye vanhu vakaremara havawanzova nechinhu chokuva nemifananidzo chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kufunda neUniversi yemuchinyakare yemiteve inofungidzirwa kuti mamirioni 21 havana chinhu chinoshanda. Kuwana mumwe munhu anodhura chitupa chokubereka, DV, kutakura basa rokushanda, kumusha kumusha kupfupikisa nokuda kwedzidzo chedzidzo chehurumende, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemari inotomumumumumapfurira kupfumi.

Uchapupu Hwokubiridzira Nokuchinja

Mativi ose ari maviri anodudza nhamba dzokutsigira nzvimbo dzawo, asi ufakazi hunotsamira zvikuru murutivi rumwe.

Kuwanda Kwezvibvumirano Zvokuona

Nzvero dzakawanda dzehurumende dzakagumisa kuti muvhoti haapo. Mushumo waMagore a2007 weBrennan Center wakawana mwero yetsotsi pakati pa0.00004% na0509% yevhoti dzakarashwa. Kufunda kwa2014 mumagazini Mutemo wokuvhota [ wakanzvera anopfuura bhiriyoni rimwe mudanho ra18 zvhoti uye wakawana kuti zvinoitika zvinobvumwa 31 bedzi zveMhindu inobvuma kuti kubiridzira hakuwanzowaniki, asi vanopikisa kuti ndyiko dzinotengwa kana dzisingadzorwi. Kunyange zvakadaro, bvumirano huru pakati pavanzveri vazvinyoresa zvemitemo inosarudzwa ndeyokuti kana kuti mitemo inovhotera panenge iripo kutyisidzira.

Kuyera Tapuro Pakuvhura Mazaya

Nzvero patapuro dzemiuyo yemavhoti eID inopa miuyo yakavhengana asi inotambudza. Fundo inopesvedzera zvikurusa, neBrennan Center muna 2016, yakawana kuti mitemo yemifananidzo inodzorwa zvikuru yakaderedzwa ne 2-3 muzana musarudzo dzose, uye ne5-6 mativi pakati pevoti duku. Kufunda muna Melika Economic Journal: Application Economics[[[[FLL:1]] kunoshandisa madata eTexas akawana kuti mutemo weITS wader wader wakaderedzwa ne 2,5% mukusarudzo hurusarudzo, nemimwe mifungo mizhinjisarudzo. Inotoo yakatorerwa naposerwa pakati pezvikamu zvidukusaruso.[3]

Migumisiro Yakasiyana - siyana Pamashandiro Evanhu

Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti kushaikwa kweID hakuparadzirwa zvakapetwa. Brennan Center ya2012] fundo yakawana kuti 25% yavagari vemo veAfrica vemuAmerica vaisawana idic restation yevhu, ikaenzana ne8% yavagari vemo vemo vemo vemo vemo vemo vemo vehurumende. Kusvika kwapanguva ino napazera zvinovawowo zvinhu: 15% zveavo vanowana mari iri pasi pe $5 000 (Z $5 000) gore negore, pamwe na 4% yemari inowanwa yavanowana. Vadzidzi navakweguru kazhinji kazhinji vane mahwetapuko anokosha kana kuti vanoshaiwa magwaro anodikanwa kuwana imwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange kuderera kwakaderera mukuchinja kunochinja kupfuvura zviuru zvechinyakaruso.

Kuongorora Kusvika Kwehurumende uye Zvinetso Zvepamutemo

Kuitwa kwemitemo yemavhoti kwakasiyana - siyana zvikuru, uye matare akaita basa guru mukuumba miganhu yawo. Pasi apa pane fundo huru dzemhosva.

Indiana

. .[FLT] .[FLT][1][FLT][2002] mutemo weFoomatist Board [2008], nedare rinotonga 6-3 kuti mutemo hauna kuisa mutoro wemitemo pavhotera. Murangariro mukuru, wakanyorwa naSahlulerio Stevens, wakaziva kuti fariro yehurumende mukudzivisa kubiridzira nokuwedzera chivimbo inopfuura mutoro muduku wokuwana. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwakawana kuti muIndiana pashure pokushanda kwomutemo, zvikurukuru pakati pehurumende yakaderera.

Georgia

Georgia yakapfuudza mutemo weID wepikicha yakakomba muna 2006, pakutanga ichida kuti patonge ID yehurumende yakasarurwa asi gare gare inofutunurwa kubatanidza makadhi evoti epachena. Mutemo wakadenhwa pasi peChikamu 2 cheSangano reRevoting Rights Act, asi matare akautsigira zvikuru. Muna 2021, Georgia yakadzika mitemo yeDare Bill 202, iyo yakadzika mipimo yeID yokurega kuvhota (kuvhota mukusatyaira mumugwagwa kana kuti nhamba yehurumende) uye yakaderedza kudzika bhokisi rokupinda. Mutemo uyu wakamutsa gakavaro revo renyika ndokuita kuti dzienzana naJim Crow-era. Hondo dzemitemo dzinopfuurira, nemativi anodenha eBato reSahlulero yeS 20202. Zvidzidzo zvinokarakadza kuti mitemo yeGeorgia yakabetsera kuva nemitsetse mitsetse mirefu yemicheto yetsika mukati mativi makuru mukati mezi 2018 ne202020.

Texas

2016 yakawana kuti vavhoti vakanyorwa vakanga vasina idi inodikanwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, dare racho rinoramba richidzorwa nemitemo yeCoriting Rights Act, uye kudzorwa kwemitemo yeFortical kuti raifanira kudzorwa nedare reColligation Act, uye kuti raidzorwa neFrevertical raida kuti risarudze mapurisa mapoto mashoma. Texas yakamanikidzwa kudzoresa mutemo, achibvumira vavhoti vanopfuura 600 000 vasina kunyoresa chitsama.

North Carolina

Muvhoti weNorth Carolina weSaga inoenzanisira pamutemo. Hurumende yakagadza mutemo weID wepikito unodzorwa mu 2013 sorutivi rwechibvumirano chikuru chokuchinja rusarudzo. Muna 2016, dare rokukwirira rehurumende rakaputsa mutemo, richitaura kuti yakaronga vavhoti veAfrica “norunenge rururami rwokuvhiya kwazvo. ” Nokuganhurira vhoti yokutanga uye kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete. dare rakawana kuti mutemo waikumbira kuti unyorese mapikichato parudzi rwetsika dzetsika, zvichitungamirira kukuwana rusaruro rwemadzo. Pashure pehondo refu, shanduro yazvino ino yemifananidzo yeNorth Carolina (yakapfuunzwa muRungopi 2018 kupfurikidza nemutengo wemitemo) inogara munzvimbo inotarisana nechinetso chamatongero anopfuurira; muna 2023, dare rakavharo yedare rakavhara zvimwe zvibvumirano zvaroridzo.

Miitiro Yazvino Nenguva Yemberi Yokuwana Mari Yokufambisa Mari

Kukakavadzana kwemuvhoti kuchiri kure nokugadziridzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, mitemo, uye kutonga kwedare kunoramba kuchiumba nyika.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuzivikanwa Kwarwo

Dzimwe nyika dziri kutsvaka dzimwe nzira dzokuratidza nadzo, dzakadai sechokwadi chemagetsi kupfurikidza nemapepa eraisensi yokutyaira kana kuti mabhukwana ezvishandiso zvemafoni. Mareta ekombiyuta angaderedza miganhu pakupedzisira, asi kurera mwana wokurera mwana womunhu kunononoka uye kunosimudzira zvinetso zvemunhu oga. Panguva ino, kunyoresa kwevhota kwoga (AVR) uye gadziriro dzokuvhota paIndaneti dziri kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuva vavhoti vanyorese uye vawane IDNSD, yakadai seOregon neColorado, inoshuma mwero yokunyoresa uye kukwanisa kupinda. Zvisinei, AVR haisi kubvisa kudikanwa kwemashandiro panzvimbo dzokuvhotambira panzvimbo dzinoda kunenge dzichida.

Mitemo Yemitemo Yehurumende

Congress yakarangarira yarangarirazve zvikwereti kudzikamisa kana kuti kuganhurira zvinodikanwa zvechiIT. nokuda kweInternational Act (H.R. 1) muna 2021 na 2023 yakabatanidza gadziriro dzokuda nyika kubvumira kuti dzigamuchire zvisipo uye kukudza kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero. John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act yakavavarira kudzorera mativi eChibvumirano cheRevotions Act chakanga chaneteswa neDare repamusoro re 2013 Shelby County chisarudzo, icho chakagumisa mutoo wekuvamba wenhau nenhau dzekusarura. Chirevoti chakapfuurirwa muChibvumirano chakakamuraniso, asi hachina kupfuudzira kuva chinopfuurira: Democrat's revotal revotalv revotalty, nepold Republics Relications.

Pamwero wehurumende, kombamiro chifo cha 2020 yave iri kudzoresa zvose zviri zviviri nefutunuko. Mukuwirirana ne Brennan Center, pakati paJanuary 2021 naApril 2023, 18 yakaita mitemo 29 inoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma, yakawanda yokuwedzera zvinodikanwa zveID zverumano kana kuti kubvisa mabhokisi. Panguva ino, maruwa 25 akapfuudza mitemo inofutunura kusvika, yakadai sokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzviitira nokuvhota kwapakuvamba. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo inosarudzwa zvikuru umo chinoitika chevota chinotsamira chose chose pamugariro wavo wokugara.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa

Mitemo yeID yezvokuvhota haisiri nhambo duku yemitemo yakanaka kana kuti yakaipa, inomirira kubviswa kwemipimo miviri yepamutemo: ichivimbisa kuti kusarudza kwakachengeteka uye kunosvikika. Ufakazi hunokarakadza zvakasimba kuti kubiridzira kwevhoti hakuwanzoitika, nepo mitoro inoiswa nemitemo yeID inodzorwa inoderera nenzira isingaenzaniswi. Asi nzwisiso yavose yenhau yenhau yekusarudza zvinhu, uye maImerics anotenderwa kutsigira zvinodikanwa. Chigadzikiso hachisi mukubvisa maId emiepuss anoedza, asi mukugadzira masangano anoderedza miganhuro: mahofisi akasununguka, madruvarak, mareko anona kuwanda, uye zvimwe zvinotsiva kuvhotera. Nyika dzinogamuchira zvikamu zvakadaro semareko anoitwa nevadzidzi vakasununguka kuvhotera mapurisa.

Nokuda kwokunzverazve, bvunza zviwanikwa kubva ku Brennan Center yeChiratidzo, [[FLT]] , American Libertiveutions Union’s Voting Rights Project, National Association of State , uye [[FLT] Conference of State Legactal projects[. Masangano aya anogovera-kunzvera uye kudzorwa kwehurumende uye kupfurikidza nezvikwaniso zvehurumende kuvhotera.