Kunzwisisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoparadzirwa sei kunokosha pakunzwisisa kushanda kwegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuti dzinotapura sei upenyu hwavagari vemo. Kugoverwa kwechiremera pakati pamasangano akasiyana - siyana, mwero, uye mapazu ehurumende kunosarudza kushanda zvakanaka, ruramisiro, uye kudzikama kwekutonga. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kufamba kwakakura mukuwirirana nemirangariro mikuru, mienzaniso, uye denho zvine chokuita nokuparadzirwa kwesimba rehurumende, kuchigovera gadziriro yakajeka nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa miitiro inoumba nzanga nomutemo.

Chii Chiri Kuparadzirwa Kwesimba reHurumende?

Kuparadzirwa kwesimba rehurumende kunonongedzera kunzira iyo chiremera nemitoro zvinogoverwa nayo pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana, mwero, uye vatambi vari mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Inopindura mibvunzo inokosha: Ndiani anoita zvisarudzo? Ndiani anozviita? Ndiani anoadudzira?

Nheyo yerondedzero yokuparadzirwa kwesimba kwazvino uno inokweva zvikuru kubva kuvafungi vakajekeswa vakadai saBaron de Montesquieu, uyo akaitirana nharo mu Mudzimu weMitemo uyo unoparadzanisa Hurumende inoshanda mumapazu akasiyana unodzivirira rusununguko. James Madison gare gare akavakwa pana ikoku muFederalist Papers, zvikurukuru Fiderast No. 51, inotsanangura kuti “kudavira kunofanira kuitwa sei kuti kurwisa gwinyiro." iyi pfungwa yakapesvedzera U.S.Genestition uye yakagadzirirwa kumativi ose enyika.

Marudzi Okuparadzirwa Kwesimba reHurumende

Gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinowanzowira mumienzaniso mitatu mikuru yokuparadzirwa kwesimba kwakaenzana: unionty, communist, uye konsinera.

Mubatanidzwa Wegadziriro

Mugadziriro yeboka, simba rose routongi riri muhurumende imwe huru. Hurumende dzeruwa kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo dziripo asi dzinowana chiremera chadzo nepakati uye dzinogona kugadziridzwa kana kuparadzwa nayo. uyu muenzaniso unotsigira mitemo yakafanana nemitemo munyika yose, uchideredza kuoma kwetsika nerwisano dzapamutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza France, Japan, United Kingdom, uye China.

Mipimo yemibatanidzwa inobatanidza unyoro hwokudzora, kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza mumigariro yakakomba, uye mipimo yenyika isingachinji. Dhiaddies[ inobatanidza kushaikwa kwokugamuchira mhatsa yomunzvimbomo, bviro yehupi nohudzo yakaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeFrance yakava yave ichibvisa zvishoma nezvishoma masimba kunzvimbo chifo cha 1980, asi hurumende yepakati ichiri ine chiremera chakakwana.

Gadziriro Yetsika Yeforeta

Gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yepakati (yorudzi) nehurumende dzeruwa dzakawanda (zvikamu, maruwa, macanton). Mwero yose iri miviri ine nzvimbo dzinorondedzerwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo idzo dzisingagoni kuchinjwa pasina muganhu neimwe. Uyu muenzaniso unorongedzerwa kudzikamisa chinzwano chorudzi nehurumende yeruwa. United States, Germany, India, Canada, uye Australia mienzaniso yakatanhamara.

Ganhuriro inobvumira nokuda kwenzvero dzemiitiro (8) kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu”" uko nyika dzinogona kuedza mitoo yakasiana-- siyana yakadai sechinjo dzoutano kana kuti mirau yemhoteredzo. Inodzivirirawo zvikamu zviduku zvetsika nemitauro kupfurikidza nokuvapa rusununguko pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinogona kutarisana nezvinetso, kupedziswa kwemibato, uye kudzokororo yezvamatongerwe enyika apo mwero yehurumende inoramba. U.S., nouchangamire hwayo huviri, zvakatungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzenyika dzinorwisana nechiremera chavagari vemo, kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kukuva pamutemo kwembanje.

Kubatanidza

Mubvumirano, nyika dzakazvimirira kana kuti nzvimbo dzinogovera masimba akaganhurirwa kuchiremera chikuru chakaganhurirwa nepo ichichengeta uchangamire hwakawanda. Hurumende yepakati inowanzobata funganyo dzakafanana kana kuti ukama hwokunze, asi nyika dziri mitezo dzinowanzochengeta maruramiro okusarudza kana kuti kubvisa chose chose. Kokorodzano dzenhau dzinobatanidza United States pasi peZvikamu zveConfederation (1781-1789) uye Suisses Confederacy pamberi pa 1848. Muenzaniso wazvino uno, wakashata iEuropean Union, iyo inoratidzira mativi akadai sokuita chisarudzo chehurumende nenzeve dzinobatanidza mitengo yemitezo.

Mirangariro inobatanidza udzori hukurusa hwehurumende dziri mitezo nokuchinjika kuti zviite zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana. Dhosdad directors inobatanidza utera muzviito zvinoshandira pamwe, chinetso mukupedza gakava, uye kusagadzikana.]

Mapazi Ehurumende: Kuparadzirwa Kwesimba Rinoyera

Kuparadzirwa kwakakwana kwehurumende kunokamuranisa simba rehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu: vakuru vakuru, vatongi, uye vatongi. Uku kuparadzana, kunowanzobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo, kunoparira gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo, kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kuraira mauto. Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi (gadziriro yehurumende) kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende. Masimba emukuru mukuru anosiyana; mumiitiro yapurezidhendi purezidhendi anozvimirira padare, nepo mugadziriro dzeparamende mutungamiriri wehurumende anotorwa kubva kudivi remitemo uye anogona kubviswa nevhoti yoruvimbiko.

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo: purezidhendi weU.S. anogona kuisa mutemo asi haagoni kunyungudutsa Congress; mutungamiriri wehurumende weBritain, mukupesana, anogona kudana sarudzo uye anotarisirwa kuva nechivimbo. Bazu racho rinobatanidzawo masangano anotungamirira anopa mirau nesimba romutemo, achimutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penhume nokutarisira.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rinogadzira mitemo, rinobvumira bhajeti, uye rinogovera mimiriri nokuda kwomuvhoti. Mitemo ingava ine unicameral (kamuri rimwe) kana kuti bimadaral (makamuri maviri). Biadralism, somumuUnited States Congress (Imba neDare) kana kuti UK Paramende (Commons and Lords), inogovera kunzvera kwokuwedzera: makamuri akasiana - siana anomirira macontitue echienzi uye anofanira kubvumirana mutemo usati waitwa.

Mitemo inoshandisawo kutarisirwa kwavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye masimba okusafunda. Iri basa rava rinokosha nenzira inowedzera sezvo simba ravakuru vakuru rakakura munyika dzakawanda.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinovimbisa kuti mutemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. matare eependero anokosha mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nokutsigira mutemo. Nyika zhinji dzinopa simba dare radzo rakakwirira zvikurusa (zvikurukuru, Dare rePrefectal Constitution) reGermany rokuita hwirudzuro yedare rokutonga / / kuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo.

Kuzvimirira mukutonga idziviriro yakakomba. Kutyisidzira kuzvimirira kwokutonga, kwakadai sokuparadza kana kuti dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunoderedza dzikamo yesimba. Mienzaniso yakadai sechinjo dzokutonga dzePoland (2015-2023) inoratidza kuti hurumende inogona sei kunetesa kuzvidavirira kwakananga kupfurikidza nokudenha dare.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Kunyange zvazvo mapazi matatu acho achishanda zvakasiyana - siyana, anoongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

  • Purezidhendi (asingatongerwi) anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress (legislative).
  • Congress inogona kukurira chiverengero chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, uye kuisa purezidhendi.
  • Vatongi vanogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende.
  • Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa; Congress inogona kuchinja ukuru uye simba rematare omubatanidzwa.

Kutarisirana uku kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanya. Mugadziriro dzeparamende, kubatanidzwa kwesimba rehurumende neremitemo (kuuraya kunobva kudare) kunoreva kunzvera kunovimba zvikuru nekokorodzano dzedare, dzapamusoro, uye dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano chinhu chikuru kukuongorora utano hwehurumende yedemocracy yenyika.

Kukosha Kwokuparadzirwa Kwesimba

Kuparadzirwa kwakafanira kwesimba rehurumende hakusati kuchingovawo zvako murangariro wefungidziro — kune miuyo inoshanda nokuda kworusununguko, kuterama, uye udzori hunobudirira.

  • Kutanga udzvinyiriri: Seizvo Madison akanyora, “Kuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, mitemo, zviremera, uye dare, mumaoko mamwe chetewo... kungaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.”
  • Kudzivirira mapoka maduku:[[FLT: 1] Kunobvumira mapoka maduku kuchengeta udzori panhau dzetsika kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo, kuchideredza ngozi youdzvinyiriri hukuru.
  • Kushanda zvakanaka kwokusadzoreka: hurumende dzomunzvimbomo mugadziriro dzakati shayei dzinogona kuwirirana nemitemo yomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kupfuura chiremera chikuru chiri kure.
  • Kutora rutivi: Mwero mizhinji yehurumende inogovera mipimo yakawanda yokupinda kuti vagari vemo vapinde mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kubva kumadare omunzvimbomo kusvikira kudzimba dzomutemo dzorudzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzvidavirira: Apo simba rinoparadzaniswa, bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera mamwe, kuchiita kuti kushatiswa kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvanza.

Matambudziko Mukuparadzirwa Kwesimba reHurumende

Kunyange kuparadzirwa zvakanaka kunotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichiramba zvichida kungwarira nguva dzose.

Kupa Simba Simba

Pasinei zvapo neparadzano yakarongwa, simba rinogona kutsaudzirwa kubazu rimwe. Munyika dzakawanda, vakuru vakuru vakakudza chiremera chavo kupfurikidza namasimba ekurumidziro, maodha evakuru vakuru, kana kuti kuderera kweutarisiri hwehurumende nokuzvimirira kwokutonga kazhinji kazhinji kunoratidzira kudzokera kudiro yehurumende.Mienzaniso inobatanidza Turkey neHungary, umo chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaiswa pakati pechiremera.

Uori Hwezvematongerwe Enyika

Ushati hunoshatisa kuparadzirwa kwesimba kupfurikidza nokubvumira vanhu vakapfuma kana kuti mapoka ane simba kufuratira zvivako. Kunosekesa mutemo, kunoderedza chivimbo, uye kumirira. Masangano anorwisana nouori namatare edare anozvimirira anokosha, asi iwo amene anogona kushatiswa. World Justice Project Rulage of Law Index [[[FLL: 1] nguva dzose] anochinja nzira iyo uori hunotapura nayo nokudzikamisa (mabatano echikamu) munyika yose.

Mifananidzo Yakakwana

Kana masangano emitemo asingaratidzi mhatsa yechiverengero chavagari vemo (pakusiyana kwechirume, dzinza, dzinza, boka, kirasi), mitemo ingafuratira nzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Nhau dzegadziriro dzakadai sechidzoreso, kutora mukundi wose, kana kuti kumirira kwakawanda zvikuru kunogona kuparira chinetso ichi. Kunyange mumiitiro yomubatanidzwa, matunhu akapfuma kana kuti mapoka angatora pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi.

Bvudzi Romuviri uye Kusakwanisa Kushanda

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakanyanyisa kunogona kutungamirira kukuoma kwomutemo, zvikurukuru muhurumende dzakakamuraniswa. U.S. yakawana migariro yehurumende yenguva dzose apo Congress napurezidhendi vanokundikana kubvumirana pamari yakarongwa.

Kutora Nzvimbo Yenhando Nokuwirirana

Simba rinoderedza simba rinogona kuvandudza kugamuchira asiwo kuita kuti pave nokukundikana kwetsinhirano. Kudzikamisa kwemhoteredzo, somuenzaniso, kunotambura apo nharaunda imwe neimwe inogadza mipimo yayo imene pasina kukurukura kushatiswa kwomuchinjikwa. Murakatira weCOVID wakasimbisa kuti gadziriro dzehurumende (seU.S. neIndia) dzakarwisa sei nemipimo inochinja - chinja youtano hwevanhu, nepo gadziriro dzezvikamu (seNew Zealand) dzingagona kuita nokukurumidza.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Mukuparadzirwa Kwesimba

Hurumende dzinopfuurira kuchinja simba radzo dzichibvuma kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye zvinodiwa nenzanga.

Druevolution neGungano Autonomy

Nyika dzakawanda dzakabvisa masimba kunzvimbo mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. United Kingdom yakabvisa maparamende muScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland; nzanga dzeSpain dzinozvitonga dzine utongi hunokosha; France yakagadzira nzvimbo nematare akasarudzwa. Dvolution inowanzovavarira kudzora masangano ezvourudzi kana kuti kuvandudza utongi hwomunharaunda pasina utongi hwehurumende hwakazara.

Kuwedzera Nyika Yose

European Union inomirira mubatanidzwa mutsva wehurumende pamusoro penyika. Mutezo unotaura kuti uchangamire munzvimbo dzakadai sebhizimisi, mutemo wamakwikwi, uye kodzero dzavanhu, kuumba gadziriro yemibatanidzwa isingawirirani kana kuti isingawirirani. Dare reRuramisiro reEU rinogona kukurira mitemo yenyika, nepo nyika dziri mitezo dzichidzora mitero nemitemo yokumwe. Iyi mirangariro inopesana nesangano renyika asi inoratidza kuti kuparadzirwa kwesimba kunogona sei kuchinjika kunhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze enyika uye mipimo yemitemo.

Kudzora Kwemadhigirii Negadziriro Dzinoderedza Kukura

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwunodenha zvivako zvetsika. Zvikamu zvemasangano ezvemasangano enzanga zvinogona kukudza manzwi akati ndokusekesa masangano ehurumende anozvitonga. Blockchain naanozviisa pasi pawo (DAOs) anokarakadza mienzaniso mitsva yokutonga pasina chiremera chikuru. Munguva ino, hurumende dziri kurwisana nokudzora simba guru renyika nerakamwe chetero pakati pemitemo, dare, uye mapazu okutonga, pamwe chete nemibvunzo yakananga yehurumende (yapanyika, yenyika) inofanira kudzora madata neI, somuenzaniso, EUC yeGRAC yeD protection Regate (GR) inoisa mupimo wenyika yose, asi inotsamira pamitezo yehurumende.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Kwemienzaniso Yokuparadzira Simba

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakati twasu zvinoti taa kumira uye zvichitenderera.

  • United States: Kuparadzana kwakasimba kwakakwasuka (gadziriro yapamberi, bidateral Congress, jajicary) uye hurumende yakasimba (uchangamire hwechinyakare). Zvimiro zvazvino uno zvinoratidza simba revakuru vakuru riri kuwedzera uye kuderera kwemibatanidzwa.
  • Kingdom: Mubatanidzwa waikwara (pane imwe dare, Imba youdzori) neaymmeral devolution (masimba makuru nokuda kweScotland, vashomanene nokuda kwenharaunda dzechiNgezi).
  • Germany: Tsika yeFederal nebatira pamwe yakasimba inosvika panzvimbo yapakati (inobatanidza hurumende) negadziriro yeparamende ine dare rakasimba rebumbiro remitemo. Simba rinoparadzirwa kupfurikidza nomufananidzo wewirirano nehurumende dzakabatanidzwa.
  • Fransa: Unitary sisitemu ine mutungamiriri akasimba (semi-presities) uye udzori hwakadzika midzi. Kuchinja kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi hakuna kuchinja zvikuru kudzora kwenzvimbo.

Muenzanisiro mumwe nomumwe une zvibvumirano zvokutengesa. Tsika yeU.S. inodzivirira rusununguko asi inogona kuiswa mungozi; gadziriro yeUK inoshanda zvakanaka asi ine ngozi yokudzora kwoukuru hwamabasa; kubatira pamwe kweGermany kunobetsera kuteramisa asi kungava kunononoka; kudzikamisa kweFrance kunogonesa chiito chokukurumidza asi chinoganhurira kutora rutivi kwomunzvimbomo.

mhedziso

Kuparadzirwa kwesimba rehurumende ndiyo nheyo yokuronga kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoshandiswa sei, chinonzverwa, uye chinokwikwidzwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mienzaniso yakasiana----kubatana, hurumende, confederal(na mapazu ehurumende, vagari vemo vanogona kuyera zviri nani kushanda noutano hwegadziriro yavo vamene yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvinokosha zvakafanana idenho dzinopfuurira: kuiswa kwesimba, uori, miganhu, uye kudikanwa kwokuchinjira kuruzivo rutsva rwenyika yose. Kuziva izvi simba rinopa simba rokutsigira, kudzora. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kurava, [[FLT:]] .[FLT]] .[FLT] .[FFON]