Chitanga Kukurukurwa: Nei Tichifanira Kunzwisisa Kupa Mitemo

Mitemo inoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva — kubva kukotsekana kwezvokudya zvatinodya nemhepo yatinofema kumitero yatinobhadhara nekodzero dzatinayo. Chinodaro muitiro uyo mufungo uri nyore unochinja kuva mutemo unosunga unoramba wakajeka kuvakawanda. Kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwemasikirwo emitemo ndokupfuudzwa kunoita zvinopfuura kugutsa kuda kuziva; kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vaite zvine revo navamiririri vavo, vatsigiri nokuda kwechinjo, uye kuti hurumende ichengetedze. Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa muitiro wemitemo womutemo kuva nhano dzayo dzinobatanidza, inotsanangura kwete bedzi miitiro yetsika asi masimba enguva dzose, pfungwa dzavose, uye simba ravose. Kana uri mudzidzi, mutengi, muvhoti, kana kuti muvhoti, anoziva mavhoti kuti kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chemitemo inoshanda.

Mavambo Ebhuku: Ideas, Vatsigiri, uye Kugadzira

Pfungwa Dzomutemo Dzinobva Kupi?

Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unovamba sepfungwa. Pfungwa iyoyo inogona kubva mumanyuko akawanda: mutezo wedare repamutemo, bazu guru, sangano rehurumende, boka remhindu chaiyo, kana kuti kunyange mugari wemo akavanzika. Mubasa, mabhiridhi mazhinjisa anonyorwa nezano remitemo kana kuti negweta mumasangano makuru asati atangwa nenzira yepamutemo. Mukuwirirana namasangano e U.S. Nhungamiro yeChibvumirano kumuitiro wemitemo [[, chibvumirano chinogona kutangwa bedzi nenhengo yeDare remitemo, asi chinhu chacho chinowanzoratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvapurezidhendi, masangano echinyakare, kana kuti zvirongwa zvouswa.

Kupedza Kudzidza uye Kushamwaridzana Nevamwe

Kana chirongwa changogadzirira, muiti wemitemo anobvuma kutsigira mutero wacho. Zviratidzo zvevakongi vakawanda uye kuzvipira kutungamirira chikarakadzo chacho kupfurikidza nekurukurirano dzapauriri. Vanyori vemitemo vangasainawo savatsigiri vokuratidzira tsigiro yakafara. MuUnited States House of Services, somuenzaniso, gwaro rine vamiririri vazhinji vebhistartes ingaonekwa serine chikumbiro chakasimba zvikuru, kuvandudza mikana yaro yokufambira mberi. Mutsigiriki angasarudzawo kamuri remitemo umo munopinda mumitengo; mumiteveri yebiral yakaiswa seUnited States, zvikwereti zvakafanana zvinogona kuiswa panguva imwe chete mumakamu acho ose kuti aite mubato.

Mugove Wenhamba Yakaverengwa Nokutanga

Pashure pesumo, bhiri rinogoverwa nhamba yechienzi (mutoo, H.R. 1 kana kuti S. 1 muDare reU.S.). Mutauro wepepa nomutsigiri zvinonyorwa mumagazini yepamutemo, uye mari yacho inowana “kurava kwokutanga” (jereta rezvikamu) iro rinobatanidza kurava nomusoro unonzwika. Mumitezo mizhinji yeparamende, kurava kwokutanga inongova mubatowo zvawo usina kurukurirano. Mutengo wacho unorairwa ipapo kudhindwa nokuparadzirwa kumitezo yose.

Kuongorora kweDare: Engineeri Yegadziriro Yomutemo

Chikonzero Nei Matare Achikosha

Matare ndiwo anosanonzvera kwakakombasa. Anobatira samasefa, achikweva zviuru zvezvikwereti purogiramu imwe neimwe kusvikira kumakumi mashomanene bedzi anosvika uriri. MuDare reU.S., dare rimwe nerimwe rine zviremera panzvimbo dzakati kuti dzemitemo(-agrigary, mari, judicary, dziviriro, uye zvichingodaro. Chigaro chedare, zvikurukuru mutezo mukuru webato revoruzhinji, chinodzora zvirongwa uye zvisarudzo izvo zvinogamuchira kunzwa nerusando. Sezvo Paramende yeUK inotsanangurawo , matare muWestminstern anogamuchira ufakazi kubva kuna nyanzvi uye vabhengi, achibudisa mishumo iyoyo gare gare gare.

Kunzwa Nouchapupu Hwoungwaru

Pakutonga, matare anokoka zvapupu — vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vazivi, vamiririri vemaindasitiri, uye vagari vemo vakatapurwa (*) kupupurira pamusoro petapuro yegweta racho. Iyi matare anowanzova avose uye akanyorwa, achigovera kujeka. Somuenzaniso, gwaro pamusoro pechinjo yezvoutano ringanzwa kuvatarisiri vechipatara, vakuru vakuru veinishuwarenzi, uye vatsigiri vemurwere. Chikamu ichi chinova chakaoma kufumura miuyo isingakanwi uye kugadzira chinyorwa icho matare gare gare gare angabvunza kutsanangura mutemo.

Kuratidzirwa Nedzongedzero

Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinoita rusando rwe “kuratidzira” uko mitezo inokarakadza nokuvhota pagadziridzo. Chinjo dzinogona kuva kujekeswa kuduku kana kuti kunyanyova kukuru kunonyorazve zvikamu zvose. dare ipapo rinovhota kuti ripedzisa kana richashuma rugwaro rwacho zvakanaka (ne kana kuti pasina kugadziriswa) mukamuri rakazara. Rusarudzo runokundikana kuwana voruzhinji mudare rwafa zvinobudirira, kunyange zvazvo ruchigona kudzorerwazve murusando rwapashure. MuU.S. Dare, “chikumbiro chekukumbira” rinogona kumanikidza chibvumirano kuti chibude kana voruzhinji vemitezo vakasaina, kunyange zvazvo ichi chisashandiswa zvikuru.

Mubatanidzwa Wakaderera Wokurangarira

Masangano mazhinji okupa misha anokamuranisazve basa pakati pemitezo miduku inoshanda mumisoro miduku. Chibvumirano pamusoro pemvura yakachena, somuenzaniso, chingaenda kuMubatanidzwa weMbango weMutengo weMutengi weMutengi weMutengi weMaziro neCommunist Committee. MaProtete anoitisa dare rakazara kunzwa kwavo vamene nokupa mari vasati vatumira pamutemo wacho. Iyi hwirudzuro yakakomberedzwa inovimbisa kuti mutemo uwane unyanzvi hukuru pamwero yakawanda.

Kuita Nezvisingadzorwi: Kupokanidzana, Kugadziridzwa, uye Kufarira Kurumbidzika

Kuronga Nokuronga Kutonga

Kana dare rangobvisa bedzi gwaro remitemo, rinoenda pauriri hwekamuri rokuvakira. Zvisinei, kusvitsa gwaro kuuriri kunoda nzvimbo pakarenda remitemo. MuImba yeU.S. yeVamiririri, Dare reMitemo rine simba rinogadza miganhu: kuti mitezo inogona kutaura kwenguva yakareba sei, kuti marudzii uye kuti ndeapi ezvigadziriso anogona kupiwa, uye murayiro wavavhoti. “mutemo unovharwa” ungarambidza kugadziriswa kupi nokupi, nepo“ mutemo wapachena” unobvumira bvumirano isingaganhurikwi. Dare rinoshandisa zvibvumirano zvokubvumirana kuti zvigadzike, kuraira kuti vatambi vose vasa.

Nharo Dzapasi

Mune kurukurirano yapauriri, vaiti vemitemo vanoitirana nharo nokuda kwemutezo wacho. Mitemo inowanzonyorwa nokusanonyorwa uye kuiswa nguva, yakaitirwa ku kwete bedzi kunyengetedza vokubasa asiwo kukurukura nzvimbo kumativi ose nezvinobudisa nhau. Mugadziriro zhinji, gakava rakaumbwa kuitira kuti mutsigiri wepepa ataure, achiteverwa nomutezo muduku, ipapo mimwe mitezo munhevedzano yomukuru kana kuti wirirano yebato. Chiteshi chinogona kugara maawa kana kuti kunyange mazuva, zvikurukuru muU.S. Dare reSango, umo Reta rehurumende rinobvumira mutenzi imwe chete (kana kuti boka) kupfuurira kusvikira kunguva isati iri mutevedzero mukuru zvikuru, kana kuti chiverengero chikuru chezvikamu zvitatu.

Muitiro We Amendeji Wava Padenga

Pahurefuremu, mitezo ingapa gadziridzo kugadziridza mutengo. Iyi “misimu yezvisakiso” inowanzotaura kunetseka kwezvisakiso zvokupedzisira kana kuti kuwedzera gadziriro dzakakurumbira dzokuvaka tsigiro. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kunogona kushandiswawo nenzira yakarongwa kunyudza pamutemo kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mipimo yechepfu iyo inoita kuti miromo ive isina kuchinjika kuvatsigiri vayo vapakuvamba. Mukuru mukuru mukuru (Mutauri weImba kana Mutungamiriri weSangano) pamiraudzo yeprocramedcul persings reconformations, nhau yokukwirira neterusarupuro yeteji.

Mutambo Wokupedzisira

Pashure pekurukurirano, mavhoti enzvimbo. Mitoo inosiana: inzwi rivhota (aye vs. avhota). Voti yeboka (nhengo dzinomira), kana kuti chinyorwa chevhoti. Voti yakanyorwa inogovera chinyorwa chavose chenzvimbo yenhengo imwe neimwe, inogona kushandiswa neboka revoti neravana vehurumende kuti vabvume kuzvidavirira. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinoda voruzhinji vapi navavhoti kuti vapfuure. Zvisinei, matanho akati `akadai semagadziro epepa, kubatana kwechibvumirano, kana kuti kubatira chibvumirano kuti chive chinonzi shereresaurmajeri (g.g., maviri-svet). Muimba yeU. CDM (otammages) inofanira kuvapo kuti iveripo nokuda kwokuvhota.

Dare Rechipiri: Kukwasva Kufamba Kwamabhanakeri

Nei Pane Dzimba Mbiri?

Mumiitiro yebidaral (U.S., UK, Canada, Germany, France, zvichingodaro), mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wasvika kumukuru mukuru. Iyi hwirudzuro yamativi maviri inogovera kunzvera pamutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti wakasiana. Makamuri maviri kazhinji kazhinji ane manyorerwo akasiana: muU.S., Imba inochekwa navagari vemo, nepo Dare rinopa dare rimwe nerimwe mufananidzo wakaenzana. Uku kuvakwa kunoreva kuti muromo ungagona kupfuura nyore nyore asi wakatarisana nechirambidzo mune rimwe.

Kurangarira Kwakaenzana Kana Kuti Kwakakomba

Mabhiri anogona kusumwa panguva imwe cheteyo mumakamuri ose ari maviri (zvakadai semabhiri eshamwari muUnited States Congress), kana kuti kamuri rimwe ringatanga kuita chiito ndokutumira shanduro yaro kune rimwe. Kamuri rechipiri ipapo rinotevera nhevedzano imwe cheteyo yehwirudzuro yedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye kugadziridzwa. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza shanduro yakasiana, mutemo unodzokera mukamuri rokutanga nokuda kwokubvumirana. Iyi ping-pong inogona kupfuurira kusvikira makamuri ose ari maviri abvumirana.

Matare Omusangano: Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana

Apo makamuri maviri asingagoni kubvumirana, ivo vanoumba chaizvoizvo dare remusangano rinoumbwa nemitezo yakakwirira yorutivi rumwe norumwe. Dare remusangano rinoshanda seri kwemasuo akavharwa kuisa shanduro imwe, inobvumiraniswa. “mushumo unovapo ipapo unodzoserwa kudzimba mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota pasina kutenderwazve. Mudare reUnited States, mishumo yemusangano inokudzwa uye inorangarirwa nokukurumidza. Nepo inobudirira pakupedza nharo, matare esangano akatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushaiwa kujeka, sezvo misangano yavo isati ichizarurira nguva dzose kuruzhinji kana kuti kunyorwa.

Kutenderwa Nesimba Revhato

Kusaina Bhiro muMutemo

Kana shanduro dzakafanana dzangopfuura mativi ose ari maviri, bhiridha rinonyoreswa ndokupiwa kumukuru mukuru wehurumende, kana kuti mambo kana kuti gavhuna mugadziriro yeparamende. Mukuru mukuru ane nhamba yakarongwa yemazuva okuita. MuUnited States, Purezidhendi ane mazuva 10 (kubva mumaSvondo) kusayina mutemo, vharo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha ( “papocket devito". zvinobvira kana Congress Congressworstations mukati menhambo iyoyo). Apo chiratidzo chaPrezidhenti chinova murairo wavose uye chinogoverwa murairo wavose (g., Prub.1.).

Mushonga Nokushatisa Muitiro

Kana mukuru mukuru akadzosa mutero wacho, unodzoserwa kunzvimbo inobva shoko rinotsanangura kuramba kwacho. Mutemi wemitemo angaedza kukurira kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu muimba imwe neimwe. Kubudirira hakuwanzoitiki asi hakubviri; kazhinji kazhinji kunoitika apo chikwereti chinofarikanya tsigiro yakafara. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende haawanzova mutemo unobva kuvoruzhinji vake amene, asi madzimambo emitemo angasabvumira chigaro choumambo (*) kunyange zvazvo simba iri zvino rinorangarirwa kuva rechinyakare munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa navose.

Pocket Vetoes neMutsetse

Chiteshi chehomwe chinoitwa apo Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito papepa mukati menhambo yezuva 10 uye Congress yavimbisa, achiuraya nenzira inobudirira mutongo wacho pasina muromo unodzorwa. Magavhuna enyika akawanda muU.S. ane mutsetse wechinhu chinonzi vheto, anovabvumira kurova zvirongwa chaizvo zvokushandisa kubva kumari inotengwa pasina kuramba mwero wose. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoshaiwa mutsetse wechinhu chinonzi vheti kusvikira pashure pokutonga kweDare gurusa re1998 akachirangarira kuva chisina kudzorwa.

Kupfuura Zvinokosha: Pesvedzero Yavanhu Nokuvavavarairwa

Basa Remapoka Anofarira

Mugadziriro yose yomutemo, vatambi vanoisa dzvinyiriro yakati. Vamiririri vekunze vanomirira masangano, masangano asingapinduri, uye masangano okuronga zvikwereti vanoshanda kugadzira zvikwereti mukuda kwavo. Vanogovera nzvero, mutauro wedhindi, uye kuronga nhimbe dzeuswa. Mukuwirirana ne Nhevedzo yeResponsive Politics (Opensert) , vachipinza mari muUnited States inopfuura $,5 bhiricm. Nepo kupinza kwapamberi kunodzivirirwa mubato weFirst Remplief, kunomutsa funga pamusoro pepesvedzero inosarira kupfurikidza nemitemo inovarira kubuda nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Kupa Mhaka Pachena uye Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo

Vagari vanogonawo kutora rutivi zvakananga kupfurikidza nokupupurira pakutonga kwedare, kunyora tsinhiro, kuonana navamiriri vavo, uye kuronga nhimbe dzavose. Internet yakakuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwavanhu kutevera mutemo ndokuunganidza tsigiro kana kuti chishoro. Mawebsite akafanana ne GovTrack. inogovera chigadziridzo chaichoicho chemisi yenhau, mavhoti, uye mitezo. Vagari vemo vanowanzoumba musengwara wemasangano anosundira mberi kana kuti kuidzivisa.

Pesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau

Kushambadzwa kwenhau kunogona kuwedzera kana kuuraya bhiri. Chisarudzo chedare chine chokuita nenhau yepepa chinganyandura tsigiro yavose nokuda kwokuchinja, nepo kufukidzwa kwakaipa kwemutsigiri wemubatanidzwa webhiridharo kana kuti gadziriro kunogona kuparadza kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Muzera remichina, nhimbe dzenzanga dzakabvumikisawo kuva dzinokwanisa kutsausa vaiti vemitemo vasina kurongwa kupfurikidza nokubudisa zviuru zverunhare namaemail munguva pfupi.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemarongerwo Emitemo

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi (mutoo., United States, Brazil), mukuru mukuru akaparadzana nesangano remitemo uye angawedzera mari. Mumitemo yeparamende (muremo, United Kingdom, Canada, India), mukuru anoitwa kubva kudare rehurumende, uye mukuru wehurumende (gurukota) kazhinji kazhinji mutungamiriri webato revoruzhinji. Naizvozvo, muitiro wemitemo unodzoreka zvikuru: mitero yehurumende inodokupfuudza nguva dzose nemhaka yokuti mubato unotonga unodzora voruzhinji. Zvisinei, kupandukira kwechipiri nehurumende dzemibatanidzwa zvinogona kuparira kusazvimwiswa.

Mitsetse yeBhameral

Dzimwe nyika dzine kamuri rimwe remitemo (unicameral), rakadai seNew Zealand, Denmark, uye nyika zhinjisa dzeU.S. Miitiro iUnicameral inoita kuti muitiro wacho ureruke kupfurikidza nokubvisa kudikanwa kwamatare emisangano. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vanokwanisa zvikuru, nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisana vasina chekero pasimba guru.

Mitemo Nemitemo

Kuisa bumbiro remitemo rimene muitiro wakaparadzana, unotambudza zvikuru uyo unowanzoda zvinzvimbo zvikuru mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye pane dzimwe nguva kudzoswa nedzimba dzehurumende kana kuti kokorodzano chaidzo. Kugadziriswa kwemitemowo zvakwo, mukupesana, kunotevera muitiro wemitemo wetsika. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvikwereti (zvakadai sezvikwereti zvemari yemari kana kuti mipimo yekurumidziro) zvingava pasi pemiitiro yakarongwa kana kuti mitemo chaiyo.

Mugumisiro: Kubva paBill kusvika paMitemo (pachikamu cheMitemo)

Rwendo rwechibvumirano kubva kumutemo unosungisa kuenda kumutemo murefu, wakaoma, uye wakaumbwa nemitemo yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika zvisina kurongwa. Kunzwisisa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chedanho iri yose. "chikamu, kuhwirudzura kwedare, chiito chapauriri, kuyanana kwebhiya, uye mvumo yehurumende yokudzora(masimba okufamba nokupesvedzera tsika. Kupfuurirazve, muitiro wacho haugumi nokusainwa kwomukuru wehurumende. Dare rinofanira kunyora mitemo; matare angaputsa mitemo seyakasiyana neyatiti; uye masangano emitemo emitemo enguva yemberi anogona kupedza kana kuti kuvaita kuti vadzokorori. Kutenderera upenyu hwemitemo kunoramba kuri madikanwa. Kudzidza kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei uye inoitwa, iwe unofanira kuva mushandiridziri wehurumende inopfuudzorwi inoshanda mutezo chete asi kunzwisiswa kui kunzwisisa kuidzoro.

[[[FRANT:0] Kuravazve & Revors:[