Miitiro inopa miuyo mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye miuyo yenzanga zvishandiso zvehwaro zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, zvichigonesa vagari vemo kuumba mitemo nemitemo inopfuura gadziriro inomiririrwa. Yakagadzirirwa pakuvamba kupa vanhuwo zvavo chekichekero pasimba remitemo, aya masangano akashanduka kuva miitiro yakaoma nemigumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, yemari, uye yenzanga. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera nzvero inodzorwa yapamutemo yezvirongwa zvedanho dzechigaro, nzira dzavanoita nayo, simba ravo nemhoshoro, uye basa ravo rinotapura mukutonga kwazvinodzora kwazvino uno. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera marudzi akasiyana - siyana, nzvero dzenyika, uye miitiro inobuda, varavi vachawana nzwisiso huru yeizvi zvishandiso zvomutemo zvougari wevagari vemo.

Kudzorera Chii?

Anongedzero ivhoti umo muvhoti yose inokumbirwa kugamuchira kana kuti kuramba chikarakadzo chakananga. Chikarakadzo chingava mutemo mutsva, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, chibvumirano chamarudzi ose, kana kuti chisarudzo chikuru chemitemo. Referendendims dzinotanga zvapakuvamba nehurumende (mutepi wekuvhotera) kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva navagari vemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokukumbira (matepi). Musiyano mukuru ndewokuti arendesum inopa vavhoti nomutemo kana kuti hungu kana kutino pawakatongerwa kutongerwa kutoitwa kuti vanyore mutemo mutsva.

Mhando Dzemareferendendom

Kuvhara mav. Advisory Referendendums

.Binding rendimens pamutemo inoda kuti hurumende ishandise muuyo. Somuenzaniso, muSwitzerland, masangano mazhinji ehurumende neattonal rendendium asungirwa. Advicory recurenders[ (inonziwo av'a'a'a' argeterrums) pfungwa dzavose asi haamanikidzi chiito. UK’Atatetatexlum yaidzoresa, kunyange zvazvo ichiita muuyo. Mutsetse pakati pechisungo nechinovharo unogona kuva wechienzi apo dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoita kuti irege kubereka.

Madandero. Mareferendendo anosarudzwa

Tsvakatation endrums dzinodikanwa mubumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakati, zvakadai segadziriso dzebumbiro-mitemo kana kuti nhau dzechikwereti. Mudzimwe nyika dzeU.S., chisungo chipi nechipi chinofanira kutenderwa nevoctori. Aptional remendimes [ dzinoitika apo mugadziri wemitemo kana kuti mukuru anosarudza kunongedzera nhau kuvanhu. Icho chinogona kuva chishandiso chakafanira chokupedza zvikamu zvomukati kana kuti zvisarudzo zvenharo.

Mitemo Yakakurumbira

Kukumbira kwevagari vomunyika kudenha mutemo unotopfuudzwa nedare. Somuenzaniso, muItaly, vagari vemo vanogona kukumbira brogcot endendium kudzosa mutemo.

Chii Chiri Kutanga Kwokurwisana?

Kutanga kuvhota muitiro uyo vagari vemo vanokarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo zvakananga, kudarika chibvumirano. Kusiyana neterundasimu, kutanga kubva kuruzhinji ndokutanga muitiro mutsva, panzvimbo pokungotendera kana kuti kuramba chikarakadzo chehurumende. Nhano dzeBallot dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa muUnited States (mumitezo yakadai seCalifornia, Oregon, neColorado), uye muSwitzerland, kwavanowirirana nemitemo yedemocracy sembirum.

Marudzi Okutanga Kwebharuti

Kutanga Kupa Chirango Kunopesana Nezviito Zvebumbiro reMitemo

Nhanho dzinoda kugadziridzwa dzemitero dzinokarakadza mitemo inogona kuchinjwa kana kuchinjwa nedzimba dzomutemo dzenguva yemberi. Constitutions[ inochinja nyika kana kuti bumbiro remitemo renyika. Nemhaka yokuti mabumbiro emitemo akaoma kuchinja, idzi nhano dzinowanzoda chikumbaridzo chakakwirira nokuda kwokupfuura (g.g., kuoma kwechiito chikuru). Somuenzaniso, Procediation 13 088) yeCalifornia yakanga iri nhano inodzosaidzo yemitemo iyo mitero yezvitoro; muuyo wayo inopfuurira nemhaka yokuti chinjo yemitemo inooma kudzokera.

Kutanga kwakananga

Mu nhano yokutanga yakananga, pashure pokunge siginicha dzakwana dzaunganidzwa, chiyero chinoenda zvakananga kuvhota. Nhano dzakananga dzinotanga kuiswa kudare, rine mukana wokuigamuchira kana kuti kuronga chimwe chinhu. Kana mutemi wemitemo asingashandi zvinogutsa, nhano inoenda kuvhota yakakurumbira. Nhano dzakananga dzinoshandiswa muzviito zvakadai seMaine neMassachusetts, uye vanobvumira vagadziri vemitemo kuchenesa kana kuti kuvaka mamiriro ezvinhu avose akananga.

Kutanga Kuita Mabharaki

Kunzwisisa matanho acho kunokosha pakuongorora kuti zvinhu zvingasasarura kana kuti zvingakanganisa sei.

Nhano Dzokudzorera (Mutongo Kana Kuti Mukurumbira)

  • Kuisa mashoko: Nokuda kwemasangano emitemo, hurumende inoronga chikarakadzo nechivhoti kuti zviiswe kuvanhu. Nokuda kwamadaidziro akakurumbira, vagari vemo vanofanira kuunganidza nhamba yakatarwa yezvisaini kuti vakudze vhoti pamutemo uchangobva kugadzwa.
  • Kuona uye Gwendedzero:[[FT:1] zviremera zveSarudzo zvinohwirudzura chikarakadzo chegutsikano yapamutemo, uye nokuda kwemazita akakurumbira, zvinosimbisa siginicha kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti zvapamutemo.
  • Nguva yechikamu: Vatsigiri navashori vanopinda mukurukurirano yavose, kuzivisa kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye midzi youswa ikaronga. Urefu hwenhambo yenhimbe inogona kutapura kunaka kwamashoko anovhota.
  • Kupasa:[[FLT: 1] Vagari vemo vanokanda mabhora; mamwe mativi anoda kuvhara kuduku kana kuti kunyanyisa kupfuura marudzi akati amadherendi.
  • Kubatanidza:[ nokuda kwemaparedzi okusunga, hurumende inofanira kuita muuyo. Kuenzanisira kunogona kunonotswa nedenho dzapamutemo kana kuti zvipingamupinyi zvehurumende.

Matanho Okutanga Kurwa

  • Vatsigiri vanonyora mashoko echinjo yomutemo kana kuti yebumbiro remitemo. Kururama kwapamutemo kunokosha kudzivisa kurongwa kwapashure.
  • Chikamu chakasainwa: A nhamba yakatsikirirwa yezvisaini zvinoshanda zvehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji chikamu muzana chevhoti dzakavhoterwa musarudzo yokupedzisira) chinofanira kuunganidzwa mukati medanga rakati renguva.
  • Kusimbisa: Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanonzvera siginicha nokuda kwokusayina (mutoo, vavhoti vakanyoreswa, kwete kunyora). Zvinodikanwa zvesiginicha zvakakudziridzwa kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chakakwana zvinogona kubudisa zvikarakadzo.
  • [[FT.0] Kuisa: Mwero unooneka papepa, unowanzoperekedzwa nepfupi, kunzvera kusina rusaruro, uye nharo nokuda/kupesana. Nyika zhinji dzinoda kutaura kwemigumisiro.
  • Kutsiva: Kana ipo ipo ipo ipo, kutanga kuva mutemo (kana kuti gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo). Kugadziridzwa kwezviito kazhinji kazhinji kunodzorwa netendero yokuwedzera, kuchivadzivirira pakuchinja mitemo.

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa Kunodarika Kupomerwa

United States

Nhano dzenziyo dzinovapo munyika 24 neWashington, D.C. zvinodikanwa zvinosiana zvikuru(kubva pamasuo okusaina (musairudzo, 5% yavavhoti muCalifornia nokuda kwemirau, 8% nokuda kwemirau inodzorwa) kumiraudzo inoumbwa kudzivirira zvipimo zvakaoma zveamnibus. Muitiro unopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemari: mapoka ezvibereko zvemhindu akasanogona kupinza basa vavhookeri vemibatanidzwa uye vanoshandisa nhimbe dzinodhura. Muna 2022, anopfuura mabhiriyoni $1 (Z $5) yakapedzerwa nezvitemo zvemari. Vatsoropo vanoramba kuti nhano dzinonyorwa kazhinji namagweta enhau chaidzo, kwete vagari vemoresaiti vemo.

Switzerland

Switzerland inyika yose mutungamiriri muhurumende inosarudzwa zvakananga. Vagari vanogona kutanga nhano nokuda kwedzokororo dzebumbiro remitemo dzine 100 000 dzesiginicha (inenge 2% yavavhoti) mumwedzi 18. Nokuda kwemitemo yemitemo (zvisarudzo), zvisaini 50 000 bedzi zvinodikanwa kudenha mutemo upi noupi wehurumende. Turtout ine mwero (40-50%), asi zvisarudzo zvinosunga. Chisarudzo cheSwitzerland chinowanzodudzwa segadziriro inosanosariranwa nemhaka yokuti inobatanidza chikamu chinobvisa mutemo: Paramende inogona kukarakadza chitekiso kunhanho ipi neipi, ichipa vhotera chisarudzo.

Dzimwe Nyika

Italy ine metapendumu yakakurumbira inoda 500 000. Muitiro wakashandiswa nokuda kwemitemo pasimba renyukireya, kubetsera kubereka, uye kuchinjazve. Mukupesana, Ireland inoshandisa manyumidhisi bedzi nokuda kwokugadziridza kwebumbiro-mitemo; nhano hadzipo. EU haina gadziriro yakananga yedemocracy, kunyange zvazvo European Citizens’s Initives ibvumira vagari vemondi veEuropean Commiss(a chimiro chakapfava chezvikamu zvemiganhuro.

Kuedza Kuzvidzora Nezviito Zvokutanga

Zvishandiso izvi zvine zvazvinoreva zvikuru pakudzora pamutemo, kunaka kwemitemo, uye kutora rutivi kwavose.

Betsero

  • [[ITSORO] , , Vagari vemo vanopiwa inzwi rakananga panhau idzo matare okugadza pamutemo angadzivisa kana kuti kusabatwa zvakanaka.
  • Chibvumirano chinowedzerwa:[ Mitanho yeBalot inogona kusunda muvhoti ndokuwedzera kuziva udzame hwemiitiro, zvikurukuru munyika dzinotanga kurema.
  • [ Kutya Hurumende yakakurumbira:[[FLT: 1] Kutya masangano anogona kuita kuti masangano amira paramende ateerere zvikuru murangariro wavose. Somuenzaniso, matare eparamende eSwitzerland kazhinji kazhinji anogadziridza nenzira yokusangwarira zvikwereti kuti adzivise kudenhwa.
  • Kutsiva kwamapurisa: Mitemo yokupayona yakawedzera munharaunda dzakadai senhandaro yembanje, yamuro yezvokurapa, wedzero yemari, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo pamberi pechiito chomutemo.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Chiputulizimu nechiMajority Tyranny: vhoti dzakananga dzinogona kukurira kodzero dzezvishomanene kana kuti kudzivirira fariro dzakadzika midzi. California’s Proposition 8 (2008) roorano imwe cheteyo inorambidzwa ne 52% asi gare gare yakaparadzwa mudare (*kubvisa kusawirirana pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nekodzero dzapamutemo.)
  • Kutsiva uye Voter Missuction: Mitemo mizhinji yerongedzero irefu, yomutemo, uye yakazadzwa negodhi. Zvigadziko zvingatsamira patsigiriro kana kuti mashoko anodzorwa panzvimbo pokunzvera kwokungwarira. Mashoko amene anogona kuva anosarura. Somuenzaniso, “Ewe pa 5 kudzivirira maruramiro avabereki” angadzikatidza tapuro chaiyoiyo.
  • Kuneta kwechibharo neTurnout Bias: Zvisarudzo zvamarusarudzo zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kukurira vavhoti. Sarudzo dzePuter ingadzorwa nemhesano huru, yakura, kana kuti vavhoti vakapfuma, miuyo inobvisa fariro huru yavose.
  • Pectical Facial Foundation: Indasitiri inosiinwa kuunganidza nanhimbe dzakawanda dzedhibhuroku inogona kuita kuti muitiro wacho uve chishandiso nokuda kwavatsigiri vakapfuma. Vashori vanogonawo kupedzera zvikuru kukukurira zviito.
  • Kusachinjika: Akambopfuudzwa, mitemo inoitwa nokutanga inowanzova yakaoma kururamisa (* bedzi kupfurikidza neimwe vhoti. Ikoku kunogona kuvhara mumiitiro isina kururama kana kuti gadziriro dzechinyakare, zvakadai somutemo wezvitsama zvitatu wokutonga weCalifornia.

Kuongorora Vara

California Programme 13 (1978)

Kuisa panzvimbo 13 ndiyo nhano hurusa yemifananidzo yeU.S. inotanhamarisa. Yakachekererwa mitero yenzvimbo pa 1% youkoshi hwakanzverwa uye wedzero dzakaganhurirwa dzegore negore kusvikira ku 2% kusvikira kutengeswa. Vatsigiri vakati yakadzivirira varidzi vemisha pamitero inovanzirwa; vashori vakainyevera kuti yaizoziya namabasa avose. Mwero waipfuudzwa netsigiro ya 65%. Makumi amakore gare gare gare, inorumbidzwa nokushaikwa kwedzimba (kudzivisa kufamba) uye kugadzira gadziriro yemitero yezvinhu zviviri. Zvayakaita zvokutora matanho akanaka anogona sei kuva nemigumisiro isingakarirwi. [FG]]

Breit Referendim (2016)

UK's tempeddelum paUUS 2016 yairatidzika kuva yakapfava pamitezo yeEU yakanga iri muenzaniso mukuru wedanho rakakwirira rematanho ane miuyo inosunga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mubvunzo wokuti “Union Kingdom icharamba iri mutezo weEuropean Union kana kuti isiya European Union?” Yakaratidzika kuva yakapfava, asi nhau dzacho dzakanga dzakaoma zvikuru / , kubuda munyika, uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Mugumisiro wacho (52% Shill) unovamba makore okufa kweparamende, kudzongonyedzwa kwemari, uye kuoma kwemitemo pamusoro peNorthern Ireland. Bret inoratidzira ngozi yokushandisa kudzorwa kwemifungo yemifungo. Inoratidzawo kuti majerendium anogona kuva zvombo zvechirongwa: ipapo David Cameron-M akadana kuvhotera kuvhotera kupfurikidza nebumbiro rake reEuni reExcan.

Kutanga Kwokurwisana Neminareti kweSwitzerland (2009)

Kutanga kwakakurumbira kwakakarakadza kurambidzwa kwebumbiro remitemo pakuvaka minarets. Hurumende yeSwitzerland neparamende zvakarumbidza kuiramba, zvichidudza rusununguko rworudzidziso. Zvisinei, vavhoti vakatendera kurambidzwa ne57.5.5%. Mugumisiro wacho wakashurikidzwa munyika yose asi haugoni kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nomutemo wenguva dzose (imwe bedzi yebumbiro remitemo). Mhaka iyi inoratidza kusawirirana pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga nekodzero dzinokosha, uye yakanyandura gakava pamusoro pokuti miganhu yezviito (g., kuwirirana neKokorodzano yeEurope pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu) inofanira kutangwa.

Kutanga Kwekukura kwaMaice

Pashure pamakore okuramba kukura kwemitemo kuidzwa Medicaid muAffordcable Care Act, vavhoti Maine vakaita nhano yebhorati muna 2017 kufutunura. Gavhuna panguva (Paul LePage) yakatanga kudziviswa, achitungamirira kuhondo dzedare. Pakupedzisira, futunuko yakadzorwa, yakafukidza vagari vapasi vakaderera 70 000. Uyu muenzaniso unoratidza kuti nhano dzokutanga dzehondo dzinogona sei kumanikidza chiito pamiitiro yakakurumbira inodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende yakadzikwa nejere-jeri-jeri (* asiwo kuti chishoro chikuru chinogona sei kunonotsa kuitwa. (Rava zvakawanda pamusoro penhau dzoutano)]

Kuwirirana Muroorano muIreland (2015)

Ireland yakava nyika yokutanga kunyoresa pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano nevhoti yakakurumbira, netendero 62%. Pesterondamu yakaitwa nokungwarira pashure pekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo yakairumbidza. Nhimbe yacho yakaratidzira kuvimbisana nzanga yavagari vemo kwakapararira nenhau dzinotaurwa nomunhu oga. Muuyo wakaonwa sechiratidzo chefambiro mberi yenzanga uye kusimbiswa kwesimba rekubvisa simba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kusingadzorwi nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Muteveri weIreland (jere) unopa mubvunzo bedzi pashure pomuitiro wokubvisa pamutemo wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nguva Yemberi Yehurumende Yakananga: Kuchinja Nokuvandudza

Kuchinja kunoverengeka kuri kubuda:

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rungagonesawo zvimiro zvakawanda zvinonzwika zvedemocracy yakananga . zvakadai se “demokrase yakada kutendwa” apo vavhoti vanogona kugovera vhoti pamisoro yakati. Zvisinei, kungwarira kunobvumirwa: kuchinja kwokukurumidza mumurangariro wavose uye kupfava kwokushandisa madhigirii anotyisidzira dzikamo. Nguva yemberi sezvingabvira haisi mukutsiva hurumende inomirira asi mukuiwedzera nemiitiro yakaisvonaka, yevagari vemo.

mhedziso

Mipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine mutoro mugadziriro yokufunga: zvisaini zvakakwana kudzivisa mipimo isina maturo, mitemo yapamberi yavanhu inotsoropodza zvisarudzo zvavose, bva zvinogonawo kukudza rusaruro, kunyanyosimbisa nhau dzakaoma, uye kubatwa nefariro dzakasimba. Chinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane mutoro chiri mugadziriro yokurongeka yakarongeka: zvisaririra zvakakwana zvokudzivisa mipimo yakakomba, mitemo yapamberi kuti idzivise kuvhiringidzwa, kutaura kwechikwaniso, kusingakwaniswi, uye mwero inosimudzira kubvumirana nokuziva. Sangano dzezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose zvadzokera kukuva nechivimbo chehurumende, izvi zvinowanzoramba zviri pakati pezvishandiso zvehurumende. Asi zvinoda kuramba zvichirangarirwa nokuchinjwa kuti zvizadzike chipikirwa chavo, zvinodavimbwa, zvinodzorwa, uye zvinodzorwa.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pagadziriro dzapamutemo nemirangariro yokuchinja, inoita kuti Nhevedzano yeNational Conference of State Legislatures yenhungamiro ye ne shopu yeInternational IDEA pamichina yedemocracy .