Table of Contents

Chii Chiri Mitemo Yebumbiro reMitemo?

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakatanga gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Asi vagadziri vayo vakanzwisisa kuti hapana gwaro ringakarira chinetso chiri chose chomunguva yemberi. Ndicho chikonzero nei vakabatanidza Chikamu V, icho chinogovera gadziriro yechinjo dzinozivikanwa sedzorero yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziridzo iwedzero kana kuti dzokororo kurugwaro rwapakuvamba runobvumira Bumbiro remitemo kuchinjira kuzvinodikanwa zvechigaro cheteshi, mipimo inochinja, uye migariro isingadeyi kuoneka.

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunomirira rudzi rwakakwirira zvikurusa rwomutemo muUnited States. Parunotenderwa, runova rutivi rwomutemo mukurusa wenyika, rune ukoshi hwakazara hweBumbiro remitemo pacharo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mutemo upi noupi wehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti womunzvimbomo unorwisana nokugadziriswa hausati uri mutoowo woruzivo rwokudzidza; unotapura zvakananga maruramiro ako, misengwa yako, uye ukama hwako nehurumende.

Kugadziridza 27 kwakabvumiranwa kubvira muna 1788 kunosanganisira nyaya dzakasiyana - siyana: rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kodzero dzokuvhota, marongerwo ehurumende, mitero, uye dzimwewo.

Muitiro We Amendeji: Rwendo Rwune Nhano Mbiri

Muitiro wokuchinja Bumbiro remitemo wakaoma noune. Vagadziri vemibatanidzwa vaida kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinjo dzaizoratidzira bvumirano huru yenyika panzvimbo pezvishuvo zvechinguvana.Chikamu V chinodudza nhano mbiri dzakasiyana: chikarakadzo nokunatsa.

Chikarakadzo Che Amendeko

Kugadziridza kunogona kukarakadzwa muimwe yenzira mbiri:

  • [[FOLT:0] Chirevo chapamubatanidzwa: A matatu maviri avhoti muzvose zviri zviviri Imba yavamiriri neDare zvinodikanwa. Uyu mutoo wakashandiswa nokuda kwezvigadziridzo zvose zvinobudirira 27.
  • Gungano reNyika: Matatu maviri emisika yehurumende (zvinenge nharaunda 34 panguva ino) anogona kukumbira kuti kokorodzano ikarakadze kugadziridza. Uyu mutoo hauna kutongoshandiswa, kunyange zvazvo uchiri musoro wekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinjwa Kwechibvumirano

Pakangokarakadzwa, kugadziridzwa kwacho kunofanira kusimbiswa nezvikamu zvitatu nezvina zvenyika (zvinenge 38 mamiriro ezvinhu). Zvakare, nzira mbiri dziripo:

  • State Legislature Ratiation: Kugadziriswa kunotumirwa kudare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende nokuda kwevhoti. Uyu ndiwo mutoo wakakurumbira zvikurusa.
  • Paramende yeState Ratiation: Hurumende imwe neimwe ine kokorodzano chaiyo yokuvhota parusudzo. Uyu mutoo wakashandiswa kamwe bedzi, nokuda kwePramendement yechi21 (Kuzvinyimazve).

Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunogona kutora makore akawanda kana kuti kunyange makumi emakore.

Bhili Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kwakatenderwa muna 1791, kunozivikanwa pamwe chete seBill of Rights. Kwakawedzera nokukurumidza pashure pokunge Bumbiro reMitemo rawedzera kukurukura funganyo dzokuti hurumende itsva ichatyisidzira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Idzi dzidzo dzinoisa ganhuro dzakati pasimba rehurumende ndokudzivirira rusununguko rukuru.

Mutezo Wokutanga: Fandesheni Yorusununguko rweAmerica

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inorambidza Congress kugadza rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kudzongonyedza muitiro worudzidziso. Inodzivirira maruramiro okuratidzira mirangariro, kunyange yaisakurumbira, uye inodzivirira pepanhau rakasununguka secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende. Kodzero yokuungana norugare uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo zvemhoshoro zvinokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwedemokrame. Mhaka dzeDare reSupreme Times dzakafanana ne New York Times.C. Sullivanten Co.[FL:] [12:]644] uye [FLT][5][5][FLT]]

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri rinodzivirira kodzero yevanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, zvakadzika midzi mumurangariro wemauto anodzorwa zvakanaka. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Dificium of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye ] MCDONAld v. City of Chicago[[FLT:]] (2010]) yakasimbisa kuti kodzero iyi inoshanda kuvanhu vamwe navamwe nokuda kwehurumende uye inobatanidzwa mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi inoramba iri imwe yenharaunda dzinokurukurwa zvikurusa nedzinonyorwa nomutemo.

Wechitatu: Kubatanidzwa Kwevarwi

Third Amendment inorambidza hurumende kumanikidza varidzi vemisha kupinza varwi vepamba mukati menguva yorugare pasina bvumirano.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokusashanda

Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo uye nhokwe dzinoitwa nehurumende. Kunoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana maruramiro akavakirwa pachikonzero chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera musha womunhu, zvinhu, kana kuti miuyo. Kusiyanisa nechinodikanwa chapamutemo, zvakadai semigariro yakashata nemotokari, zvakatangwa nematare, zvichiita kuti ikoku kuve nzvimbo yokubudirira kwapamutemo.

Kugadziriswa Kwechishanu: Kodzero Dzomupomeri

Findre Amendment inobatanidza dziviriro dzakakomba dzinoverengeka: kodzero yokupomerwa mhaka huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, kodzero inorwisana nokuzvivenga, vimbiso yomuitiro wakafanira womutemo, uye kurambidzwa kwokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika pasina muripo. Chitsama chakakurumbira "Kutungamirira Wechishanu" chinobva mumashoko okuzvipa mhaka.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kutonga Kusina Zvakunopomerwa

Dare reSikisi reMitemo rinovimbisa kutongwa kwedare kunokurumidza uye kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi risingasaruri munhau dzoutsotsi. Rinovimbisawo kodzero yokuziviswa nezvepomero, kutaurirana zvapupu, kumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira, uye kuva nomufananidzo wapamutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] yakasimbisa kodzero yezano redare rakagadzwa nokuda kwavapomeri vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzehurumende umo chitsama chegakava chinopfuura madhora makumi maviri (Z $2 000).

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare Repamusorosoro rinorambidza kubhadharwa kwebhedha kwakanyanyisa, kubhadharwa kwakawandisa, uye chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi.

Mutezo Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzakadzoswa

Chirongwa ichi chakadudzwa mugakava pamusoro pekodzero dzemunhu oga uye rusununguko rusina kutsakatika, zvakadai sekodzero dzokuroorana uye dzokudzivirira pamuviri.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Simba Rakachengeterwa kuUnited States

Iyi nheyo yehurumende inheyo yokutonga kweAmerica, ichiganhurira chiremera chehurumende uye ichichengeta uchangamire hwehurumende.

Kugadziridza: Kuderedza Rusununguko Pashure Pehondo Yevagari Vomunyika

Mitemo ye13, 14 uye 15 yeMitemo yeNyika Yakarurama, yakabvumirwa pakati pa1865 na1870, yakanga iri chinjo dzakaitwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kwechi13 (1865): Kubviswa Kwouranda

Chibvumirano chechi13 chePramende chakabvisa zvachose uranda nouranda muUnited States yose, kunze kwokunge chirango nokuda kwemhosva.

14 Amendment (168): Ugari hwemo uye Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Mutezo we 14 Wemisi yePendeko yeChibvumirano zvichida ndiyo inoparira zvikurusa gadziridzo dzose. Zvikamu zvawo zvishanu zvakatanga kuva mugari wemo wekodzero dzavanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, zvakavimbisa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, uye zvakakurukura nhau dzezvikwereti dzinotangira muHondo yevagari vemo. Kudzivirira kwaDoroma. Kubatanidza kwaMativi ave nheyo yapamutemo nokuda kwokukunda kwapamutemo kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza [[FL: 0] Brown v. Board yeDyst[FLD:1] (1954) (1954) inogumisa kurongeka kwechikoro, [[FLT:] v.[FLT] [12:]] (1967]) zvinodzivisa muchato wamarudzi, uye [FLD]

Gwaro rinonzi The The Baccosme Process Claus re 14 Amendment rakashandiswa ku "inoreva kuti purogiramu hurusa dzeBill of Rights inorwisana nehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kureva kuti nyika hadzigoni kuputsa idzi kodzero dzinokosha. Iyi dzidziso yokubatanidzwa kwechisarudzo yakaumba zvikuru mutemo weAmerica.

Mutezo wePendezment wechi15 1870): Kodzero Younyanzvi

Mutezo we15 wePendezment wairambidza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo yakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ekare okushandira uranda.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nedzokuvamba Kwezana Ramakore rechi 20

Kuvamba kwama 1900 kwakava negadziridzo dzakakudza simba rehurumende nokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwechi16 (1913): Mutero unobhadharwa

Pepa re16 Amendment rakabvumira Congress kuti ibhadhare mari isina kugovana pakati pehurumende dzinotsigira vanhu.Izvi zvakachinja zvikuru kuti hurumende yehurumende iwedzere sei mari uye kuti ibatsire hurumende yekosha yemazuva ano uye mapurogiramu makuru ehurumende akadai seSocial Security and Medicare.

Kutemwa Kwechigumi Nechigumi Nezviviri (1913): Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavatongi

The 17th Amendment changed the method of electing U.S. Senators from state legislative appointment to direct popular election by the citizens of each state. This increased democratic accountability and reduced corruption in the Senate selection process.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi (1919): Kutonga

Kugadzirwa kwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka, uye kutakura zvinhu zvaishandiswa mumugwagwa wechi18 zvakaratidza kuti zvakanga zvisingafarirwi zvikuru uye zvakakurudzira utsotsi hwakarongwa, zvichizoita kuti hupedziswe makore 14 chete gare gare nePendement yechi21.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920): Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Pesvedzero yechi 19 yakapa vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota pashure pamakumi amakore okunyoresa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Kwamazuva Ano: Kuwedzera Kubatanidzwa Nokutonga

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakasimbiswa pashure pehurukuro yapurezidhendi ya1933, kuvhota kuti kuve nekodzero, miitiro yokuronga, uye zvinetso zvokutonga.

Endement yechigumi nepfumbamwe (1933): Nguva Yokunwa

Kuchinja kwechi20 kwakaita kuti musi waDerder neCongress utange kunyorwa mashoko emisangano kusvika January 3 uye musi wapurezidhendi kusvika January 20, uchideredza simba remarunda anorema.

Kugadziridzwa kweMitemo 20 (1933): Kudzorerwa Kwomutemo

Pepanhau re21 rePramendement rakadzorera Shanduro yechi18, richigumisa kurambidzwa kwedoro nehurumende, richibvumirawo nyika kudzora kutengeswa kwedoro nokunwiwa kwedoro munzvimbo dzadzo.

Mhedziso Yamakumi maviri neMitemo Yakawirirana (1951): Miganhu Yemitemo yaPurezidhendi

Yakasimbiswa pashure paFranklin D. Roosevelt yapamberi pechigaro chisati chambova nenhambo ina, Ivhu reSamende rechi 22 rinoganhurira Mapurezidhendi kumirano miviri yakasarudzwa. Inorambidzawo munhu upi noupi akabatira makore anopfuura maviri eshoko romumwe Purezidhendi kusanangurwa kanopfuura kamwe.

Amakumi maviri neThird Amendment (1961): Ruwa rweColumbia Voting Rights

Mubatanidzwa wePendezho wakapiwa vagari veWashington, D.C., kodzero yokuvhota muvhoti dzapurezidhendi.Musha wacho unovhota mavhoti akaenzana nenhamba yawaizodai waiva nayo kudai yaiva nyika, asi kwete kupfuura nyika ine vanhu vashomanana.

Amakumi maviri neFour Amendment (1964): Kubviswa Kwemitero Inotengwa Netsika

Pesvetment yechi 24 yairambidza mitero yokuvhota musarudzo. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMaodzanyemba kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica. Dare Rapamusoro gare gare rakatambanudza ichi chirambidzo kuvhota mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions [19666].

Amakumi maviri neFiff Amendment (1967): Kubudirira kwaPrezidhendi

Chikamu chaMamyeco Sex Purezidhendi Anoita Basa Kana Purezidhendi Asingakwanisi kuita mabasa avo, uye chinotanga muitiro wokuzadza Purezidhendi Ane Basa Roupidhendi.

Amakumi maviri neSikisimende (1971): Nguva yokufara ya 18

Yakasimbiswa munguva yakare, yakurudzirwa nenharo yokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kuti vanyorerwe basa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota.

Mhedziso yechimakumi maviri nemana (1992): Congress Pasur

Mutezo weChine Chibvumirano wechi 27 unorambidza mutemo upi noupi unowedzera kana kuti unoderedza mubhadharo wemitezo yeCongress pakushanda kutozosvikira pamavambo emashoko anotevera eVamiririri.

Kupesana Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Anoitika Panguva Ino

Kugadziridza kunoverengeka kunokarakadzwa kunoramba kuri nhau dzinoshingaira dzekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika neyapamutemo nhasi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwekodzero Dzakaenzana

Virginia yakava nyika yechi 38 yokuitsigira muna 2020, asi kupesana kwepamutemo pamusoro penguva yokuronga kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemazambiringa uye kudzokororwa kwemibatanidzwa yevatano kwakatanga kuitwa muna 1923, kwaizorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pabonde muna 1972, asi kwakakundikana kusvika pamashoko 38 aidiwa paichiitwa nguva yaidiwa. Mumakore achangopfuura, Virginia akava nyika yechi 38 yokuisimbisa muna 2020, asi kupesana kwepamutemo pamusoro penguva yokuita kuti pave nemitemo uye kugadziriswa kwemiitiro yevatano kwakachengeta kugadziriswa murambo. Dare reHurumende rakakurukura pamusoro pekubvisa nguva yacho, asi iye zvino, ERA richiri kubvumirwa.

Kuronga Kuchinja Mari

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Citizens United v.FEC (2010), iyo yakabvumira kupedzwa kusingaganhurirwi kwemibato yesangano rebhizimisi nemubatanidzwa pakushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika, vatsigiri vazhinji vakaraira kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti mari iganhurirwe mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Kugadziriswa kwakarongwa kwaizobvumira kuti Paramende nehurumende zvidzore mipiro nezvirongwa.

Kuzivisa Gadziriro Dzekodzero Dzevanhu

Kukarakadza kukudza kusvika kwokuvhota kunobatanidza kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwomuvhoti, kuita kuti zuva resarudzo rive zororo rehurumende, uye kudzorera kodzero dzokuvhota kuvatongi avo vakapedza mitongo yavo.Vatsigiri vakarayira kuti maruramiro okubvuma aitwe kuti avhoterere kurwisa ganhuriro dzokuvhotera dzenzvimbo yehurumende.

Electoral College Chinjo

Pashure pesarudzo mbiri dzapurezidhendi mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura umo mukundi wevhoti yakakurumbira akarasikirwa neElectoral College, kwave kune kurukurirano itsva pamusoro pokubvisa kana kuti kuvandudza Electoral College. National Popular Vote Intertate Communition inotsvaka kuwana ikoku pasina kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti hurumende dzitsigire vhoti dzavo dzakasarudzwa nevoruzhinji vanowana vavhoti kana bedzi vakabatana zvakakwana.

Miganhu Yemitemo Yedare Repamusorosoro

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo uye vezvematongerwe enyika vakakarakadza kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yokugadza miganhu yenhambo yedare nokuda kwevatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, avo zvino vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose.

Kutapura Kunoita Kuchinja Kwebumbiro remitemo Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kunzwisisa kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunobatsira kuziva uye kushandisa kodzero dzako mumamiriro ezvinhu ezuva nezuva.First Amendment inodzivirira mano ako okutsoropodza hurumende, kushandisa chitendero chako, uye kubatana nevamwe kuti vatsigire kuchinja.

Gemendment yechi 14 Auncial Protection Claus inovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshanda zvakaenzana kuvanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, chirume, kana kuti mamwe mavara. Ikoku kunotapura chinhu chiri chose kuvambira padzidzo nebasa kusvikira kudzimba nepokugara. Mitemo ye 19 neya 26 inovimbisa kuti unogona kuvhota kana wasvika makore 18, pasinei zvapo nevatano.

Mubatanidzwa wePendement yechi16 unochinja upenyu hwako nokubvumira mari yemari inobhadharwa nehurumende, mari yeSocial Security, Medicare, dziviriro yenyika, uye mamwe mapurogiramu asingaverengeki.

Kubatanidzwa Nechirongwa Chokugadziridza

Semunhu anogara munyika yacho, une mikana yakawanda yokugadzirisa zvinhu uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzinokonzerwa nebumbiro remitemo.

  • Gara wakaumbwa: Tevera kugadziridzwa kunokarakadzwa muCongress nemitemo yehurumende. Masangano akafanana ne Constitution Center yeNyika [ inogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvisiri zvepapatiki yetsika panhau.
  • Kubatanidza Vamiriri Vako: Vakuru vakuru vako vakasarudzwa muCongress nedare rako rinogadza mutemo rehurumende vanofanira kunzwa kubva kuvamiriri pamusoro pegadziridzo dzinokarakadzwa. Kuridza runhare kumwe, email, kana kuti tsamba kunogona kuita musiano.
  • Particate muGavhura: Ipinda horo dzetaundi, nyora maop, kumbanira masangano enzanga, uye shandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti vakurukure nhau dzemagariro avanhu. Kurukurirano yavose inokosha kuvaka bvumirano pamusoro pechinjo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • . Vota yako inosarudza kuti vakuru vakuru vapi vachava muhofisi kuti vakarakadze kana kuti vagadzirisi. Sarudzo dzaPrezidhendi dzinogona kuva dzinoparira zvikuru, sezvo Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende avo vanotsanangura Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Kukwirira kana kuti Kushora Ratiation Ements: Apo kugadziriswa kunokarakadzwa kuri pamberi penyika, unogona kutsigira kana kuti kupesana nebvumirano yako yomutemo. Masangano eGrassroot akaita mabasa okusarudza muhondo munhau yose.
  • Dzidza Kodzero Dzako: Uzive nedziviriro dzinopiwa nezvinogadziriswa. Zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne USA.gov kodzero dzokuvhota mapeji[ ne [[FLT:] Cornell Information zvinopa tsananguro dzinosvika dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Misiano 27 inomirira nhau inogadziridzwa yeMatemo eMitemo yeU.S. inomirira nhau inopfupikisa yeAmerica. Kuvambira paBill of Rights inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kusvikira kuReconstationition inodzorera kuva mugari wemo, kubva kutsika dzavakadzi kuenda kuvhotera kodzero dzemakore 18, kugadziridza kumwe nokumwe kunoratidza nhamburiko yerudzi rwokupfuurira kuparira mubatanidzwa wakakwana. Kuvambira paChinyorwa chapamutemo chinodzivirira rusununguko runokusimbisa kushandisa kodzero dzako, kupinda mukurukurirano yehurumende, uye kubetsera kumuitiro wedemocracyicratic. Bumbiro reMitementmentation harisi gwaro rinochinja sezvo vanhu veAmerica vachichinja. Kutora kwako muitiro unopfuurira hausi bedzi musero wakarurama asi usati uri mutoro. Kuziva, kubetsera, uye kubetsera ganhuro rebumbiro remitemo remitemo.