Kutanga: Nei Kududzira Zvichikosha

United States Constitution yabatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Mashoko ayo anosimbisa gadziriro yokutonga kwomubatanidzwa, anoronga masimba amapazu matatu, uye anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Bva rugwaro harusi rwokuzviuraya. Vatongi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vanofanira kushandisa gadziriro dzaro kurwisano chaidzoidzo, uye muitiro iwoyo usingadzivisiki unobatanidza kududzirwa. Kurondedzera kunoita Bumbiro remitemo kumipimo yose kubva kukodzero dzokuvhota uye kudzorwa kwepfura pfuti kuti idzo yechiremera chomubatanidzwa wezvokutengeserana neganhuriro dzesimba rapurezidhendi.

Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa nzira idzi dzokududzira hadzisi nzira dzokudzidza nadzo. Zvinopa chirango chokuongorora nayo zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro, kuongorora nharo dzezvematongerwe enyika, uye kuisa hurukuro yehurumende yakadzidza. Nyaya inoongorora zvikoro zvikuru zvinodudzirwa nemutemo nemitemo yepamutemo (wrigineism), uzivi hwemanyorerwo emagwaro, mashandiro anoita Bumbiro remitemo, uye dzimwe nzira dzekare dzinotsanangura kuti pesvedzero imwe neimwe inoshanda sei.

Kurerutsa

Mufungo Wapakuvamba

Chitendero chechiJudha chinodavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yaraiva nayo apo raitenderwa.Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti uyu mutoo unoremekedza kuva pamutemo kwedemocracy kwechinyorwa chokuvamba: nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakagamuchirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wehurumende yehurumende, revo yaro inofanira kuramba yakagadzwa kutoti yachinjwa nenzira yetsika pasi peChikamu V. Chechi yeChoonarystrys inotsigira kuti kubva murevo iyoyo yapakuvamba inonyorazve nenzira inobudirira rugwaro rwacho pasina kubvumiranwa navanhu.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

MuchiNgezi, mune tutambo tuviri tunokosha. urongwa hwedonzo rapakuvamba hunonangidzira paicho vaFrames vakarongedzerwa pachivande pakunyora chikamu chimwe nechimwe. Uku kusvika kwakatsigirwa nenhamba dzakadai seAttorney Edwin Meese mu 1980. revo yapachena revo yapakuvamba [[, nokupesana, kunzvera kuti Mutemo waMarudzi waizove wakanzwisiswa sei nomunhu ane mufungo panguva yeratisitisitisiti. Justice Antonin Sctalia, zvichida akakurumbira zvikurusa akakurumbira zvikurusa, akatsigira revo yavose. Iye akarangarira kuti chinjo huru neyatiko.

Nhau Huru Nemienzaniso

Kurangarira kwokutanga kwakapesvedzera zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chevhu. Mu Discope of Columbia v. Helder [2008], Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Second Amendment rinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti yake amene. Mutongi Scalia yaivimba zvikuru nemagwaro enhau, kutanga-pakati pemashoko, uye mutemo wavose wokutakura zvombo, kuti zvisarudze revo revo yavanhu vose. Nenzira yakafanana, mu State Refe & Lamp; Postson Association. Brugton[FFFF:] [2]

Vatsoropodzi vedzidziso dzokutanga vanonongedzera kuchinetso chokuwana revo yenhau, zvikurukuru nokuda kwegadziriro dzinobata noruzivo rwazvino uno kana kuti zvivako zvenzanga. Somuenzaniso, Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha, asi Vavambi havana mufungo wokushandisa kana kuti mashoko emichina. Vazivi vemavambo vanopindura kupfurikidza nokusiyanisa pakati pokushandiswa kwenheyo nerevo yayo huru, vachisimbisa kuti kunzvera nhasi kunoramba kuri “nzvero” mupfungwa yapakuvamba.

Kunetsa Kwesangano

Kurerekera kumavambo kunokombamira kuganhurira mwero wechisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nokubatanidza zvisarudzo neufakazi hwenhau. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inochengeta udzori kana kuti kudzora simba rehurumende. Vatongi vazhinji vapakuvamba vanotsigirawo kuganhurirwa kwemitemo yekutonga, kureva kuti havadi kuputsa mitemo yakagadzwa nedemocracy kutoti kuputsa mutemo kwakajeka. Kunzwisisa mavambo kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera vatongi ndokududzira zvisarudzo zveDare izvo zvinodudza Federalist Pepers, ramation gamentation gastmentation games, kana kuti muitiro wapakuvamba wedare.

Kunyora mashoko

Kunyanya Kutaura Nemashoko Pamutauro Mutete

Kunyora kwakabatana zvikuru nemavambo asi kwakasiana mumiitiro yayo. Mutongi anonzvera magwaro anosarudza nhau dzakavakirwa zvikurukuru parevowo zvayo yemitemo kana kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, pasina kutendeukira kunhau yemitemo kana kuti mirau yeparamende. Chisimbiso chiri pane izvo mashoko anotaura, kwete izvo vagadziri vaikarira kuita. Justice Scalia akambotaura kuti “Bumbiro remitemo harisi chinyorwa chipenyu; ichinyorwa chapamutemo, uye kufanana namagwaro ose apamutemo, anotaura zvarinotaura.

Kunyora mashoko neakasiyana - siyana

Mududziro yemitemo, kunyorwa kwamagwaro kunopesana ne purofiti yemitemo , iyo inoedza kunzwisisa chinangwa chikuru seri kwomutemo. Vanyori vemashoko vanotaura kuti textpositions inokumbira vatongi kuti vaise mirangariro yavo vamene, nemhaka yokuti zvinangwa zvinogona kurondedzerwa pamwero yakasiana- siyana yezvavose. Nokuda kwegadziriro dzemitemo, manyoro anowanzopindirana nerevo yavanhu vose: revo yakajeka yorugwaro ndiimwe cheteyo inonzwisiswa nerevo yarwo munhau. Asi magwaro haasati achida nguva dzose kubvunza kwanhau kwenhau dzenhau.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha Zvokunyora Magwaro

Mumwe murangariro wakakurumbira wemitemo iTsarudzo Hugo Black’s display in Griswold v.Connecticut (65). Mhemba yakataura kuti kodzero yokuva woga haina kuwanwa papi napapi murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo uye naizvozvo haigoni kururamisa kurova mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kudzivisa kubata pamuviri. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu [[FLT:] Bostock v. Clayton County[[FLT:] [200], Mutongi Neil Gor Mour akanyora murangariro wokunyora magwaro unonzi The Tritive revol’stion of the Trign system] nemhaka ye “parokurokusarura vatano. Kunyange zvazvo muuyo unofarirwa, Gorroteveri aiwowotetetetetete rugwaro rwakarurama rwetsika rwetsika.

Simba Nokusava Nesimba Kwokunyora Mashoko

Kunyora kunovimbisa kusachinjana nokujeka. Apo vatongi vanonamatira kurugwaro, varimi navagari vemo vanogona kufanotaura miuyo yakavakirwa pamutauro womutemo. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti gadziriro zhinji dzebumbiro remitemo hadzina kujeka: chii chaizvoizvo chinoumba “rurango nechirango chechienzi” kana kuti“ muitiro wekukurumidza womutemo”? Kunyora mashoko emitemo hakugoveri nguva dzose kugovera mhinduro dzakajeka, uye vatongi vangagombedzerwa kuvimba nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodudzira. Vatsigiri vanopindura kuti kuoma kwakadaro kuri mumutemo, asi kuisa pfungwa dzomutemo panzvimbo dzemitemo kupfurikidza nokuabatanidza mashoko akanyorwa panzvimbo pezvinokosha zvinotendwa.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Kuchinja Zvakanyorwa Nemazuva Ano

Mugariro mhenyu weBumbiro reMitemo, unozivikanwawo sechisina kuvamba, postition kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kushanduka pashure penguva yakati kuti riratidzire kuchinja tsika dzenzanga netsika. Mumurangariro uyu, gwaro racho rakafara namaune uye rakazopiwa. Framers yakasiya nzvimbo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi kuti izadzike muudzame. Mutongi William Brennan, mutsigiri mukuru, akataura kuti nyanzvi dzeBumbiro reMitemo iri musimba raro rishairwe kushandisirwa kumigariro mitsva pasina kugadziriswa kwapamutemo.

Mitoo Yokududzira Mukati Mebumbiro Remitemo Ripenyu

Vatsigiri vemitemo vanoshandisa nzira dzakawanda. kurangarira kwemagariro kududzira mashoko akaoma akadai se “dziviriro yakaenzana” muchiedza chemipimo yetsika dzinochinja. Njenga kurangarira [[[[FLT:]] kurangarira kwakaumbwa kweMitemo yeMitemo yeChikostira kuti irege kunyorwa zvakajeka. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] yakadeyama zvikuru-kaidzo yemipimo yetsika inotsamira panhau yakaunganidzwa iyo yakatochinja kumitengo yazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, Dare repamusoro rechikoro rekudzosaidzo. [FLT] vn.[5] Board yedzidzo yeDidzorome] [FFFF] [5]

Mitemo Yakawanda Yebumbiro Romutemo Ipenyu

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvikurusa zvemiuyo yenzanga zvakaruramiswa nokurangarira kwebumbiro remitemo. Rove v. Wade [773] yakawana maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri pasi peCHENDEDS Claus, achiyera papfungwa inochinja yezvakavanzika uye maruramiro omunhu oga. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] akaziva kodzero yemitemo yepamutemo kuroorano imwe cheteyo, achitsamirazve papfungwa yokuti zvipikirwa zveGenezill Reformation zverusununguko neuennetic commotion zvinofanira kunzwisiswa mumashoko azvinoteverwa. Muzvinoitika zvose zviri zviviri, mirangariro mizhinji yakabvuma kuti rugwaro rumene harumbidzo, asi kuti nheyo yemitemo yaifanira kushandiswa nesimba.

Kutsoropodza Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Vashori vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ripenyu rinopa vatongi simba rakanyanya. Kana gwaro racho richigona kureva chipi kana chipi icho voruzhinji vevatongi vanoda kuti rirevere, ipapo mutemo unorerutswa. Vatsoropodzi vemavambo vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unoenzana nokuita mitemo yokutonga. Vamwe vatsigiri vemitemo vanoramba kuti mutoo wacho uchiri kudzorwa norugwaro, muenzaniso, uye gamuchidzanwa. Vamwe vanogamuchira pachena chisarudzo chokutonga, vachiitirana nharo kuti hachidzivisiki uye chinogona kuongororwa nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende uye kurukurirano yavose.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, mutoo mupenyu weBumbiro reMitemo unowanzobatanidzwa nemiuyo inofambira mberi, asi kunokosha kucherekedza kuti vatongi vetsika vakashandisawo panhambo nenhambo. Somuenzaniso, Lochner v. New York (10]) (1905) yakaputsa mutemo wemaawa akawanda uchishandisa muitiro wakafanira usina kutsamira parevo yapakuvamba. Kunzwisisa uyu mutoo unobetsera vagari vemo kuziva apo matare anenge achibatanidza zvikuru kubatira pamwe chete nechiremera chapakuvamba kana kuti chamashoko.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzokududzira Nadzo

Kududzira Kwakavakirwa Pachinhu Chisina Kurongwa (Stare Desis)

Nheyo ye [[FLT: 0] stare decis [1] [1] ChiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa” matare akananga kutevera zvisarudzo zvakapfuura. Gadziro inogovera kudzikamiswa nokufano. Kunyange mutongi wepakutanga anganzwa akasungwa nemuenzaniso murefu usina kurongwa zvakanaka pakuvamba, nemhaka yokuti kuiputsa ingagona kuparira vhiringidziko kana kuti kuderedza ruvimbiko. Zvisinei, decis haisi yakakwana. Dare gurusaidzorazve mipimo yayo apo inorangarirwa zvisina kunaka, isingashandiswi, kana kuti isati ichiri inowirirana nokududzirwa kwakarurama kwebumbiro remitemo. [FFF] [F], somuenzaniso, [FF] : [5]

Kuongorora Kuvaka

Tsinhiro yegadziriro inotora mirangariro kubva mukuvakwa kwose kweBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pokuisa padivi mashoko rimwe, mutongi anonzvera kuti chinyorwa chinopa sei simba pakati pamapazu nemwero yehurumende. Chibvumikiso chakatanhamara chegadziriro chinooneka mu [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland[[FLT] [1819], apo Chirevertime John Marshall akarangarira kuti simba rokutara bhangi rakaratidzirwa neringari madikanwa uye rakafanira nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri mitoo yakafanira yokushandisa masimba. Kunzvera kweSangano yapamutemo yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare guru rakashandisa kurangarira simba reClassicastsssss muzvinoitika [FL:][5]

Muitiro Wenhau

Dzimwe nguva matare anotarira kumiitiro yakasimba yehurumende yakare-kare kuti apedze mamiriro ebumbiro remitemo. Kana rimwe bazi rehurumende rakaramba richiita nenzira yakati pasina denho, muitiro iwoyo unogona kurangarirwa soufakazi hwerevo yeBumbiro remitemo. Uyu mutoo unowanzobatanidza nemavambo asi unogona kushandiswa nenzira yakazvimirira. Somuenzaniso, mu NLB v. Noel Canning[ [2014] , Dare rapamusoro rairangarira miitiro yokugadza kwenhau kurangarira miganhuro yenhau kuti izivise simba raPrententerst pamisangano yematare. Dare rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi aigona bedzi kuita kuranga kwapachivande mukati nhambo dzemarusaitirwo, kwete mukusaterusarudzo, murutivi rupfupi rwamateve murutivi rwenhau renhau.

Kududzira Kusinganzwisisiki

Tsinhiro yePragmatic inoyera miuyo inoshanda yechisarudzo. Nepo mutoo wakazara, kudzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji kunopesvedzera vatongi vanoda kudzivisa kariro dzakagadziriswa kana kuti kugadzira mitemo isingashandiswi. Casey[ pfungwa dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa kuti kudarika Roe [ kungakanganisa zvikuru simba reDare rokushandisa simba redare.] Iro inharo ikurukurirano yeProgmatic for aption. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira kuti mutoo wakananga wakananga, asi vatongi vazhinji vanoda kururamisa zvisarudzo zvakanyorwa kana kuti muenzaniso wakachena.

Tsananguro Yakavakirwa paEthos

Mutoo uchiri wakakurumbira zvikuru asi uchiri wakafanira ndiko kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo mukuwirirana nemipimo yenyika kana kuti vara rakadai se “ethos” yeBumbiro remitemo. Uyu mutoo unoshanda pamisoro yakafara yechinyorwa, yakadai seruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kuenzana, kupedza mibvunzo. Dare rakakumbira chimwe chinhu chakafanana neichi Lawnce v. Texas [2003], apo rakadudza kuremekedzwa kunokura kwechiremera chavanhu vevatano yevatano yevatano yapasi sechikonzero chokurova mitemo yedoma. Vatsoropote vanoona uyu mutoo uchiita senhau ine ngozi, asi vanotsigira kuti wakatendeka kumutauro webumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kududzira Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo Nhasi

Rehnquist naRoberts Courts

Kubvira kuma1980, Dare Gurusa rave richidzorwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzemanyoro. Kugadzwa kwaVatongi Scalia naClarence Thomas kwakaratidza kuchinja kukuru. MuMutongi Mukuru John Roberts, kutenderwa kwakava mutoo mukuru wokuongorora kunyange nokuda kwevatongi vePendeko. Panguva imwe cheteyo, nzira mhenyu yeMitemo yemitemo haina kunyangarika. Vatongi Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, naSonia Sotomayotor vakapfuurira kufambisira mberi kutsanangura zvinhu nenzira yakapfava, zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza kodzero dzemunhu oga, kuvhotera, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi.

Magakava Anovapo Nguva Dzose

Chikamu chinodudzira zvino chinoita munhau dzinopisa. Mu Dobts, vazhinji vakashandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba kugumisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haridziviriri maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, nepo kusabvumirana kweConstitution yokurava kweBumbiro remitemo mhenyu kwakavakirwa murusununguko nokuenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, muzvinoitika zvekodzero dzepfuti ruzhinji rwechiNgezi rwakakudziridza dziviriro dzeSecondmendmendmentment, nepo kusabvumirana nedzidziso dzemitemo yerusununguko. Pakutaura kwakasununguka, rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwadzivirira zvikuru dziviriro nokuda kwokutaura kwesangano renyika nerevo, kazhinji vacherekedzo vanoshamisa avo vanokarira kuparira mavambo kuva nemuuyo unowirirana.

Zvizvarwa Zvinofanira Kungwarira

Vagari vanoda kutevera iyi kurukurirano vanofanira kungwarira zvinhu zvina. Chokutanga, rugwaro pacharwo. Mativi ose ari maviri anotaura kutendeka kumashoko eBumbiro reMitemo. Verenga mashoko anokosha zvikuru. , chinyorwa chenhau.[FLT:] [FLT]]] pfungwa dzepakuvamba dzinobatanidzwa nokunyorwa kuti kuvamba - rera. Evaatate kana manyuko iwayo achitsigira chaizvoizvo revo chaiyoiyo. [[FLT:]], migumisiro inoshanda.[FLT: 5,] kazhinji kazhinji] Vatsigiri vemitemo vanosimbisa pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yenyika yokutonga. Rangarira kuti chisarudzo chichatapura sei upenyu hwavanhu. [FF]

Kupedzisa: Kubatanidzwa nedudziro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzinotsanangurwa neBumbiro Romutemo kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vatsigire zvinobudirira zvikuru muupenyu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Kunokuita kuti ugone kurava mifungo yeDare Rapamusorosoro nechekutsoropodza, kuyera zvibvumikiso zvevezvematongerwe enyika avo vanozviti “vavavaki vemasangano” kana kuti vatsigiri ve“ Bumbiro remitemo ripenyu,” uye kuumba rutongeso rwako umene rwakakomba pamusoro pokuvambwa kwenyika yacho runofanira kushandiswa.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri gwaro benyu mupfungwa yokuti rinopfuurira kuumbwa uye kuumbwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Asi mitoo inoshandiswa kubudisa revo yaro haisati iri youzivi husingabvumirwi. Yakadzikiswa mukusabvumirana kukuru kwouzivi pamusoro porudzi rwomutemo, basa ravatongi, uye dzikamo pakati pegamuchidzanwa nokuchinja. Nokudzidza mitoo iyi, hausati uchingova bedzi mucherekedzi asingaitiri wezvinoitika zvemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Constitution Center yeNational Constitution yeTsignment ye, iyo inopa rondedzero kubva mumifungo mizhinji. Unogonawo kunzvera [Oyez[ nokuda kwenhau nekurukurirano dzemashoko, uye hwirudzura [[[FLT]] Cornell Legin Information Institute[] yemifungo yakazara. Izvi zvisakiso zvichakudza nzwisiso yako yenzira ipi neipi inoshanda nayo.