Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Nheyo yokuparadzanisa chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana haina kuvamba navatangi veAmerica. Wezvenhau wechiGiriki wekare Polybius akarondedzera bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana muRome Republic, asi rondedzero yazvino yakabva kumuzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo [[FLT: 1], Montesquieus yakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, chiremera, namasimba okutonga anobatwa nemitumbi yakaparadzana. Masimba eU. Ganisigiraferame akapes apesssssssss, anotongetwa nesimba rose. Iyo inokweveya-gurusa, iyo inovawo kubva muruzivo rwavo vamene rwokutonga muBritain, apo mambo mukuru neparame yakaita maruramiro makuru zvikuru. [Foctive] Muneast [Foct.][3]

Constitution yeConstitution ya 1787 yakakakavadzana chirongwa chakananga chamapazu aya. Virginia Plan yakakarakadza hurumende yorudzi yakasimba ine mapazu akaparadzana, nepo New Jersey Plan yakada gadziriro yehurumende isina simba. Pakupedzisira yakaparira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwechibvumirano chebhimeyameral, mukuru mukuru mumwe, uye basa ramajaji razvimiriri. Kuparadzana kwakanga kusati kwakakwana; zvikamu zvamaFramers zvakavakwa mukunzvera nokudzikamisa kuti zvidzivise kuva nesimba. Uku kubatanidza kwemasimba (ko somuenzaniso, kubatanidzwa kwapurezidhendi pamitemo uye basa reDare rinodzivirira) rutivi rukuru rwetsika. Nhasi, kuparadza kwamasimba masimba kunoramba kuri dzidziso ipenyu, inoturikirwa nematare uye kunoitwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chavatungamiriri.

Bazu Romutemo: Chikamu I

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa masimba ose omutemo muCongress, ayo ane chibvumirano cheImba yavamiririri neDare. Chikamu I, Chikamu 1 chinoti: "Masimba ose emitemo eMitemo anopiwa pano achaiswa muDare reUnited States, iro richaumbwa neDare neImba yavamiriri." Iyi ndiyo nyaya yokutanga uye ine udzame zvikurusa, inoratidzira chitendero chavaFrames kuti chichava bazu rine simba zvikurusa nerine ngozi zvikurusa. Kupfurikidza nokukamura Dare kuva zvikamu zviviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa kuti kugadzira mutemo kunoda bvumirano yakafara.

Imba Yevamiririri: Imba Yavanhu

Imba yakagadzirirwa kuva inogamuchira zvakananga kuvagari vemo. Mitezo inobatira mashoko maviri, anovamanikidza kunangana navavhoti kazhinji kazhinji. Mufananidzo wakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo vehurumende, uchipa nyika pesvedzero huru zvikuru muImba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa imba simba rimwe rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari, nzvero huru kumutungamiriri webasa neDare. Imba inewo simba rimwe rekusarudzo, kureva kuti inogona kuraira purezidhendi, muteveri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane "Treary, Chiokodzo, kana kuti zvimwe zvigaro zvakakwirira zveMisdemys". Iri simba rakabva mumuitiro wechiNgezi wekunyora uye rakabatanidzwa kuti richengete mutungamiriri.

Munhau dzakaitika, Imba yave iri nzvimbo yenharo yekurukurirano pamusoro pemitero, mari, uye gadziriro yenzanga. Mitemo mipfupi yeImba inoiita kuti ive nyore zvikuru kumurangariro wavanhu, uko kunogona kutungamirira kumisiano yokukurumidza mumiitiro. Zvisinei, kutenderera kwamakore maviri kunorevawo kuti mitezo yeImba inodokuva inorwira nguva dzose, iyo yakashorwa nokuda kwokuderedza udzori hwenguva refu. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, Imba inoramba iri mubatanidzwa wakananga pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende.

Dare: Musoro Wakanaka Zvikuru

Dare rakanangidzirwa sedare rinobvisa maruramiro makuru zvikuru, rakadzivirirwa pazvishuvo zvakakurumbira. Senator dzinobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, netatu bedzi nokuda kwechisarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Hurumende imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo noukuru, ine vatendi vaviri vanobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira vakadzivirira nyika duku. Dare rine masimba anoverengeka akasiana: rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yedenareti, vatongi), rinoisa zvibvumirano nevhoti mbiri, uye rinobatira sedare nokuda kwokusatendera. Masimba aya anopa Dare basa rinokosha mukugadziridza mapazu edare namapazu edare.

Zano reDare nokubvuma zvave zviri chigadzikiso chikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvazvino uno. Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nehondo huru dzokusimbisa, zvikurukuru nokuda kweDare Rapamusoro. Dare rinogonawo kumisa zvibvumirano, richida kuti purezidhendi ataure nemukurumbira mukuru. Chinoumba, kunyange zvazvo chisati chiri muBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba, chakava chishandiso chikuru chemitemo muDare, chichibvumira vashoma kunonotsa kana kuti kumisa mutemo. Ikoku kusimbisa kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba hakuchinji sei; kunochinja kupfurikidza netsika uye chinjo.

Simba Remisangano Rinopfuura Kupiwa Mutemo

Chiremera cheCongress chinotambanudzwa kupfuura zvikuru mirau yokunyora. Inodzora chikwama chehurumende kupfurikidza nesimba rechikwama chemari(nziyo) kupedza nokutera mutero kunofanira kuvamba muCongress. Ikoku kunopa Congress simba guru pamusoro pebazu guru. Congress inewo simba rokuzivisa hondo, kunyange zvazvo purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akashandisa simba rehondo pasina ziziviso dzepamutemo. Constitution inopa chiremera ku "Kugovera nokuda kweRefence neWelfare," iyo yakaturikirwa zvikuru kubvumira mapurogiramu ehurumende kubva kunzvimbo yezvoutano.

Kutarisira kweCongregational icherekedzo imwe yakakomba. Matare anonzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, zvinoraira zvapupu, uye magwaro okuraira. Uku kunzvera kunogona kufumura chakaipa, kuumba murangariro wavanhu, uye kutungamirira kukuchinja mitemo. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza kunzwa muzviteshi zvemasangano anobudisa nhau, mhinduro yedenda, uye miraudzo yemari. Simba routariri harina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rinoratidzirwa nechikamu chinodikanwa nechakafanira (Chikamu 8, Classianus 18).

Bazi Rine Vatungamiriri: Nyaya II

Chikamu II chinosimbisa utungamiriri uye chinorondedzera simba ravakuru vakuru. Zvipfeko zvokutanga zvemutsetse "Simba revakuru vakuru" muMutungamiriri wehurumende, zvichipesana nerondedzero ine udzame yehurumende. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi. VaFramers vakatya madzimambo asi vakaziva kudikanwa kwechiremera chakasimba, chine simba rokumanikidzira mitemo, mufambiro wokumwe, uye kuraira chiuto. Electoral College yakaumbwa kuti isarudze purezidhendi, nyika inodzikamisa nepesvedzero yakakurumbira.

Masimba aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi anobatira samukuru mukuru, mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo, mumiriri mukuru, uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa purezidhendi simba rokuisa mutemo weveto, kugadza vakuru vakuru (nekusimbisa kweDare), kuita zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nebvumirano), uye kukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende. Purezidhendi anewo basa roku "Nakisai kuti Mitemo iperwe nokutendeka," izvo zvinoreva chisarudzo chikuru mukuchengeta.

Muzvinhu zvokunze, purezidhendi ndiye mutambi mukuru. Dare guru rakaziva chiremera chapamusha chapurezidhendi mumuitiro wokumwe, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nechengeteko yenyika nekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Curtiss-Woright Export Corp. [1936], Dare rakataura kuti purezidhendi ndiye "chikamu chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende mumunda woukama hwemarudzi ose." Zvisinei, simba iri harina kuganhurirwa; Congress inogona kuganhurira chiito choukuru kupfurikidza nomutemo, kudzorwa, kana kuti migariro yebvumirano.

Nzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa nzvero dzakawanda pautungamiriri. Congress inogona kukurira varwi navaviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru nezvibvumirano. Dare rine simba rokusaidzira nokubvisa; House inopa mhaka, uye Dare rinenge riine mhaka nevhoti mbiri. Mapurezidhendi maviri bedzi akarashwa neImba (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump) kaviri, asi hapana akawanwa mhaka neDare.

Dare rinonzverawo mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare. Matare anogona kurova zvirango zvavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye zviito zvinoputsa mutemo weBumbiro remitemo kana kuti wehurumende. Dare rairangarira nhau dzenhau dzenyika dzakafanana ne vaduku Tabtown Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawyer[ [1952] Simba rapurezidhendi rakaganhurirwa apo Purezidhendi Truman akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea. Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti chiito chapurezidhendi chinopfuura chiremera chake chapamutemo nemhaka yokuti Congresss achakachichirega kuva nomutemo mukuru wesimba repamusoro mukati medzo.

Vane Simba Rinowedzera

Nokufamba kwenguva, bazi guru rakura zvikuru uye rachinja. Chigaro chazvino uno chinodzora boka guru rehurumende ramadhipatimendi uye masangano anoshandisa mitemo. Mapurezidhendi akashandisazve zvirango zvevakuru vakuru, mitero, mitongo, uye zviziviso kuti vaise mutemo pasina mutemo. Izvi zvakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba, sezvo vamwe vanotaura kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru ari kudzora zvinobudirira. Dare repamusoro radzosa zvakanaka mudzimwe nzvimbo, somuenzaniso mu National Federation of Independent Business v. OSTA[FLT:] [202] [20], izvo zvinoganhurira masimba ekurumidziro ehurumende anodzoro. Kudzvinyirira nokudzika kwemitemo yebumbiro remitemo inoramba iri pakati perechikuru.

Bazu Rokutonga: Chikamu III

Chikamu III chinosimbisa judiary yehurumende, inotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusoro-soro. Kusafanana namamwe mapazu, dare redare rakagadzirwa kuva rakaneta zvikurusa(risina simba pachikwama kana kuti munondo. Chiremera charo chinotsamira pamaruramiro okurangarira kwayo uye kuvimbwa navanhu. Vatongi vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu mukati momufambiro wakanaka, unodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokududzirwa kusina rusaruro kwemitemo.

Kuvaka uye Kurambidza

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira Dare rimwe guru uye rinobvumira Congress kugadza matare epasi. Nhasi, kune matare 13 ematunhu ezvikumbiro uye madare 94 oruwa. Dare Gurusa rine chiremera chapakuvamba pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza hurumende nenhume, asi rakawanda rebasa raro iappenellate(i rinonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare ehurumende echikurusa ehurumende nematare makurusa ehurumende. Dare rinosarudza kuti imhosva dzipi dzinotongwa necherokudzo, dzichida kuti dzinenge dzinenge ruramisiro ina dzibvumirane. Uku kudzora pamusoro pechiteshi charo chedare rinobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro panhau dzinokosha dzemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chedare rinoongorora: simba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisingawirirani nemitemo. Bumbiro remitemo haripi simba iri zvakajeka. Rakatangwa neDare Gurusa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Mutongi John Marshall akarangarira kuti sezvo Bumbiro remitemo riri mutemo mukurusa wenyika, mutemo upi noupi unopesana naro unofanira kuva usina maturo, uye ibasa rejudiary kutaura kuti mutemo ndeupi. Uku kutonga kwakaita kuti Dare rive mukwatiro wakaenzana mukuparadzaniswa kwamasimba enyika. Ganhuriro dzinodzoranisa mutemo unobatira mubatanidzwa nemitemo, somutezo unosa.

Mumazana amakore, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa hwirudzuro yedare rokutonga kupedza kutsauranisa ( Brown v. Board yeDzidzo, 1954), inodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka ( Brandenburg v. Ohio[[FLT]], 1969]), uye ganhurira kuchengetwa kwevakuru vakuru ([[FLT:]]] Hamdi v. Rumsteld, 2004). Simba harina kuganhurirwa zvisina kuganhurirwa; Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinodzosera kuChirongwa uye purezidhendi pamusoro penhau, zvikurukuru munhau dzokunze nerwe nerwendo. Dzidziso yokumira, kuibva, uye muganhu wezvamatongerwe enyika zvichanzwa nhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muzinda Wejedhi Secheki

Vatongi vanonzvera zvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo navakuru vakuru. Inogonawo kushayisa simba mitemo inopiwa neDare ndokusainwa napurezidhendi. Inogona kuraira zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa kodzero kana kuti kupfuura chiremera. Nenzira inopesana, mamwe mapazu anonzvera dare redare: purezidhendi anonzvera vatongi, Dare rinovasimbisa, uye Congress inogona kuvarambidza. Chibvumirano chinogonawo kuchinja chiremera chematare akaderera (kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri chiremera chapakuvamba cheDare rapamberi) uye chikarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuputsa mitemo yeDare. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rekupedzisira rine shoko parevo yapamutemo.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwoga hakungadzivisi udzvinyiriri kana bazu rimwe nerimwe rikashanda mukuparadzaniswa. Unyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo igadziriro yechekeso nedzikamo izvo zvinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe mwero wokudzora padzimwe. Madison akanyora mu Fiterastrist Nhaka. 51: "Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa gwinyiro." Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kupindira, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoumba gadziriro yokuzvidzora.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Congress inogona kukurira kudzorwa kwapurezidhendi, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza, zvibvumirano zverafy, kubvisa purezidhendi uye vamwe vakuru vakuru, kudzorwa kwemari, uye kunzvera zviito zvehurumende. Simba rechikwama chine simba zvikuru.(Chonarent) Chikwama chinogona kuramba kutsigira mapurogiramu kana kuti kunyange kubvisa masangano ose. Kutarisira kwemitemo kunogona kufumura kusazvibata uye kuumba murangariro wavose.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, kudana Congress kuti ive rusando chairwo, uye kurumbidza matanho. Vhoto ichekedzo ine simba; voruzhinji vaidikanwa kuikurira, uko kusingawanzoitiki. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuComplete congress, inogona kuvamanikidza kuti vagadzirise mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Kuwedzera, purezidhendi anogona kushandisa mirayiro yevakuru vakuru kutungamirira kuti iruramise mitemo, pane dzimwe nguva kugadzira mutemo wokuti Dare risagona kudarika.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Dare redare rinoongorora mitemo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Rinodudzira mitemo, richipedza mitemo munzira dzinogona kuwedzera kana kuganhurira chinangwa chemitemo. Dare rinogona kupa mirairo inorambidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo kana kuti mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru. Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zviri kusungirwa pamatare ose epasi nevakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvichingoda kugadziriswa kana kuti kuchinjwa kwedare pacharo.

Zvinzvero Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezvamasanga

Kupfuura gadziriro yapamutemo yebumbiro remitemo, kune nzvero dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Murangariro wavose, nzvero yezvinobudisa nhau, mapoka ezvisarudzo zvose zvinomanikidzira matavi. Purezidhendi anonyengera angatarisana nebvumirano kana kuti kurasikirwa nechisarudzo. Chibvumirano chinopa mitemo isingafarirwi chingavhotwa. Dare rinovimba nokuvimbwa kwavose; kana nhau dzeDare dzichitonga sedzinopesana, kuva pamutemo kwaro kunogona kutambudzika. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nokudaro kunogona kushanda mukati memashoko makuru edemocracy.

Zvinetso Zvakavapo Nguva Yacho uye Kushanduka - shanduka

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kwakatarisana nedenho dzinokosha mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Kukura kwehurumende kwakadzika mitsetse yehurumende pakati pamapazu. Masangano eependent akadai seFederal Reserve neEPA anoshandisa mitemo, masangano ehurumende, uye mabasa okutonga. Matare akakudziridza dzidziso isina pamutemo kuganhurira mano eCongress okuendesa simba remitemo kumasangano, asi dzidziso yacho yakashandiswa nenzira isingawirirani. Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro mu Virginia v. EPA . [202] [202]) yakadzoserazve dzidziso huru, ichida chibvumikiso chakajeka chamasangano nokuda kwezviito zvesangano zvemari kana kuti zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mirairo yapamberi pedare nezviito zvisina murairo zvazova zvakakurumbira zvikuru. Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri akabudisa mirairo pamusoro pokupinda munyika, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Kushandiswa kwokusaina mashoko kudenha mativi emitemo kwakurawo. Iyi miitiro inoedza miganhu yechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Dare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rakaita nokudzikama panzvimbo pomutemo, kuchinetesa simba raro rimene.

Rimwe denho idivi rinopesana. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora purezidhendi neCongress, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogona kuderera sezvo vatungamiriri vanobatira pamwe panzvimbo pokunzverana. Nenzira yakapesana, hurumende yakakamukana inotungamirira kukuvadziko nechekupinda. VaFramrs vaikarira gwinyiro kunzvera chinzvimbo, asi kana chinzvimbo chikapesana nokuvimbika kwebato, gadziriro yacho inogona kudzvinyirira. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoitirana nharo nokuda kwechinjo dzakadai sokutarisira dare rakasimba zvikuru, ganhuriro pamirairo yehurumende, kana kuti kudzoserazve Dare reSager Retalbuster.

Kuenzanisa kwamarudzi ose kunoratidza kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kweU.S. kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro dzeparamende, umo mukuru mukuru nedare rinotonga zvinobatanidzwa. MuU.K., mutungamiriri wehurumende mutezo weparamende uye anogona kubviswa nevhoti isina kubvumirana. Mukupesana, tsika yeU.S. inoda kurondwa, uko kuri muitiro unorema. Uku kuoma kunoparira dzikamo asi kunogonawo kuparira njodzi kana mapazu akavharwa.

Mugumisiro: Kutsungirira Kuzvidzwa

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kwakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo kunoramba kuri chinhu chehwaro chehurumende yeAmerica. Haisi nheyo ine simba inochinja kupfurikidza nokushandisa, kududzira dare, uye rwisano dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti Zvikamu I, II, uye II zvinoparadzira simba uye kuti kuyera nokudzikamiswa kunoshanda sei kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hwehurumende. Sangano inodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokudzivisa bazu rimwe kudzora, asi rinoda kungwarira. Madison anonyevera, "rumbiriro pavanhu ndi, pasina panikiro, udzori hukuru pahurumende; asi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamanyuko runodzidzisa kudikanwa kwengwariro dzebetsero. Kuparadzana masimba ndiko chaizvoizvo uko kudzivirira kwebetsero, uye kunopfuurira kuumba hurumende yenyika yehurumende yakare.

Kuwedzera, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rweU.S. Constitution pa [FLT: 0] National Archives[. Fiteraristals[[[[FLT:]], zvikurukuru nhamba 47, uye 51, igovera vatangi muunganidzwa wakakwana unowanika kubva ku [[FLT:][5]. Zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusoro [[FLT] [[FFFF]]] [FFF]].[12][12]