Mutemo Wava Kutangwa uye Kutanga Kwehurumende Yokutarisira

Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States ndiro rutivi rukurusa uye rwakaoma zvikurusa rwegadziriro yehurumende. Rinotanhamara nokuitwa kwokutendeka kwemitemo, rinoshandisa zvakananga vasaparati vanopfuura mamirioni maviri, rinotarisira bhajeti remari inodzorwa namagetsi akawanda, uye kuumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hweAmerica. Nepo Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo chinotanga namashoko akakurumbira, "Simba reSanihedhedheridhendi yeUnited States of America," hurumende yazvino unorongedzerwa zvikuru inotambanuka kupfuura White House. Kunzwisisa kuti Purezidhendi nezvizhinji zvamasangano ehurumende zvinoshanda zvakakoshairwa nokuda kwokufambisa zvinhu zvoukurusa weAmerica inotonga.

Vavambi vakanga vasingawirirani zvikuru pamusoro pesimba roukuru. Chinoitika chokutonga kwehurumende pasi paMambo George III chakavaita vanonyumwira mukuru mukuru akasimba, bva kundikano dzeNhevedzo dzeConfederation dzakaratidzira kudikanwa kwesimba, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira muhurumende. Alexander Hamilton akapikisana mu [FLT]] Nhamba yaMakurukota Nha. 70 [FLT][FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] kuti "kudzorwa mutungamiriri wehurumende itsika itsika yakatanhamara murondedzero yehurumende yakanaka." uku kuoma kuri pakati pezvinodikanwa zvomutungamiriri wesimba guru nezvinokosha zvokuidzikamisa kuiramba ichiri chinhu chikuru cheAmerican presie formcieai.

Nyaya II: Chivako Chechiremera Chinodzora

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa bazu guru munyaya imwe, asi gadziriro dzaro manyuko ekurukurirano huru nedudziro yapamutemo. Kusafanana nerondedzero ine udzame yamasimba akapiwa kuCongress muChikamu I, Article II inopfupikisa zvikuru, iyo yakabvumira simba rapurezidhendi kukura zvinoshamisa zvikuru munguva inopfuura, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dzenjodzi.

Kutsvaka uye Kutarisira Vana Claus

Zvikamu zviviri zvechikamu II zvinobatira senheyo yesimba rapurezidhendi. Kupa Clause inopa simba roukuru kumunhu mumwe, kuumba mukuru mukuru weboka. Ikoku kwakadudzirwa navamwe savanopa Purezidhendi masimba enhaka kupfuura ayo akarongwa zvakananga. Kutarisira Clausea kunoraira Purezidhendi kuti "Nakidzei Mitemo iitirwe nokutendeka uye yakashandiswa kururamisa mativi makuru emabasa makuru, kubatanidza kuumbwa kwamasangano matsva namasangano. Uku kudzorwa kweiyi mipimo iri pamwoyo yemitemo iri pedyo nesimba guru rinotonga.

Munda Wehofisi

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti Purezidhendi aite mhiko yakananga: "Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Iyi mhiko inoparira musengwa womunhu oga, webumbiro remitemo unopfuura dzvinyiriro ipi neipi kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika. Icho chitsigiro chetsika nerevomheneri yehurumende.

Mabasa Nezvinhu Chaizvoizvo Zveutungamiriri Hwazvino Uno

Purezidhendi weUnited States akapfeka ngowani dzakawanda, imwe neimwe ine masimba akasiyana, mitoro, uye mitoro.

Mukuru Mukuru Anotungamirira

Somukuru wehurumende yehurumende, Purezidhendi ane mutoro wokutarisira kuitwa kwegadziriro yavose. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutungamirira Hofisi yePunt, inobatanidza Office yeHouse ne Office of Management ne Tribial (OMB). Purezidhendi anogadza vagadziri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanopfuura 4 000, kubatanidza mabhii echikwata, uye vakuru vesangano, vanokarirwa kuita zvirongwa zvokutarisira. Zvisinei, ukuru hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoita kuti vasakwanisa kutungamirira, zvichitungamirira kukutsamira kukuru pasangano uye [[FLT:] [FLT:][FLT:][1]

Mutungamiriri Mukuru

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chakakwana paUnited States Armed Forces. Iri simba zvichida rinotyisa zvikurusa nerine ngozi mumaoko omunhu mumwe. Vavambi vakapa basa iri kuna Purezidhendi wehurumende kuti vave nechokwadi chetsika yehondo kudzorwa navanhu. Nepo Congress ane simba rokuzivisa hondo, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokutuma mauto, kutungamirira hondo, uye kuronga kwakananga. Masimba eHondo eGavei anoedza kunzvera simba iri kupfurikidza nokuraira Purezidhendi kuzivisa Purezidhendi mumaawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo kumamiriro ezvinhu ane utsinye, asi Purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akadudzira mutemo uyu wakafara.

Mutungamiriri Wezvidhori

Purezidhendi ndiye mumiriri mukuru weUnited States padanho renyika yose. Iri basa rinobatanidza kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano (nezano nemvumo zveDare), kuziva hurumende dzokumwe, uye kupinda muzvibvumirano zvokutungamirira, izvo zvisingadi tendero yeDare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatirawo somusoro wehurumende, achigamuchira vakuru vakuru vokumwe uye achimirira nyika pamagumo makuru enyika. Kushandiswa kukuru kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende kwakabvumira Mapurezidhendi kuitisa muitiro wokumwe kunze kwenzvimbo inosarira mberi, achifuratira muitiro wetsika.

Mutongi Mukuru

Purezidhendi anoita basa guru mumuitiro wemitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti Purezidhendi ape State of the Union arehession, achipa mukana wokukarakadza gadziriro yemitemo. Zvikurukuru, Purezidhendi ane simba reveto, iro chishandiso chine simba rokudzivisa mutemo. Vatungamiriri vemisino vanogona kushatiswa bedzi nenhindi mbiri mbiri dzokuvhota mudzimba dzose, bhawa rakakwirira risingawanzoitiki. Kutyisidzira kweveto kunogona kuumba zvirimo sezvavanofamba kupfurikidza neDare. Mamiteveri azvino uno anotsamirawo pa "siginwo" kubudisa kutsanangura kwavo mutemo mutsva, pane dzimwe nguva kusimbisa kuti gadziriro dzakati dzinoputsa simba rokutonga uye hadzizotevedzeirwi.

Mutungamiriri Weboka Nenzwi Rorudzi

Kupfuudzira mabasa ebumbiro remitemo, Purezidhendi mutungamiriri webato ravo rezvematongerwe enyika. Iri basa rinobatanidza kuronga mari, kutsigira nhengo dzebato, uye kugadza chiteshi chemitemo yebato. Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anoraira chikuva chakasiyana, chinowanzonzi "chikuva," kuumba murangariro wavose, kuisa ngwariro panhau dzenhau, uye kukurudzira vagari vemo pamusoro penhau dzinokurumidzisa. Iri simba risina kurongwa rinowanzova rinokosha sechiremera chebumbiro remitemo.

Zviridzwa Zvesimba RaPurezidhendi

Mapurezidhendi akatanga boka ramaturusi ane simba okutungamirira muitiro ndokutarisira bazu ravakuru pasina kuda tendero yesangano.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Miraidzo inodzora inhungamiro dzakarongwa dzinopiwa naPurezidhendi kuti dzitarisire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Dzine simba romutemo asi dzakavakirwa pachiremera chomutemo chiripo kana kuti chebumbiro-mitemo. Dzinoshandiswa kushandisa muitiro, kutanga masangano matsva, kana kuti kujekesa kuti mitemo inofanira kudzorwa sei. Nepo mirayiridzo yehurumende ine simba yakaganhurirwa; havagoni kuita mitemo mitsva kana kuti mari yakafanira. Vanogonawo kudzokororwa nedare uye vanogona kuchinjwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Simba Rokugadza Nokubvisa

Gadziriro imotokari huru yokudzora purezidhendi. Purezidhendi anoisa vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza ruramisiro dzeDare Rapamusorosoro), nhume, uye zviuru zvavamwe vakuru vakuru venzvimbo dzakakwirira, nainoda zvikurusa simbiso yeDare. Simba rokubvisa, zvisinei, yave iri nhau yemitemo yezana ramakore. Mhaka ye [FLT][FLT][517] [[FLT]]] [FLT]] [NUMFREY ̱ mano okubvisazve muganhu wedare. United States [12] [12] [1]

Simba Rinopa Zviratidzo

Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi "Simba rokupa Reprieves naPardons nokuda kweNgozi muUnited States, kunze kwemhosva dzeIndaneti. Simba iri rakakwana uye harigoni kuongororwa neCongress kana kuti matare. Rinoshanda kumhosva dzehurumende uye rinobvumira kukanganwirwa kwakazara, kudzorwa kwemitongo, uye kukanganwirwa . Simba rekanganwiro rinowanzoshandiswa kururamisa kusaruramisira kana kuti kusimudzira kuporesa kworudzi, asi rinogonawo kuitirwa nharo zvikuru apo rinoshandiswa nokuda kwavatsigiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Federal Bureaucracy: Ganhuriro yeHurumende Inotungamirirwa

Kunzwisisa marongerwo aro kunokosha kuti unzwisise kuti mutemo unoitwa sei zuva nezuva.

Mahofisi Echipatara

Madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira anoumba musimboti wesangano rehurumende. Rimwe nerimwe rinotungamirirwa noMunyori mukuru (Attney General Department of Justice) uyo anoshanda muPurezidhendi wePurezidhendi. Madhipatimendi aya anobata nzvimbo dzakafara dzekutonga, kubatanidza State, Treasurence, Deferance, Justice, Procture, Laborology, Health and Human Services, Hometerration, Education, Education, Veterans Affaits, and Homeland Security. Masangano makuru aya anoshandisa mazana ezviuru zvezviuru zvavanhu, mabhiriyoni emadhorame uye anotarisira mapurogiramu.

Gadziriro Dzokuzvimirira

Kunze kwamadhipatimendi 15 aripo masangano akazvimirira akawanda anozvimirira ayo anoshuma zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi. Aya anobatanidza Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), uye Small Business Administration (SBA). Mamirire awo okuzvimirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoratidza kudikanwa kwengwa chaiko kana kuti kuiswa mumugariro wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo achiramba akasimba pasi poudzori wehurumende.

Basa Rokutungamirira Vachizvimirira

Masangano aya akagadzirirwa kuva akazvimirira pakudzora kwapurezidhendi kuti ave nechokwadi cheunyanzvi neruramisiro munharaunda dzinotapukira. Anobatanidza Sacrities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Commission (FC), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), uye Federal Reserve Board. Vamiririri vanoshanda mumativi ose, mitauro yakatsirwa uye inogona kubviswa naPrezidhendias zvinangwa bedzi (kushanda, kuregeredzwa kwebasa, kana kuti kusadiwa), sezvakasimbiswa mu HY ̱ Exectoortion . Iyi miganhuro inodzo inodzo inodzorwa zvakananga naMarindiyo yezvamatongerwe enyika mumic neactic meadiacia.

Masangano Ehurumende

Mimwe mibato yehurumende yakaumbwa samasangano kubvumira kuchinjika kukuru kunoshanda uye kushanda zvakanaka kwakafanana nebhizimisi. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza United States Postal Service (USPS), Amirak (National RailLourage Pource Corporation), uye Tennessee Valley Authority (TES), nepo iri yehurumende yehurumende, zvinoshanda nemwero wakati wokuzvimirira kubva kumiitiro yetsika negadziriro dzavashandi.

Muitiro Wokutarisira: Nzira Iyo Gadziriro Dzinodzora Nayo

Muitiro wavanoita ikoku unodzorwa nawo neAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) ya 1946, iyo inogadza mitemo yokuita utongi, kuvimbisa, uye kudzikamisa.

Cherechedza uye Kupindura

Apo Congress inopa mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji ine mirairo yakafara. Inowira kumasangano kuzadza udzame kupfurikidza nemirairo. APA inoda masangano kutevera mutoo wakati nokuda kwe "mirau inotsiva": anofanira kubudisa Cherekedzo yoKupa Ruramisiro (NPRM) mu [[FL:] FREDARegister [[[FLD: 1]], gamuchira tsinhiro, rangarira tsinhiro idzodzo, uye ipapo kubudisa mutemo wokupedzisira pamwe chete nemhinduro kutsinhiro dzinokosha. Uyu "gadziro netsinhiro" unogadzirirwa kusimbisa kujeka, kutora rutivi rwapachena, uye kurangarira chisarudzo. Ndiyo nzira yokutanga yehurumende inoita nayo mitengo yavose, mitemo inoumba maindasitiri.

Kumanikidza Nokubvisa

Masangano akawanda anewo vatongi vomutemo wehurumende (ALJ) vanopikira kuwirirana pakati pesangano racho nemapoka avanhu. Uyu mubatanidzwa wemitemo, wokutonga, uye wokutonga mukati mesangano rimwe unogona kutsoropodza kazhinji kazhinji sekuputswa kweparadzano yemasimba asi wakatsigirwa zvikuru nematare mukuwirirana nekakavadzano dzehurumende nedzehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwapurezidhendi Woutongi Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Denho huru yokudzora kwazvino uno ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti sangano guru rehurumende, rechigarire rinogamuchira zvinhu zvinokosha zvemuitiro zvaPurezidhendi akasarudzwa.

Kugadzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Negadziriro Yepasi

Simba rinopa tsigiro rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuisa vakavimbika munzvimbo huru muhurumende yose. Pendleton Act ya1883 yakaita basa rapamutemo ravanhu, ichiganhurira chiverengero chenzvimbo dzinogona kupedzwa nokugadzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, Purezidhendi achiri kugadza utungamiriri hwapamusoro hwedhipatimendi riri rose nesangano, achivimbisa kuti sangano rimwe nerimwe rine boka rezvamatongerwe enyika rinobatira pamwe nehurumende. Office yeWhite House of Presidential Servial Servial vetes uye vanorumbidza nokuda kweidziro.

Hofisi Yokutarisira Nebhajeti (OMB)

OMB chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chokudzora purezidhendi wesangano. Inogadzirira bhajeti yaPurezidhendi, iyo inogadza mwero yemari yesangano riri rose nepurogiramu. Chinokosha zvikuru, OMB inohwirudzura mutemo wose nemirau inokarakadzwa inobva kumasangano kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi "kujekesera." Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti zviito zvesangano zvinowirirana nemitemo yaPresidente nezvinotangira. Kuhwirudzura , kwakaiswa muHofisi yeInformation neRegatation Affairs (OIRA), zvazova imba huru yokuchenura pamutemo yokuita utongi.

Nhevedzo Yavatungamiriri Nokujeka Pakati

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoshandisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kugadza muitiro wokuderedza muchinjikwa nokuda kwebazu rose rinotonga. Somuenzaniso, murairo wavakuru vakuru ungada masangano kurangarira ndyiko nebetsero dzemirau kana kuti kubvisa mirau miviri iripo nokuda kwechitsva chiri chose chakapiwa. Iyi mirairo inoumba gadziriro umo masangano ose anofanira kushanda, ichipa White House tsvina ine simba pamusoro pehurumende yokudzora.

Kuzvidavirira uye Kunzvera Simba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Bazu guru harisi mushandi akasununguka, rinoshanda mukati menzvero dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinodikanwa zvemitemo, uye dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakarongedzerwa kuchengeta kuzvidavirira uye kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress inobata zvikwama nesimba rokunzvera. Gadziriro yetsananguro inobvumira Congress kutsigira, kubvisa, kana kuti kuganhurira mibato yamasangano akati. Matare eCongregation anotonga kuti aongorore zviito zvesangano, kudana vakuru vakuru kupupurira, uye magwaro echipameso. Dare rinoshandisawo simba raro "kuongorora nokubvuma" pamusoro pemine, uko kunogona kuva kunzvera kune simba pamano aPurezidhendi kuumba masangano.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare reFederal rinohwirudzura zviito zvehurumende kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanowirirana neBumbiro remitemo nemirairo yehurumende. Pasi peAPA, vanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka vanokuvadzwa nechiito chesangano vanogona kuiisa parutivi. Matare achashaisa simba zviito zvesangano izvo zviri "zvipfuudzo nemhete," zvinopfuura chiremera chemitemo, kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro redare rine kutaura kwokupedzisira pamusoro pesimba rehurumende, sezvinoratidzirwa muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Progueton Comment Comment / Tube Co. sawer [1952], iro rakaramba kukwinyinyikira kwaPrezidheer Rente’s Truman kodzero dzesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea.

Makemikari Omukati: Vaongorori Vakuru uye GAO

Bazi guru rimwe nerimwe rine Hofisi yeInspector General (IG) inobatira sechiteshi chomukati, kunzvera mapurogiramu nokunzvera tsvina, unyengeri, uye kushatisa. MaIGs anozvimirira mukati memadhipatimendi awo uye anoshuma zvakananga kumukuru wesangano neCongress. Office yeReauthoration Accounting (GAO) isangano risiri repatika rinobatira nokuda kweCongress. Inoongorora mapurogiramu, uye inoronga pamutemo pamusoro pokushanda kwemari inotengwa nehurumende, ichigovera kutarisirwa kwapagaro kwebazu revakuru vakuru.

Kunzvera Kworuzhinji Nekwezvinobudisa Nhau

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inopa maruramiro avanhu nepepanhau kunyoresa zvinyorwa zvesangano rehurumende, kusimudzira kuoneka. Kunzvera zvinyorwa kunoita basa rinokosha mukufukunura kusazvibata, kusakwanisa, uye kukundikana kwemiitiro mukati mebazu ravakuru vakuru. Mufungo wavose nomuitiro wokuvhota zvinobatira secherekedzo yokupedzisira; Purezidhendi anorasikirwa nechivimbo chavose anorasikirwa nengozi dzawo dzokurasikirwa namano avo okutonga uye anogona kuvhota kunze kwenzvimbo.

Kukakavadzana Kusingaperi Muhofisi Yebazi Rinotungamirira

Bazu guru reUnited States ifundo inosiana. Iro ihofisi imwe, bva rinotarisira chirongwa chikuru, chinodzorwa. Chakagadzirirwa nokuda kwesimba nechiito chinodzora, bva rakaganhurirwa nechekero nedzinoyera. Iro isangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rinotungamirirwa nemunhu anopesana, bva rinotungamirirwa nenyanzvi dzebasa dzakazvipira kukuva noruzivo rwezvokusava nekwakarerekera. Chiono chesangano rehurumende chechiremera chine simba asi chinomanikidzirwa chinoramba chiri chirongwa chinotungamirira, asi chakarendererwa nokugadziriswazve nezvinodikanwa zvesimba guru renyika yose. Vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kukuru kwebazi iri havasati vachingoziva bedzi kuti Purezidhendi uyo ari, asi pamusoro pokunzwisisa muchina wakaoma unoshandura unoda kuzivisa mune zvematongerw enyika.