Murangariro wechekero nedzikamo inheyo huru yakapinzwa mugadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States. Inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rinova rine simba zvikuru, richichengeta gadziriro yedemokratiki yakafungwa naVavambi. Bazu guru, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo nokutungamirira hurumende, rinodzorwa negadziriro yakasimba yebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Kunzvera uku kwakagadzirwa kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende, kudzivisa kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuchengetedza kuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa kuti nzira iyoyi inoshanda inokosha sei mukunzwisisa kusimba kwehurumende yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Bazi Rine Vatungamiriri

Rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, bazu guru rinoshanda vose vari vaviri musoro wehurumende uye musoro wehurumende. Mitoro yaro mikuru inobatanidza kushandisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress, kutungamirira mirau yokumwe, kuraira mauto ane zvombo, uye kutarisira hurumende. Bazu rinobatanidzawo Vice Presidenti, Kibiina (yakarongedzwa nevakuru vedhipatimendi rehurumende), uye mirwi mizhinji yehurumende, masangano, mahofisi. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa Purezidhendi masimba akananga (akadai seveto, chiremera, uye basa romutungamiriri muChief) asi iwaya anorwisana noune udzorefurori nezviremera zvokutonga kudzivisa kudzorwa kwevane.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvechero Nedzikamo

Michina inoongorora uye inoshanda nemabasa akawanda anobvumira mapazu emitemo neokutonga kuganhurira simba revakuru vakuru.

  • [ Kutungamirira kwomutemo: Congress inotarisira mibato yehurumende kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye kunzvera kuti vave nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemitemo nevavariro yemitemo.
  • Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress rinodzora kushandiswa kwemari yehurumende, kupa kana kuti kunyima mari kuumba zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende nezviito.
  • Simba reKuisa:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi navakuru vakuru nokuda kwemhosva huru uye zvisakafanira, vachibatira secherekedzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pomufambiro wakakomba.
  • Satidza Chibvumikiso: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yeKibit, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume.
  • Veto Simba ndokushata: Mutungamiriri wehurumende angapa mutemo, asi Congress inogona kukurira chiwiti namatatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • [[FUT: 0] Judicial Review: Matare anogona kuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisina tsinhirano, zvinopedza kunyengera kana kuti kupunzwa kwomutemo.
  • Masimba eHondo Mitemo:[[FLT: 1] Masimba eWar Resolution ya 1973 inoganhurira mano aPurezidhendi okuisa mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo kune imwe nyika pasina mvumo yedare.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Kwebazu Rine Chiremera

Dare rinotungamirira sechenjero huru pasimba ravakuru vakuru. uyu muitiro unopfuurira unobatanidza kuongorora mashandisirwe emitemo, kuongorora mufambiro ungava usina kunaka, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anoshanda muchiremera chawo. Utungamiriri hunoitiswa nematare akamira, sarudza matare, uye kupfurikidza namasangano etsigiro akadai seRomage Accounting Office (GAO) neCongregational Research Service Service.

Dare Rinotonga

Matare muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare anotonga kuti abvunze vakuru vakuru pamusoro pezviito zvavo, mitemo, uye zvisarudzo. Uku kunzwa kunoda kuonana nokuzvidavirira, kazhinji kazhinji kuzivisa kupesana kwapamutemo, kana kuti kukundikana kwemiitiro. Zvapupu zvingadikanirwa kupupurira pasi pemhiko, uye mitezo yedare inogona kusunda kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, House Oversight neReformation Committee Komiti inonzvera nguva dzose mabasa evakuru vakuru vebazu nokuzvidavirira. Simba rokushandisa zvisakafanira. Simba rokubhabhabhabhatipoena chishandiso chinotsoropodza, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva kukakavadzana kwapamutemo kuchimuka apo bazurwa kuti rine ropafadzo yechiremera choukuru, sezvinoonekwa muzvinoitika zvinooneka se [FLT:] Santenate Komiti yePrezimendicial Active Activessionation. [F1]

Simba Rokunzvera Nezvipunu

Chiremera cheCongress chinoparira kunhau ipi neipi mukati merusaitiso rwayo rwemitemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubudisa zvipupuriro kana kuti magwaro, kutungamirira, uye kunyange kuzvidza vanhu vamwe navamwe nokuda kwokusashanda kweCongress. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kwenguva refu simba reCongress rokunzvera, nokunzvera kuti kunzvera kunofanira kubatira chinangwa chepamutemo chemitemo (Mcrain v. Daughty, 1927). Kunzvera kwazvino uno kwepamusoro kwakanzvera mabasa okudzorwa kwetsika kuwirirana nokudzorwa kwokutama, chengeteko kwamarudzi, uye kushandiswa kwamasimba ekurumidziro. Uku kunowanzo kutungamirira kugadziridzo, mumitezo, mumitengo yesangano yavose.

Simba Rechidyiro

Kudzora kweCongress pamusoro pekunzvera kwehurumende ndiimwe yenzvero dzine simba zvikurusa pasimba guru. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa bazu rewiro remitemo chiremera chose kutera ndokushandisa (Makurukota I, Chikamu 8, Clause 1). Naizvozvo, Purezidhendi namasangano anotungamirira havagoni kushanda pasina mvumo yemari yeCongress. Iyi giravhili inogonesa Congress kuisa purogiramu dzakati, kuganhurira dzimwe, uye kuisa migariro pakushandiswa kwemari.

Gadziriro Yokuronga Mari

Gore rimwe nerimwe, Congress inofanira kupfuudza zvikwereti gumi nezviviri zvokupa mari kumadhipatimendi ehurumende namasangano. Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari yokushandisa mari, asi Congress haimanikidzwi kuitevera. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yezvikarakadzo, vaiti vemitemo vanogona kuwedzera, kuderedza, kana kuti kuramba kubhadharwa kwemari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakananga, zvinobudirira kuumba. Somuenzaniso, Chibvumirano chakavhara mari yokuvaka muganhu wemuganhu wemuganhu, chinorambidza kushandiswa kwemari nokuda kwemiitiro yakati yehondo, uye chinoganhurira kuteverwa kwemirano yemitemo yakati yemhoteredzo. Impondmentmental Control yedatestries anorambazve kupedza mari yakakodzera.

Mari Nevatasvi Vane Mamiriro Ezvinhu

Dare ramasangano kazhinji kazhinji rinobatanidza migariro kumitemo yezvibvumirano, kuraira kuti bazu guru risvitse mipimo chaiyo pamberi pokupinda mari. Iyi migariro inogona kubatanidza kushuma zvinodikanwa, kubvumikiswa kwezvinangwa zvemiitiro, kana kuti zvirambidzo pamibato yakati. Vatasvi vakadaro vanobvumira Congress kupesvedzera chiito chedare rehurumende pasina kupfuura mutemo. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti migariro yakanyanyisa inogona kudzora bazu revakuru, ichibvisa kuparadza masimba. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupedza nguva refu kana migariro yacho ichiri pachena uye ichiwirirana nepurogiramu yomubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa mumubvunzo ( South Dakotaw] v. [FLT]],[FLDall:1], 1987]).

Kurayira: Kusarudza Kwokupedzisira

Kuongorora chishandiso cheBumbiro reMitemo ndicho chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chokunzvera bazu guru. Chinobvumira Congress kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihesi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Treak, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru" (Article II, Chikamu 4). Muitiro uyu unobatira sechidziviso pakushandiswa kwakakomba kwesimba uye hauwanzokumbirwa, asi kuvapo kwawo kunosimbisa nheyo yokuti hapana mukuru mukuru mukuru ari pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuronga Kwatinoita

Muitiro unovamba muNzvimbo yeVamiririri, umo Dare rePunciary rourongwa hweDare rePuncia (apo Purezidhendi anoedzwa). Kana zhinjisa yeImba yakazara ichitenderwa, Purezidhendi anosimudzirwa (jena kana kuti anobvumirwa kudzorwa kudzorwa. Nhau yacho ipapo inoenda kuDare, iro rinoita kuti kutonga kutungamirirwe neDare guru reDare Repamusorosoro (kana Purezidhendi akaedzwa). Kugutsikana kunoda kuti ruzhinji rwamatatu vavamiriri vezvikwata varipo, kuchiguma nokubviswa kwebasa uye kubviswa kunobvira muhofisi yomubatanidzwa womunyika yomunguva yemberi. Dare redare ringavhotera kutsiridza kana kuti ripedze. Vatengi vadzori vadzori vadzori vadzoreri kuti vadzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira nechisimba muruvanga.

Mienzaniso Yenhau

Mapurezidhendi matatu akashorwa neImba yacho:

  • Andrew Johnson (1868) - Akakumbira nokuda kwokuputsa Chibvumirano cheOfisi; asina kusunungurwa nevhoti imwe.
  • BIll Clinton (1998[FLT]] - Yakapikiswa nokuda kwenhema nokudzivisa ruramisiro; isina kusunungurwa neDare.
  • Drump (2011) – Ipendidi kaviri: kutanga nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzongonyedzwa kweCongress (chinyadziso cheUkraine), uye gare gare nokuda kwokunyandura kumukira (kudenha 6 January); kusunungura nguva dzose.

Nepo pasina purezidhendi akabviswa kupfurikidza nokusabvumirana, mitoo inonzvera vanhu uye inogona kunetesa dzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika rapurezidhendi, sezvinooneka mumigumisiro yezvose zviri zviviri Clinton naTrump anoshora. Kuwedzera, tyisidziro yokusatendwa inogona kudzivisa kunyengera vakuru vakuru munguva chaiyoiyo.

Kusimbiswa Kwedare Kwezvirongwa Zvokugadza

Purezidhendi anotora vanhu vamwe navamwe nokuda kwenzvimbo huru dzehurumende — kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende, vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, uye nhume) asi uku kugadza kunoda "kushanda nokubvumirana" kweDare reMitemo II, Chikamu 2, Clause 2). Iyi nzvero inovimbisa kuti bazu guru rinoiswa navanhu vanokwanisa vanogona kutsungirira kuongororwa kwavose uye kuongororwa.

Gadziriro Yokusimbisa

Pashure pokunge Purezidhendi azivisa kugadzwa, dare reDare rakafanira (mutook., Jadia revatongi, Foreign Relations for nhume) rinogara richinzwa apo mumirinee anopindura mibvunzo pamusoro pemamiriro avo ezvinhu ekare, zvikwaniriso, uye mirangariro yemiitiro. Dare ipapo rinovhota kuti ritsive kana kurumbidza kugadzwa kwedare rakazara. Kana yakatenderwa, Dare senharo yose nevhoti; vazhinjisakawanda vanosimbisa nzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kugadzwa kwakadai savatongi venyika kuchida voruzhinji bedzi (kwete kukanganisa kwapashoma, kunopesana nokusakafanira). Muitiro wacho unogona kuva wokuda kutsiva zvikuru nokuda kweDare gurusa redare noro. Hakuna muganhu weBreveripo mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.

Mabasa Akakodzera

Kusimbisa Dare kunobatira sechenjero yakakomba kupfurikidza nokubvumira vatendi kuvhara vasakwaniriswa kana kuti vakwikwidziridziri. Ichowo chine mwero simba rapurezidhendi: purezidhendi akanangana neDare rinodzorwa nebato rinopikisa angada kuisa nhamba dzechipututi kuti awane tsigiro. Nenzira inopesana, apo Dare rinodzorwa nebato rapurezidhendi, vamanine kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokudzivisa kuduku, asi bviro yokubata kana kuti "blue sp" vavetoes (zvigaro zvinoramba kunzwa) zvichiripo. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti nzvero nechiyero zvinochinja sei nezvipi nezviripo nezvinoitika zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba Reveto Nemitemo Zvinoshatisa

Chirevo chaPurezidhendi chimwe chinhu chinokosha mugadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo. Apo Congress inopfuudza mutengi, Purezidhendi angauisai mumutemo, angaubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina, kana kuti kuudzosera. Aveto anodzosera chirevo kuCongress neshoko rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Zvisinei, Congress anogona kudzora dare rapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nevhota yezvitatu zviviri muzvose Imba neDare, nokudaro achiisa mutemo pakutonga kwaPrezidhente.

Marudzi Emavhatoe

Kuwedzera kugweta renguva dzose, Purezidhendi ane petrocket vento: kana Congress ikaisa mumitengo mazuva gumi yokupa chibvumirano, Purezidhendi anogona kutogona kusaiisa, kuidzivisa kuva mutemo pasina bviro yekukudzora. Purezidhendi haana muganhu wechinhu chatinacho chatinaicho kutoti chaichoichoicherwa. (simba rokuramba gadziriro dzakananga dzokushandisa). (8-55) Dare rapamusoro-karova mutemo wemubatanidzwa wenyika yose mu Clinton v. City raNew York.[FLT] [4]].Vees anowanzoshandiswa zvakanaka nokuda kwechitsaru, Drestrust.[535]

Kutarisira Kwokutonga Kwebazu Rine Chiremera

Dare rinogovera nzvero inokosha kupfurikidza nokududzira mitemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare (yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison, 1803), matare anogona kuderedza zvirango zvehurumende, mirau, uye zviito zvinopfuura chiremera chemitemo kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kunotongwa Kuchiitwa

Apo bazu guru rinodenhwa mudare, vatongi vanonzvera kana chiito chacho chichipinda mukati mebumbiro remitemo raPurezidhendi kana kuti chiremera chinogoverwa. Zvisarudzo zvinowanzobatanidza kutaura kuti Purezidhendi anopfuura masimba ake, zvakadai sokuraira kutora nzvimbo yebhizimisi pasina bvumirano yedare rinotenderwa (] Youngstown Comment & Lamp; Tube. v. V. Sayler], 1952) kana kuti kubudisa mirairo yapamusoro inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende. Dare rapamusoro rinofanirawo kudzokorora maruramiro echiremera. Pamusoro pezvipo, hapana kudzorwa kwekodzero yekodzero yedare. [[FLTFLD], anoyera pamusoro apa, anobvumira mamiriro ezvinhu ezveromende yemari.]

Kumira uye Kururama

Haisi denho iri yose kukuita chiito chavakuru vakuru inosvika zvikwaniriso. Matare anoda kuti vamiririre , akuvadziko yekongiri inotsaurirwa kuchiito chakadenhwa(///inhau yacho inofanira kuva yakarurama (haisi mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika unosiiwa zviri nani kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika). Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reSamende raramba kutonga patsika yamasimba ehondo kana kuti miitiro yokusaita mitemo mudzimwe nhau, inonongedzera kuDare kana kuti Purezidhendi. Kunyange zvakadaro, apo mhaka dzinounzwa zvakafanira, kutungamirira kwokutonga kunogona kuderedza mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru, sezvinoonekwa mu [FOct:0] Kuchengeteka kweHomelandland . Regets University of California[FOLD1] [20], iyo yakarova nharaunda yeTrubatsiridzazve DCCA.

Nzvero Dzokuwedzera Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Kunze kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo rakakomba, mirau inoverengeka negadziriro yokunzvera zvinodzvinyirira rimwe bazu ravakuru vakuru.

Kusarudza Kurwa Hondo

Yakanzi muna 1973 paPurezidhendi Nixon’s Resolution, Palamende yeHondo inoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto kuti arwise uye kuganhurira kurongwa kusvikira kumazuva 60 (nenhambo yezuva 30 rokubuda) kutoti Dare rabvumira kupfuurira chiito. Nepo purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vakapikisa kuva kwapamutemo kwaro, chisarudzo chakaumba magariro akaita sechibvumirano cha2011 Libya yakaitirwa nenhinhimbe ya2014 inorwisana neISIS. Compliance yaveriance yave isingabvumirani, asi mutemo unogovera chirongwa chokudenha kuvimbisa mauto kwehondo kusingabvumirwiswi.

Vanzveri Vakuru Navadziviriri Vemavhuvhuta

Sangano guru rimwe nerimwe rine Inspector General (IG) ane mutoro wokunzvera nokunzvera pomero dzetsvina, kunyengera, kushatiswa, uye kusazvibata. IGs inoshanda nokuzvimirira kwakati uye shuma kuvose vari vaviri vamasangano neCongress. Whistle pulender Protection Act (202) uye mimwe mitemo inodzivirira vashandi vehurumende vanoshuma chakaipa mukutsiva. Masangano aya anoita kuti kutarisira kwomukati uko kunogona kufumura kukundikana kwebazu ravakuru, kwakadai sechinyunyuto cha 2019 chakatungamirira kukusarira kwokutanga kwaPrezidenti Trump.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokuzvimirira

Masangano akati ehurumende akadai seFederal Reserve, Securety and Exchange Commission, uye Federal Evolution Commission(ivhura kuti idzivirirwe pakudzora kwakananga kwapurezidhendi. Makambani avo anobatira nokuda kwemashoko akatsiga uye haagoni kubviswa pasina mavambo, chivako icho Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mu Supright's v. United States [1935] uye gare gare gare gare [FLT] SA LAW] LLC v. Conficial Office Providuction Burection [FLT:]] 2020]. Masangano aya akazvimirira anoona basa nokuisa mitemo yehurumende nokusarira pasina kutya kudzosa mazanwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nemutenzi.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Nepo isati iri nzvero yapamutemo yebumbiro remitemo, murangariro wavose nenhau dzakasununguka zvinobatira seganhuriro dzine simba dzamasanga pasimba ravakuru vakuru. Nzvero dzenhau dzenhau dzechiMedia, zvinyorwa zvefekicha, uye gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoumba kunzwisisa kwavanhu uye rinogona kusunda Congress kana kuti matare kuita chiito. Mhaka yePentagon Papers ( New York Times Co. United States[FLT], 1971) yakaratidzira kuti kushuma kunogona sei kugombedzera bazu guru kudzivirira zviito zvaro, uye mano avanhu okuvhotera kuvhotera purezidhendi kana kuti voruzhinji vatsi.

mhedziso

Mitemo nechiyero pabazu rinotungamirira haisati iri mitemo inowirirana asi gadziriro inoshanda inochinja nechinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzemitemo, uye dzenzanga. Kuvambira pakutarisira kwomutemo nesimba rechikwama kuhwirudzuro nokusarongeka, aya masangano pamwe chete anodzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba nokudzivirira mutemo. Kunzwisisa inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, sezvavanoenzanisira kukosha kusingaperi kwokuzvidavirira nokujeka mukutonga. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kurava, bvunza [[FLT: 0].S. Constitution, [[FLT], [FK]], [FLT] inopa simba rimwe nerimwe resimba remitemo mukuita kuti rishanduke.