Table of Contents
Masangano ehurumende muUnited States anoshanda mukati megadziriro yakaoma yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, kudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga, uye kuchengeta dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana ehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano ehurumende anotevera Bumbiro remitemo anokosha sei nokuda kwevagari vomunyika vanoda kuziva kuti mabasa avo ehurumende anoshanda sei uye kuti kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa sei. Iyi nhungamiro ine udzame inotsanangura nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzora mabasa esangano, masangano anovimbisa kuzviisa pasi, uye gakavadzano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rakafanira ramasangano ehurumende muAmerica.
Kunzwisisa Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo
United States Constitution inobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, ichitanga gadziriro huru yenzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo pamwero yose. Chinoitika chavaFramers nehurumende yeBritain chakazivisa chitendero chavo kuti kuisa ngwariro kumasimba ehurumende akasiyana muchinhu chimwe chete kwaizoisa vanhu vorudzi muchiito chehurumende yokuzvidira nechinodzvinyirira. Iyi itiro hanya yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwetsika umo simba rehurumende rinokamurwa uye rinosanodzikamiswa.
Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa simba rehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu kupfurikidza nokupa Simba reMitemo muCongress, Simba Rinodzora muna Purezidhendi, uye Simba Rokutonga muDare Rapamusorosoro nematare api naapi akaderera akatangwa neDare. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi masangano okudzora, aya masangano akava mativi anokosha okutonga kwazvino uno, achishanda zvikurukuru mukati mebazu revakuru vakuru kuti ashandise ndokuita kuti mitemo ipfuure neCongress.
Masangano ehurumende anofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange zvazvo akanga asingarangarirwi zvakananga navaFramers muchimiro chawo chazvino uno.
Kuparadzana Kwedzidziso Yesimba
Kuparadzana kwemasimba muenzaniso unoita kuti hurumende ive mapazu akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana uye anozvimirira, zvichibatsira kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazi rine simba kupfuura rimwe.
Chiremera Chebazu Chomutemo
Congress, iyo inoumba Legislative Branch, ine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Kana iri mibatanidzwa yemasangano anodzora, Congress inoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka. Inogadzira masangano kupfurikidza nemitemo, inorondedzera mibato yavo nezviremera, inoisa mari yakafanira nokuda kwemibato yavo, uye mufambiro kuvimbisa kuti vakwane murairo wavo wemitemo.
Kutarisira isimba rinonzwisiswa rebumbiro remitemo reCongress, rine madonzo epurogiramu anobatanidza kuita masangano echokwadi nemapurogiramu zviri kushanda nomutoo unoparira ndyiko nounobudirira uye kuita basa razvo remitemo, kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana kwevakuru vakuru nevavariro yemitemo, kuongorora kushanda kwepurogiramu, kuongorora tsvina, kubiridzira, uye kushatisa, kuhwirudzura muitiro wokuita mitemo yesangano, uye kuwana mashoko anobatsira mukugadzira mitemo yomunguva yemberi.
Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa zvakasimba kuti simba rokutarisira musangano rinokosha kwazvo kumubato wemitemo zvokuti rinofanira kurehwa nokupiwa kwemasimba omutemo muDare I reBumbiro Romutemo. Iri basa rokutarisira rinoshanda senzvero inokosha pasimba resangano, richivimbisa kuti masangano anoramba achizvidavirira kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa vavanhu.
Kudzora Bazu Kwakananga
Bazu ravakuru vakuru rinoumbwa naPurezidhendi, vatungamiriri vake uye madhipatimendi namasangano akasiana - siana, uye rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yenyika. masangano eFederal anoshanda zvikurukuru mukati mebazu rino, achishandisa mitemo nezvinokosha zvaPurezidhendi achishandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare.
Bumbiro Remitemo rinogovera vakuru vakuru vari pasi kuti vabetsere Purezidhendi mumabasa outungamiriri, uye mukushandiswa kwechiremera chavo chinowanzorangarirwa, ava vakuru vakuru vebazu vanoramba vari pasi petarisiro inopfuurira yaPurezidhendi nokudzora, nepo Purezidhendi achisarudzwawo nguva dzose navanhu veAmerica uye achizvidavirira.
Zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakasimbisa udzori hwamapurezidhendi pamasangano makuru ose. Madhipatimendi ose namasangano anotungamirira, kubatanidza zvinonzi masangano anozvimirira, zvinofanira kuzviisa nokuda kwokuhwirudzura zviito zvose zvinokosha zvinokarakadzwa uye zvokupedzisa zvinotevedzerwa kuHofisi yeInformation and Reguatory Affairs (OIRA) mukati meHofisi yeUtungamiriri weProfesidenti pamberi pokubudiswa muFederal Register. Chinodikanwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti mabasa esangano anowirirana nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi uye kuti adzokororerwe nokuda kwetsinhirano nezvakanaka.
Kuhwirudzura Bazu Rokutonga
Dare Rinotonga, iro rinobatanidza Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States nematare ehurumende akaderera, rinotsanangura mitemo yakapiwa neLegislative Bazu. Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti zviito zvesangano zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemirairo.
Matare anonzvera zvose zviri zviviri bazu guru nebazu remitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yemitemo, mufungo usina kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo asi unopinzwa nevakawanda vevagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yokutonga, matare anogona kubvisa zviito zvesangano zvinopfuura chiremera chomutemo, zvinoputsa maruramiro emitemo, kana kuti kukundikana kutevera miitiro inodikanwa.
Dare Rapamusoro Rakasarudza nhau dzinokosha dzemitemo yokutarisira dzinowira mumapoka aya avose: kurongwa kwebumbiro remitemo resangano nechiito, kudenha kwakafanira uye nzvimbo nokuda kwechiito chesangano chinodenha, uye chiremera chesangano nokuva nomufungo chiito chesangano. izvi zvisarudzo zvinoumba miganhu umo masangano anofanira kushandisa ndokugovera nhungamiro pakutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
Makemikari Nedzikamo
Kuparadzana kweMasimba muUnited States kwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yechecks and Balances, iyo inogovera bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine masimba mamwe namamwe kunzvera mamwe mapazu ndokudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro inoshanda munzira dzakawanda kudzvinyirira simba resangano ndokuvimbisa kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
Kuongorora Kurongwa Kwemasangano
Dare rinoita nzvero dzakawanda pamasangano anodzora kupfuura chiremera charo chikuru. Bazu remitemo rine simba rokubvumira kurongwa kwaPurezidhendi, kudzora bhajeti, uye rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi ndokumubvisa panzvimbo yake. masimba aya anotambanudzira kumabasa esangano munzira dzinoverengeka.
Kupfurikidza negadziriro yekurukurirano, Congress inodzora kutsigira mari yesangano uye inogona kushandisa simba iri kukurudzira kana kuti kuodza mwoyo mibato yakati yesangano. Dare rinogonawo kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kukurira tsananguro dzesangano riripo, zviremera zvesangano, kana kuti kunyange kubvisa chose chose masangano. Simba resimbiso pavakagadzwa vapurezidhendi rinovimbisa kuti vatungamiriri vesangano vabvumwe vasati vatora nzvimbo dzavo.
Mitezo yeCongress yakakumbira Government Accountability Office kufunda zvisarudzo nokuda kwokusimudzira kutarisirwa kwesangano reCongress, kubatanidza kana Congress ichifanira kutanga mahofisi maviri asingatsigiri: Congregation Office of Regaliation Review neCongregational Office of Legal Council. Zvikarakadzo izvi zvinoratidza nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kusimbisa mano okutarisira.
Kunzvera Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Pazvinhu Zvikuru
Purezidhendi anodzora masangano kupfurikidza nemiitiro mizhinji. Simba rokugadza rinobvumira Purezidhendi kusarudza vatungamiriri vesangano vanogoverana gadziriro yehurumende. Bazu guru rinogona kuzivisa Mirayiro Inodzora, iyo yakafanana nezviziviso zvine simba romutemo, asi bazu rokutonga rinogona kuzivisa mabasa iwayo asina tsinhirano nemitemo.
Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo udzori kupfurikidza neHofisi yeMaretal and Balbate, iyo inohwirudzura miraudzo yesangano nezvikumbiro zvemari yokushandisa. Iyi hwirudzuro yapakati inovimbisa kuti zviito zvesangano zvinowirirana nezvinokosha zvoupurezidhendi uye zvinogona kuwana nzvero yendyiko yendyiko. Purezidhendi anogonawo kurongazve masangano, kana kuti kubvumira kurongwa kwesangano, uye anogona kupesvedzera zvinhu zvinokosha kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvemari uye miraudzo yemitemo.
Kuongorora Kutonga Pazvirongwa
Bazi redare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri yepamutemo, uye simba iri rinoenderera mberi nokuongorora zviito zvemasangano kuti zvienderane nemitemo.
Apo vagari vemo kana kuti masangano vanodavira kuti sangano rakaputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti rakapfuura chiremera charo chomutemo, vanogona kudenha zviito zvesangano mudare rehurumende.
Kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kutarisirwa kwedare rokutonga kwesangano, kutonga kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kweDare Gurusa kungaganhurira zviito zvemasangano ehurumende pasina mvumo yakajeka yemitemo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kugadziridzwa kunopfuurira kwoukama pakati pamasangano nematare mukuvimbisa kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
Mitemo Inodzora Mitemo Yenheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo
Dzidziso Yokusadavira
Sechiito chinozivikanwa navose, dzidziso isingabvumirwi inoramba Bhazi Romutemo pakugovera mitoro yaro yokuita mitemo, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kugovera masangano nhungamiro dzokutungamirira kana ichivagovera ne “nheyo inozivikanwa" kuvakira mirau yavo pairi. Iyi dzidziso inokurukura mubvunzo mukuru webumbiro remitemo: kuti chiremera chakadini icho Congress anogona kuendesa kumasangano pasina kuputsa nheyo yokuti Congress oga ane simba remitemo?
Mupimo wenheyo unonzwisisika unoda kuti apo Congress inobvumira sangano kuita mitemo, rinofanira kugovera nhungamiro yakakwana pamusoro penharidzano dzemitemo nemiganhu yesangano.Izvozvi zvinovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvemitemo zvinosara nedare rinotonga rakasarudzwa panzvimbo pokuitwa navakuru vakuru vesangano vasina kusarudzwa.
MuFC v. Consumers’s Research, Dare rakatsigira kupiwa kwechiremera kweCongress Commissions Commission kuFederal Commission kuti ipedze Universal Service Fund ndokuwana pasina kupesana kusiri kwenhema mukushandiswa kwenhetembo dzomutungamiriri wehurumende ari oga, achisimbisazve kusimba kwemitemo yezvirongwa zvokudzora uye asingashandisi dzidziso isingabvumirwi sechirambidzo pachiremera chesangano.
Zvinodikanwa Zvokuronga
Shanduro yeshanu yeFindromendi inogovera kuti hakuna munhu acha "pazarirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda kuzviito zvesangano zvinotapura kodzero dzevanhu. Masangano anofanira kugovera miitiro yakarurama asati aita zviito zvinotapura zvikuru vanhu kana kuti mabhizimisi.
Zvinodikanwa zvakafanira zvinosanganisira kuzivisa chiito chesangano chinokarakadzwa, mukana wokunzwiwa, chisarudzo chakavakirwa paufakazi hunopiwa, uye tsananguro yepfungwa dzesangano. Miitiro yakananga inodikanwa inotsamira parudzi rwekodzero dziri padanda uye rudzi rwechiito chesangano chinobatanidzwa.
Administrative Procedure Act, yakaitwa neCongress muna 1946, inogadza zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvegadziriro dzokuita utongi hwesangano nokuvimbisana. iyi miitiro inobetsera kuparira kuti masangano aremekedze kodzero dzakakodzera dzokuita zvinhu nepo achichengeta kuchinjika kunodikanwa kuita mabasa awo nenzira inobudirira.
Dziviriro Yakaenzana Namaruramiro Omunhu Oga
Varongwa vanofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzose dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza idzo dzakadzivirirwa neBill of Rights uye kugadziridzwa kwakatevera.Idzi dzinosanganisira kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzokutaura norudzidziso norusununguko, Kudzivirirwa kweGaramende Yechina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, uye dziviriro dzeFindmer pakurwisana nokuzvidzora.
Masangano paanoongorora, paanopa mitemo, kana kuti paanoita zviito zvokudzika mutemo, anofanira kuita izvozvo nenzira yokuremekedza kodzero idzi dzinokosha.
Chikamu chakaenzana chedziviriro yeAdth Amendment’s Access Claus yeFindrome dikanwo kuti masangano abate zvakafanana vanhu vari munzvimbo yakaenzana namasangano. Zvirongwa hazvigoni kusarura pahwaro hwedzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa kutoti vagona kuratidzira fariro yehurumende inogombedzera uye vanoratidza kuti zviito zvavo zvakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo.
Murayiro Wokutarisira uye Kushandira Kuburikidza neMutemo
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inobatira somutemo mukuru unodzora mavambirwe anoitwa uye masangano ehurumende ndokupa mitemo, kuita zvisarudzo, uye kuitisa basa rawo.
Miitiro Yokuita Zvechiuto
Apo masangano anotanga mitemo mitsva, anofanira kutevera zvikurukuru miitiro yokuzivisa uye yokuisa mitemo. Iyi muitiro inoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register, kugovera vanhu banza rokupa tsinhiro, rangarira tsinhiro idzodzo, uye tsanangura zvisarudzo zvavo zvokupedzisira. Iyi miitiro inotsigira kuonana, kutora rutivi, uye kuita chisarudzo.
Gadziriro yeziviso nekokorodzano zvinobatira mipimo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kuisa mitemo yesangano hakumanikidzi kana kuti hakuchinjiki. Kunogovera mapati anotapurwa ane banza rokunzwiwa uye anoda masangano kupinda mumibato yavose pamberi pemiraudzo inopedzisa. Iyi gadziriro yemipimo inobetsera kuvimbisa kuti masangano ashandise chiremera chawo nenzira ine mufungo uye mutsinhirano nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.
Kubvisa
Apo masangano anoita zvisarudzo mumhaka imwe neimwe, zvakadai sokusarudza kana mumwe munhu achikwanirisa nokuda kwebetsero kana kuti kana kambani yakaputsa mirau() inofanira kutevera miitiro yokutsiva inoremekedza kodzero dzakakodzera. Iyi miitiro inobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, banza rokupa ufakazi nenharo, kodzero yokuyambuka zvapupu zvinopa miraini, uye chisarudzo chakavakirwa pachinyorwa.
Vatongi vemitemo vanodzora kazhinji kazhinji vanotungamirira pabvumirano dzapamutemo, vachigovera muiti wechisarudzo akazvimirira mukati megadziriro yesangano.Apo ava vatongi vanoshanda nokuda kwamasangano ane nhau dzavanonzwa, vane dziviriro dzakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwavo nokusasarura.
Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura
APA inosimbisa mipimo nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa kwezviito zvedare. Dare rinohwirudzura zviito zvesangano kuti zvione kana zviri zvokuzvidira, zvisina mufungo, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwoungwaru, kana kuti zvimwe zvisingawirirani nomutemo. Dare rinonzverawo kana masangano adarika chiremera chawo chemitemo kana kuti achiputsa zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
Mipimo iyi yokuhwirudzura inodzikamisa kudikanwa kwokutarisira kwokutonga noruremekedzo nokuda kwounyanzvi hwesangano nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende kwebazu guru.
Kufambira Mberi Kwemisi Yazvino Mumutemo Wokutarisira uye Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo
Chinjo Mukupesana Kwokutonga
Mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi unovimbisa matare kutevera mutemo mumwe chetewo unorwisana netsananguro dzapamutemo dzematare ehurumende idzo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagadza misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nokuda kwematare ehurumende muLoper-Bright Enterpeses v. Raimondo. iyi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chakachinja makumi amakore emuenzaniso pamusoro pokuti matare anohwirudzura sei rondedzero dzemitemo.
Kubviswa kweiyi dzidziso kunoreva kuti matare zvino achashandisa rutongeso rwokuzvimirira mukududzira mirau, sezvinobvira kuchiganhurira kuchinjika kwesangano nokutarisira kunowedzera kwezviito zvesangano.
Nokusanyanyoregeredza kumatare, masangano anofanira kuvimbisa zviito zvawo kuva netendero yakajeka yemitemo uye haagoni kuvimba nomutauro wemitemo usina kujeka kuti aruramise dudziro huru yechiremera chawo.
Kuranga Vana Claus Nhau
Muna Kennedy braidwood Management, Inc., Dare Rapamusoro rakachengeta mitezo yePrevenve Services Task Force yeU.S. vakuru vakuru vakaderera avo vangagadzwa noMunyori weUtano Nemasangano Avanhu, vachitsigira chimiro cheuto muAffordable Care Act uye vachitsigira kutarisirwa kwebumbiro remitemo sechereko yapamutemo pavashandi vesangano.
Sangano raClausse reBumbiro reMitemo rinoonesa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kugadzwa sei, vachisiyanisa vakuru vakuru vanofanira kugadzwa naPurezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare uye vakuru vakuru vakaderera vangagadzwa nevakuru vemadhipatimendi. Dare rava kuongorora nenzira inowedzera zvirongwa zvesangano kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinosimbisa kuti vanyori vakasiyana - siyana vemasangano ehurumende eUnited States vane chiremera chikuru panzvimbo dzinoshandiswa sayenzi, uye vanorondedzerazve kuparadzanisa pakati pevakuru vakuru nevakuru vakuru.
Zvinodikanwa Zvakajeka Nezvakamira
Mitemo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inopa chimwe chijekeso pamusoro penzira iyo "inotapurwa nayo" inodudzirwa pasi peAdministrative Procedire Act uye naizvozvo imapoka api angaisa zvinetso uye kupi kune zvimwe zviito zvesangano. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotapura kuti ndiani anogona kudenha zviito zvesangano mudare uye kuti zvinetso izvozvo zvinofanira kuchengetwa kupi.
MuNhungamiro yeProvity Protection Agency neCalumet Shreveport Refining, LLC, Dare rakava nedenho kuEPA nenzvimbo yorudzi inofanira kuiswa muNhavi, inoganhurira makambani kusarudza matare akanaka uye kuongorora zviito zvedare renyika. Mitemo yakadaro inovimbisa kuti zvinetso zvemasangano zvinonzwiwa mumibato yemari ndokudzivisa kutenga.
Zviratidzo Zvakananga Zvebumbiro remitemo Pazviito Zvokuongorora
Kufunga NezveMwedzero Yokutanga
Varongwa vanofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzokutaura norusununguko rwokutaura, kushandisa rudzidziso norusununguko, uye rusununguko rwesonganiro pakutanga nokusimbisa mirau.Izvi zvinoreva kuti masangano haagoni kuganhurira kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti murangariro kutoti achigona kugutsa kunzvera kwakasimba kwedariro rehurumende inogombedzera uye kuratidza ganhuriro dzawo dzakasanorongwa.
Apo masangano anodzora kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, anotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvishoma zvikuru asi achiri anofanira kuratidzira kuti mitemo yawo inosimudzira zvakananga fariro huru dzehurumende uye haisati iri huru zvikuru kupfuura zviri madikanwa.
Kudzivirirwa Kwechina Kwe Amendeji
Kunyange zvazvo masangano ane simba rakafara rokuongorora mumaindasitiri ane mirayiridzo, kazhinji anofanira kuwana magwaro kana kuti kubvuma asati aongorora.
Madare angapa magwaro okutonga akavakirwa pamipimo yemitemo ine mufungo kana kuti yehurumende panzvimbo pokuda kudavira kuti kuputsa kwaitika.
Kuchinja Kwechishanu
Shanduro yeshanu yeMitemo inopa kuti zvinhu zvomunhu oga zvisanzi zvishandiswe paruzhinji, pasina muripo. Uku kutora Claus kunoshanda kumabasa anoitwa nesangano akakodzera zvinhu zvakavanzika kana kuti anoganhurira kushandiswa kwazvo zvokuti zvinoumba kutora.
Varongwa vanofanira kungwarira kuti mirau yavo haifaniri kudzika midzi mukuganhurira maruramiro ezvinhu pasina kugovera muripo. Matare anonzvera zvinhu zvakadai setapuro yemari yomurairo, ukuru hwaunodzongonyedza nekariro dzemari, uye mugariro wechiito chehurumende pakusarudza kana kutorazve mutemo kwakaitika.
Mibvunzo Yezvido Zvako Nemitemo
Masangano anoongorora akasununguka akadai seSacurence and Exchange Commission, Federal Trade Commission, uye Federal Commissions (panomirira mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo yechienzi). Masangano aya akarongedzerwa kuvadzivirira pakudzora kwakananga kwapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru kubudisa masangano ane zvikamu zvakawanda zvemashoko neganhuriro zvinokatyamadza pakubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vakuru.
Zviito zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaitwa neTrump Administration, kubatanidza Mirayiro Inotungamirirwa Nedare Rinodzora inonangidzirwa kumasangano anozvimirira uye nzvimbo dzinoitwa neBato Rokururamisira, zviri kudzorera mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo ine musoro pamusoro pebasa remasangano anozvitonga uye kuzvitonga, uye zvakawanda zvezviito izvi zvakatosangana nezvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo mumatare, asi kana zvikatsigirwa, zvirongwa izvi zvaigona kuva nesimba guru pakushanda kwemasangano anozvimirira.
Mirairo yavakuru vakuru yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakatanga muitiro we "Presidential survice nokudzorwa kwebazu rose rinotonga" mukupindura murangariro wakataurwa wevatarisiri kuti "vatarisiri venguva yakapfuura vakabvumira kunzi 'masangano anotonga anotsamira pamunhu' kushandira noutariri huduku. Izvi zvinoitika zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomugariro webumbiro remitemo ramasangano anozvimirira uye ukuru hwokudzora kwapurezidhendi pamabasa awo.
Gakava pamusoro pamasangano akazvimirira rinoratidza kusawirirana kukuru mumutemo wehurumende pakati pokuzvidavirira namano. Vatsigiri vamasangano akazvimirira vanotaura kuti kupesvedzera mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kunobvumira aya masangano kutanga unyanzvi ndokuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa parangariro dzounyanzvi panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuisa mhaka yakadaro kunosekesa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende ndokuputsa kupiwa kwesimba rechiremera muPurezidhendi.
Kutarisira Kweungano
Dare rehurumende rinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana kuti ritarisire sangano rinoita zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo uye mitemo.
Kutongwa Nedare Nokuongorora
Matare eCongress anogarotonga nyaya dzinopupurirwa nevakuru vakuru vesangano vachipupurira nezvemabasa avo, mitemo, uye maererano nezvinodiwa nemutemo.
Simba reCongress rokuwana mashoko kubazu rinotungamirira kana kuti kuvose rakafara zvikuru, uye nepo pasina gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inobvumidza utarisiri hwesangano kana kuti nzvero, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa zvakasimba kuti simba rakadaro rinokosha kwazvo kumubato wemitemo zvokuti rinofanira kurehwa nokupiwa kwemasimba emitemo muDare I reMitemo.
Kuongorora Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende
Hurumende yeReauncial Accouncity Office (GAO) inobatira soruoko rweCongress, kunzvera nokunzvera zvirongwa zvemibato nemabasa. Mutemo unoraira Office yeHurumende yeMasano kuisa kunzvera kwesangano kuCongress mukati menguva yakatarwa. Kuongorora uku kunogovera Congress kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kwebasa uye kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo.
GAO mishumo inowanzozivisa zvinetso nemabasa esangano, inorumbidza kuti pave nokuvandudza, uye inoongorora kana masangano ari kuita mabasa awo okutonga nenzira inobudirira uye inobudirira.
Kutarisira Kwomunzveri
Sangano guru rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine Inspector General yakasununguka ine mutoro wokuitisa kuongorora nokuongorora mabasa esangano.Inspectoriral mushumo kudzoreri dzose dziri mbiri dzesangano neCongress, ichipa nzvero yomukati pasangano rinowirirana nemitemo uye nezvinodikanwa zvetsika.
Vanoongorora kuti zvinhu izvi zvishandiswe sei kana vakaona kuti zvinotevedzerwa nemitemo uye kuti zvinoshanda sei.
Kuona Zviri Nani uye Kubatanidzwa Kwavose
Kubvuma kweBumbiro reMitemo hakungodi kuti masangano atevere zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvinoda kutevedzerwa asiwo kuti ashande nenzira yakajeka uye anogovera mikana yokutora rutivi pachena.
Kushandisa Rusununguko Rwemashoko
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inoda masangano kuti azivise zvinyorwa pazvinokumbirwa, kana zviri kunzi zvisapinda.
FAIA inoshanda pamipimo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokugonesa dare ravose kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende.Apo vagari vemo vanogona kuwana mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvesangano nemibato, vanogona kuita kuti masangano azvidavirire uye atsive nenzira ine revo mumiitiro yedemocracy. Dare rakaziva kuti FOIA rinosimudzira nheyo yebumbiro remitemo reziviro revagari vemo.
Muitiro weDare Rokutungamirira
Murayiro wacho unoda kuti misangano yedare rinoongorora ishandiswe nevanhu vose, kuti nhengo dzedare dzive dzakadzikama, uye masangano anozivisa pachena mabasa ematare.
Act inodzivisa masangano okushandisa matare anofurira kuti adzivise zvinodiwa nevanhu vose kana kuti kupa zvinhu chaizvo zvinopesvedzera zvisina kukodzera pachisarudzo chemasangano.
Hurumende Yakaita Chiito cheSunshine
Hurumende muSunshine Act inoda kuti vamiririri vemitemo yakawanda vaite bhizimisi ravo mumisangano yakazarurirwa vanhu.
Kunyange zvazvo Act ichibatanidza kusabvumirwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvinonetsa, inogadza pfungwa yokusununguka inoratidzira mipimo yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende inopenya uye inozvidavirira.
Kumanikidzirwa Kwezvinodikanwa Zvebumbiro reMitemo
Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga
Kana vanhu kana kuti masangano achifunga kuti sangano raputsa Bumbiro Remitemo, vanogona kutsvaka kuongorora zviito zvesangano.
Muna Williams v. Reed, Dare rakapa vatongi mishonga yehurumende harifaniri kupedza mishonga yehurumende risati ranyora kutaura kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kana kunonoka kwacho kuri rutivi rwedenho yapamutemo, richiganhurira mhinganidzo dzemitemo kuhwirudzuro yedare uye kuwedzera kwokuwana kumatare mumhaka dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende.
Pashure pemishonga yokutarisira inonetesa, masangano anogona kuwirirana mudare reruwa rehurumende kana kuti, muzvimwe zviitiko, zvakananga mudare rekukwirira.
Mishonga Yokuputsa Bumbiro Remitemo
Matare paanoona kuti masangano aputsa mitemo yepamutemo, anogona kurayira kuti pave nemishonga yakasiyana - siyana.
Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa panzvimbo yavose kunodzivirira hurumende kuti isakuvadzwa nesutu kutoti Congress ine dziviriro inodzivisirwa.
Kupindura Kwemasangano
Masangano paanoputsa mitemo, Dare rinogona kubvumira mitemo inoita kuti pave nechiremera chesangano, kugadziridza nzira dzinoshandiswa nesangano, kana kuti kutsanangura mitemo.
Kupfurikidza nokuganhurira kana kuti kuisa maruramiro okutsigira mari yesangano, Congress inogona kudzivisa mibato yakati yesangano kana kuti kuraira masangano kugadziridza miitiro yawo kuti iwirirane nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
Matambudziko Nenharo Dzinopfuurira
Hurumende Inotonga uye Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende
Vatsoropodzi vehurumende yazvino uno vanotaura kuti kukura kwesimba resangano kwakaparira "bazu rechina" risingaverengeki rehurumende rinoshandisa chiremera chikuru pasina utarisiri hwakakwana hwehurumende yehurumende. Vanopikisa kuti vakuru vakuru vesangano vasina kusarudzwa vanoita zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kuitwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa.
Vadziviriri vemasangano okutarisira vanopindura kuti masangano anogovera unyanzvi huri madikanwa nokuchinjika mukupedza zvinetso zvakaoma zvazvino uno.
Iyi kurukurirano inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuti kungayananisa sei kudikanwa kwehurumende inobudirira nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzeparadzano yemasimba nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.
Kudzikamisa Kushanda Kwazvo Nekodzero Dzekodzero
Zvirongwa izvi zvinotarisana nekusawirirana kwenguva dzose pakati pokushanda zvakanaka uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Zvinodikanwa zvakawanda zvemasangano zvinogona kunonotsa kuita chisarudzo chesangano ndokushandisa zvinhu, asi izvi zvinobatsira kuti masangano aremekedze kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo uye aite zvisarudzo zvine musoro.
Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama kunoda kusanorangarirwa kwefariro dziri pangozi, rudzi rwezviito zvesangano, uye ndyiko nebetsero dzemitoo yakasiana - siana. Dare, Congress, uye masangano amene zvinorwisana nguva dzose neiyi mibvunzo sezvazvinotsvaka kuva nechokwadi chokutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo apo zvinochengeta mabasa ehurumende anobudirira.
Kuchinja Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nenheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo
Kuongorora zvinhu zvinobudiswa nenyanzvi itsva dzemazuva ano kunomutsa matambudziko ekushandisa mitemo yemitemo yesangano.
Varongwa vanofanira kuchinja miitiro yavo kuti varemekedze kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo muzera retsika nepo vachichengeta mano avo okuita mabasa avo nenzira inobudirira.Madare neDare rinotonga vanotarisana nedenho yokushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa munguva dzapakuvamba kuruzivo rwezvinhu nemiitiro zvisati zvagona kuva zvakafungidzirwa navaFramers.
Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yesangano Rebumbiro remitemo
Kudzidziswa Kwetsika Netsika
Masangano anotsigira kutevedzana kwebumbiro remitemo nokurovedza vashandi vavo pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvepamutemo uye kusimudzira tsika yokuremekedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.
Vatungamiriri vemasangano pavanosimbisa kukosha kwokuremekedza kodzero uye kutevedzera nzira dzakakodzera, vashandi vanogona kuisa pfungwa idzi mutsika dzavo uye kudzishandisa mubasa ravo rezuva nezuva.
Kuhwirudzura Kwepamutemo
Mahofisi aya anopa mazano kuvanogadzira zvirongwa zvehurumende, uye anomiririra masangano anoona nezvemasangano anenge asarudza zvokuita.
Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counser inopa zano Purezidhendi uye masangano ehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakaoma dzemitemo yebumbiro remitemo nedzoudzo, uyewo inoyera mutemo wehurumende nemirau inokarakadzwa. Iyi hwirudzuro yapamutemo inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana pabazu rose uye inogovera nhungamiro inowirirana pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.
Kubatanidzwa Kwavose Nokupa Zvokudya
Masangano anoshanda nesimba nevanhu uye anokumbira mhinduro pane zvavanoita anokwanisa kuziva uye kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoda kutevedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo.
Kupindura tsinhiro dzavose neitiro hanya kunoratidzira ruremekedzo nokuda kwenheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kunogona kubetsera masangano kudzivisa zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo.
Basa Revagari Vemo Mukuongorora Kutevedzana Kwebumbiro Remitemo
Vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ehurumende anotevera Bumbiro Remitemo nokuramba achiziva nezvezviito zvesangano, kutora rutivi mutsinhiro dzavose, uye kuita kuti masangano azvidavirire kupfurikidza nemikoto yezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo, vagari vemo vanobetsera kuchengeta pesvedzero inodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo.
Kutora Rutivi Mukuita Rudzi
Vagari vomunharaunda vanogona kupa mhinduro dzinomutsa zvinonetsa zvebumbiro remitemo, kupa mashoko pamusoro pokuti mitemo yakarongwa ingavatapura sei, uye kutaura zvimwe zvingaita kuti varemekedze kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo zviri nani.
Tsinhiro dzavose dzinobudirira dzinogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvesangano ndokubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yokupedzisira inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
Kushandisa Rusununguko Rwezviito Zvemashoko
Vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa FOIA kuwana mashoko pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemasangano uye masangano anoita zvisarudzo.
FAIA zvikumbiro zvakafumura zvinoitika zvakawanda zvokusazvibata kwesangano uye kuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo mumakore apfuura.
Kubatanidzwa Nevamiriri Vakaratidzwa
Vagari vemo vanogona kutaura nevamiririri vavo muCongress kuti vataure zvinonetsa pamusoro pezvinoitwa nesangano uye kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
Kushanda kwesangano kunobudirira kunogona kutungamirira kukutongwa, kuongororwa, uye kuchinja kwemitemo kunovandudza sangano rinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Nokubatanidzwa nevamiriri varo vakasarudzwa, vagari vemo vanobetsera kuvimbisa kuti masangano arambe ane mutoro kumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Unodzora Nechibvumirano Chebumbiro reMitemo
Ukama huri pakati pamasangano ehurumende nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo hunopfuurira kuchinja sezvo matare anobudisa zvisarudzo zvitsva, Congress inopa mutemo mutsva, uye masangano anochinjira kumigariro inochinja.
Kunzvera kwokutonga kwakawedzerwa kwezviito zvesangano, kunotevera zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare Gurusa zvinoganhurira kuzviisa pasi kwamasangano, sezvingabvira kuchada masangano kunyora nokungwarira zvikuru chiremera chawo chapamutemo nokurangarira.Ikoku kungatungamirira kutsananguro dzakadzama zvikuru mumirau yamasangano nezvisarudzo, uye sezvingabvira kurondedzero huru pamusoro pezviito zvamasangano.
Kuedza kweCongress kuwedzera kutarisira kurongwa kwemasangano kungaguma nokuumbwa kutsva uye masangano okuongorora zviito zvesangano.
Kugadzirisa kunoita nyaya idzi kuchachinja zvikuru magariro uye kushanda kwehurumende.
Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runopfuurira kufambira mberi, masangano nematare acharwisana nenzira yokushandisa nayo nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo mumigariro mitsva. Kodzero dzakavanzika, dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura, uye zvinodikanwa zvakafanira zvichafanira kugadziridzwa kuti zviwirirane nokunzvera kwemichina, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva.
Muchinjo dzose idzi, nheyo huru inoramba iri yenguva dzose: Masangano ehurumende anofanira kushanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakatangwa navaFramers ndokutangwa kupfurikidza negadziridzo dzinotevera nedudziro dzokutonga.
mhedziso
Masangano ehurumende anoita mabasa anokosha mukudzora kweAmerica yazvino uno, kushandisa mitemo nemitemo zvinotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Masangano akawanda anovimbisa sangano kuti rienderane nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo. Kutarisira kweCongress, kutungamirira kwapurezidhendi, uye kuongorora kutonga kumwe nokumwe kunopa nzvero dzinokosha pasimba resangano. Zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvakadai seziviso nesangano rokuita mitemo zvinosimudzira kujeka nokutora rutivi kwavose.
Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumutemo wokutarisira, kubatanidza chinjo mukuzviisa pasi kwokutonga kwamasangano uye gakava pamusoro pokudzora kwapurezidhendi kwamasangano akazvimirira, zvinoratidzira nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoshanda nguva dzose nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. izvi zvinoitika zvichapfuurira kuumba mashandire anoita masangano uye nzira yaanozvidavirira nayo.
Vagari vanoita basa rinokosha mukubvumikisa kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi mumasangano, vachishandisa mitemo yokuona zviri pachena kunzvera zviito zvesangano, uye kubatanidzwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa.
Sezvo hurumende inopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, kuchengeta kuvimbika kunheyo dzemitemo nepo ichigadzirisa zvinetso zvazvino uno kuchada ngwariro inopfuurira inobva kumasangano, matare, Congress, uye vanhu veAmerica.
Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pemarongerwo ehurumende yehurumende, shanyira .GOUSA., nhungamiro yapamutemo kumashoko ehurumende nemabasa. Kudzidza pamusoro penzira iyo Congress inotarisira nayo masangano ehurumende, nzvera zviwanikwa pa [[FLT:]. Vanofarira kuita mutemo. gov[[FLT].]. Nokuda kwemashoko pamusoro pematare ehurumende nenzvero yedare, shanyirai [[FLT:] U. Dare redzidzo yebasa rehurumende [[FLT:].[5]]. Vaya vanofarira kuitawo mutevero wehurumende vanogona kuwana miraudzo inokarakadzwa uye kupa tsinhiro pa [FLT].[FL:]