Hurumende dzinosvika sei pakudzora mamirioni avanhu? Mhinduro haina kupfava. Simba rinogona kubuda mubumbiro remitemo, mumvumo yavadzorwi, mugamuchidzanwa, kana kuti kunyange mugomba repfuti. Kunzwisisa idzi nheyo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kupinda mune zvamatongerwe enyika nenzira ine revo, anoita kuti vatungamiriri vapindure, kana kuti kungoziva bedzi chikonzero nei mutemo une chiremera. Nyaya ino inonzvera manyuko, rondedzero, uye marudzi esimba rehurumende, uye kutsanangura chikonzero nei nhau dzezvose zviri zviviri vatongi navagari vemo.

Manyuko Esimba reHurumende

Zviremera zvadzo zvinovakirwa panheyo dzakati, kazhinji kacho pamarudzi emitemo, enhau, uye enzanga.

Chiremera Chomutemo

Mumagariro azvino uno, manyuko anooneka zvikurusa esimba ibumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa. Bumbiro remitemo rinogadza chimiro chehurumende, rinoparadzira masimba pakati pamapazu, uye rinogadza ganhuriro pane zvinogona kuitwa nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Dare simba rokutera nokuzivisa hondo, nepo richichengeta mamwe masimba kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inoita kuti zvifambe nokutsiga; vagari vemo navakuru vakuru vanoziva mitemo yomutambo wacho. Chiremera chemitemo chemitemo chinowanzoonekwa semupimo wendarama wehurumende yepamutemo nemhaka yokuti inoumbwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yamaune uye inogona kugadziriswa bedzi kupfurikidza nemiitiro chaiyo.

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Pamwoyo pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pane nheyo yokuti simba rakakurumbira rinobva kuvanhu. Chirevo chakakurumbira chinoreva kuti kodzero yehurumende yokutonga yakavakirwa pakubvuma kwevanotongwa, kunowanzoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo yenguva dzose, yapachena. Apo vagari vemo vanovhota, vanopa chiremera kuva vamiririri, vachigadzira nhevedzano yapamutemo inokwira kumusoro kubva kuvanhu kuenda kuhurumende. Iyi pfungwa yakanga iri yechinjo apo yakabuda mukati mekujekeswa uye inoramba iri muganhu wegadziriro yedemocracy . U.S. Declaration of Independetion inosimbisa kuti hurumende dzavo dzinowana "masimba avo akarurama kubva mukubvumirana nokutongwa." uchangamire hwakakurumbira inheyowo iri shure kwerevo kutendiso yenhau uye nhesvo, apo vavhotera zvakananga mitemo kana kuti mitemo.

Kodzero Youmwari

Kwakawanda kwenhau yavanhu, vatongi vakataura kuti chiremera chavo chakabva zvakananga kuna mwari kana kuti vamwari. Dzidziso yekodzero youmwari yamadzimambo, yakatanhamara zvikuru muEurope mukati mamazana amakore e 16 ne 17, yaidavira kuti madzimambo akanga achizvidavirira bedzi kuna Mwari, kwete kuvadzori vavo. Kukwikwidziridza mambo kwakanga kwakaenzana nokudenha kuda kwoumwari. Nepo aya manyuko esimba akatopera zvikuru muhurumende dzapasi rino, achiri kupesvedzera dzimwe hurumende dzapasi. Somuenzaniso, mumadzimambo akakwana anoverengeka, saSaudi Arabia, chiremera chomutongi chinowirirana noutungamiriri hworudzidziso. Kunyange mumishe wamambo wehurumende hwemitemo yapamutemo hwakafanana noww. Mambo anoramba ari musoro weChechi yeEngland, vakasarira vokufananidzira vechiremera choumwari.

Simba Nekokeri

Hurumende hadzisati dziri dzose dzinowana simba mukubvuma kana kuti kubvumira. Dzimwe dzine chiremera kupfurikidza netyisidziro kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba. Miganhu yeMirwi, udzvinyiriri, uye hurumende dzinodzvinyirira kazhinji kazhinji dzinovimba namauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, mapurisa epachivande, uye kungwarira kuti dzidzvinyirire chishoro nokuchengeta udzori. Nepo kumanikidza kwoga kuchiwanzoparira kuva kwapamutemo kwenguva refu, kunogona kutsigira simba kwamakumi amakore. Chinokosha ndechokuti vagari vemo vanowirirana kwete nemhaka yokuti vanodavira hurumende ine maruramiro okutonga, asi nemhaka yokuti vanotya miuyo yokusateerera. Manyuko esimba aya haadzorwi chose chose chose; apo mauto kana kuti mapurisa anorega kutsigira kwavo, hurumende kazhinji inoputsika.

Tsika uye Kubudirira Kwemararamiro Avo

Tsika nemiitiro zvakagara kwenguva refu zvinogonawo kuva nechiremera chapamutemo. Zviremera zvemamonarcharian zvinopfuudza simba kubva kumubereki kuenda kumwana, uye vagari vemo vangagamuchira ikoku nemhaka yokuti "ndiyo nzira yakwakanga kwakaita nguva dzose. Chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa, sechinorondedzerwa navemagariro avanhu Max Weber, chakavakirwa pachitendero chakasimbiswa muutsvene hwetsika dzekare. Ikoku kwakasiana nechiremera chapamutemo, icho chinogara pamitemo yakanyorwa. Munzanga dzakawanda, vatungamiriri vegamuchidzanwa samadzishe edzinza kana kuti vakuru vomumusha vanobatira parutivi kana kuti panzvimbo pamasangano ehurumende. Traviko inogona kuva manyuko ane simba okutsigadzikano, asi kunogonawo kudzivisa chinjo iri madikanwa.

Chiremera Chine Simba

Vamwe vatungamiriri vanowana simba kwete kubva kumitemo, sarudzo, kana kuti nhaka, asi kubva mumavara avo omunhu oga echienzi. Chiremera chechakakomba, chinoziviswawo naMax Weber, chinomuka apo vateveri vanodavira kuti mutungamiriri akapiwa simba rinoshamisa, kunyange rinopfuura romuzvarirwo. Funga nezvemifananidzo yakadai saMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., kana kuti Nelson Mandela. Charisma anogona kupesvedzera chinjo yechinjo nemhizha, asi inova inova inova inovanda. Nemhaka yokuti inotsamira pasimba romutungamiriri remunhu oga, kazhinji kazhinji inokundikana kupukunyuka nhevedzano. Pashure pokunge mutungamiriri wesimba resimba resimba reshambidziko.

Dzidziso Dzechinyakare Dzechiremera

Kupfuura manyuko akarongeka, vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika nenyanzvi dzemagariro avanhu vakatanga rondedzero dzokutsanangura chikonzero nei vanhu vanogamuchira chiremera uye kuti zvivako zvesimba zvinochengetwa sei.

Dzidziso Yenzanga

Chibvumirano chenzanga ndeimwe yepfungwa dzine simba zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika zvokuMadokero.

  • Thomas Hobbes yakataura kuti pasina hurumende, upenyu hungava "hondo yavose mukurwisana navose" — iri yoga, murombo, yakashata, yechinya. Mubhuku rake ra1651 Leviathan, Hobbes akagumisa kuti vanhu vanofanira kutera kudokuva rusununguko rwavo rwose kumunhu anokwanisa kuita kuti rugare ruve. Hobbes, chiremera chinobva mukutya nyongano.
  • John Locke akanga ane murangariro une tariro zvikuru. Mu Vhinji] Mipinduro Miviri yeHurumende [[FLT:] [1689]), Locke akataura kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Vanogadzira hurumende kudzivirira maruramiro iwayo, asi kana hurumende ikava inodzvinyirira, vanhu vane maruramiro okupandukira. Mifungo yeChirungu yapesvedzera zvikuru kuAmerica neFrance.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau akasimbisa "chido" — fariro yavanhu vose. Mu Contract [1762], Rousseau akanyora kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva kuvanhu seakakwana, kwete kumutongi upi noupi. Pfungwa dzake dzakafuridzirwa kutora hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavose uye gare gare murangariro wenzanga.

Rondedzero yenzanga inoramba iri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru panhau dzakadai semitero, kunzvera, uye rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Stanford Encyclopedia yeProsophy on consitarianism [.

Kudzidzisa Kwechiremera KwamaMarxist

Karl Marx naFriedrich Engels vakapa tsananguro yakasiana zvikuru. Vakataura kuti chiremera chehurumende hachisi muuyo wekubvuma kana kuti kuda kwoumwari, asi chishandiso chinoshandiswa neboka rinotonga kuchengeta kudzora kwacho kwezvemari. Munzanga yekapitali, hurumende inoshumira fariro dzebourgeousie (varidzi vebasa) uye chinodzvinyirira zviremera zvehurumende zvakawanda zvinoshanda. Mitemo, mapurisa, matare, uye basa rose rehondo kudzivirira zvinhu zvapachivande nokudzvinyirira. Nokuda kwaMarx, chiremera chechokwadi hachigoni kuvapo kutozosvikira kubviswa uye rondedzero yehurumende yeruwa "varidzi kure." iyi rondedzero inotsanangura chikonzero nei hurumende dzakawanda dzinoti dzinomirira boka rinoshanda apo dzinodzvinyirira nenzira youtsinye.

Zvikamu Zvitatu Zvechiremera chaMax

Nyanzvi yezvemagariro avanhu yeGermany Max Weber yakagovera mutoo wehwaro uchiri kushandiswa zvikuru. Akazivisa zvimiro zvitatu zvakachena zvechiremera chakaenzana

  • [ chiremera chegamuchidzanwa — chakavakirwa patsika dzakatangwa kwenguva refu uye rudaviro muutsvene hwegamuchidzanwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvigaro zvenhaka zvamambo namachinda edzinza.
  • chiremera chechiFarmatic — chakavakirwa pamavara omunhu oga echienzi omutungamiriri, anowanzorangarirwa sougamba kana kuti akafuridzirwa nenzira youmwari. Mienzaniso inobatanidza vaporofita vorudzidziso, vatungamiriri vanomukira, uye nhamba dzesekete.
  • Chiremera chehurumende [ — chakavakirwa pagadziriro yemitemo yakarongwa nemiitiro. Chiremera chinopiwa muhofisi, kwete munhu. Matura azvino uno, mademokrasi, uye masangano emitemo mienzaniso mikurusa. Ichi ndicho chimiro chakatsiga munzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Weber akacherekedza kuti hurumende dzenyika chaidzoidzo zvikurusa idzvuru. Somuenzaniso, mambo webumbiro remitemo anobatanidza chiremera chegamuchidzanwa (korona) nechiremera chemitemo (paramende nebumbiro remitemo). Nzvero yake inoramba iri madikanwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa chikonzero nei vanhu vachiteerera mitemo kunyange apo vasingabvumirani nayo. Kunzvera kukurusa, ona Brinica's month of Max Weber[FLT]

Dzidziso Yokuva Mutezo Wapamutemo

Kutendeseka ichitendero chokuti hurumende ine kodzero yokutonga. Pasina kuva pamutemo, hurumende inofanira kuvimba nokumanikidza, kunodhura uye kusingachinji. Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika David Beetham akakarakadza chirongwa chezvikamu zvitatu: simba rapamutemo apo (1) rinowirirana nemitemo yakagadzwa (kushanda kwemitemo), (2) mitemo iyoyo inoruramiswa nezvitendero zvinogoveranwa (kubvuma kwechisimba) uye (3) kubvumira kunenge kuchiitwa. Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei kunyange zvigaro zvoudzvinyiriri zvichiedza kuparira kuoneka kwomutemo kupfurikidza namarusarudzo, mashoko okukwidza, kana kuti kukwirira urudzi.

Marudzi Evane Simba reHurumende

Mashandisiro anoita hurumende simba rayo uye rusununguko runa vagari vemo vayo.Heano marudzi makuru egadziriro dzezvematongerwe enyika, rimwe nerimwe rine manyuko akasiyana - siyana nerondedzero dzechiremera.

Utongi Hworuzhinji Nezvahunochinja

Ubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunoreva kuti "kutonga navanhu". Ndihwo hwakabatana zvakananga nouchangamire hwakakurumbira nechiremera chemitemo chine mufungo. Kuchinja kukuru kunobatanidza:

  • Vagari vemo vanovhota pamitemo nemitemo ivo vamene. Athens yekare yaiita ikoku mumagungano, uye Switzerland yazvino unoshandisa madanho anowanzoshandiswa. Inoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga duku.
  • Kumirira Hurumende inosarudzwa: Vagari vakasarudzwa vakuru kuti vavasarudzire. Ichi ndicho chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa, chinoshandiswa muUnited States, Germany, India, uye dzimwe nyika zhinji.
  • Democracy yePartical:[[FLT: 1]] inopfuudzira kuvhota kuti ikurudzire kubatanidzwa kunopfuurira mukutonga kupfurikidza nokutonga kwavose, mabhodhi enzanga, uye kuvhota kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inovavarira kukudza kuvimbisana kwoutongi hwehurumende yedemokrati.

Masimba anowana maruramiro kubva musarudzo, asi anodawo kubudisa kwakasununguka, mutongi akazvimirira, uye dziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro mashomanene kuti arambe ane utano hwakanaka.

Kutonga Neudzvinyiriri

Mugadziriro dzoudzvinyiriri, simba rinoiswa mumugariro mumwe kana kuti mutungamiriri muduku, ane rusununguko rushoma rwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavagari vemo. Rusarudzo, kana ruripo, haruna makwikwi. Utongi hwavamiriri ichimiro chakanyanyisa apo hurumende inoedza kudzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavose nohwapachivande, kubatanidza mufungo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mhuri. Nazi Germany neSoviet Union yaStalin kazhinji kazhinji itsamira pasimba, paratisipo kana kuti chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa kuchengeta simba. Izvo zvinoshaiwa kutendeseka mumeso avazivi vazhinji vezvamatongerwe enyika, bvanogona kupfuurira kupfurikidza norutyo nokudzidziswa.

Monarchy

Zvipfeko zvesimba rehurumende youmambo mumutongi mumwe, kazhinji kazhinji zvinogarwa nhaka. Absolute mamonarchy (umh., Saudi Arabia, Oman) inopa mambo simba risingadzorwi, kazhinji kazhinji rinotsigirwa nechiremera chorudzidziso kana kuti chegamuchidzanwa. Constionalitunical monacy [ (um., United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden) inoganhurira basa ramambo kumibato yemiitiro, nokudzora chaikoiko kunoitwa nedare rakasarudzwa.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy zvinoreva kutonga kunoitwa nezvishoma. Simba rinoitwa neboka duku rakavakirwa papfuma, zvisungo zvemhuri, udzori hwehondo, kana kuti pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sparta neRome Republic mienzaniso yenhau. Nhasi, vamwe vatsoropodzi vapfumi vanotaura kuti hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakapfuma dziri kuva zviremera zvehurumende dzinoshanda, apo muitiro muduku unodzora kupfurikidza nemipiro uye kutsigira. Musiyano pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu neoligarch inogona kuva yakakomba apo simba remari rinoshandura zvakananga kuva simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ubati Ushe hwaMwari

Muubati ushe hwaMwari, vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanotaura kuti vane chiremera chinobva kuna Mwari.Mitemo yakavakirwa pamagwaro orudzidziso, uye hurumende inomanikidzira dzidziso yorudzidziso. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Iran (pano Mutungamiriri Mukuru ari mufundisi) neGuta reVatican. chiremera choubati ushe hwaMwari chinowana mubatanidzwa wechiremera choumwari nechamagamuchidzanwa kana kuti chegamuchidzanwa.

Hwaro Hwokuva Nomutemo

Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti hurumende yavo ine kodzero yokutonga, vanowirirana nemitemo nokuzvidira, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nemiitiro yakati.

  • [ Unyoro uye kuenzana Mumutemo: Apo mitemo inoshandiswa zvakaenzana kuvagari vose vemo — vapfumi navarombo, vane simba uye vasina simba — vanhu sezvingabvira zvikuru vanorangarira tsika seyakarurama. Uori kana kuti rusaruro runoshatisa pamutemo.
  • Traxation nerevo: Kuzarura miitiro yehurumende, rusununguko rwamashoko, uye mitumbi yokutarisira yakazvimirira (zvakadai savanzwi navanotutuma) zvinovaka chivimbo. Vagari vanofanira kuona kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nenzira ine mufungo uye kuti vakuru vakuru vanogona kubviswa kana vakashandisa simba zvisina kufanira.
  • Vane mhindu yokutora rutivi:[[FT:1] Vanhu vane inzwi muchisarudzo — kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kubvunza kwavose, kana kuti masangano avagari vemo — vanonzwa kuva muridzi. Apo kutora rutivi kunoganhurirwa kana kuti kusina revo, pamutemo.
  • Miuyo neMushandiro: Hurumende inopa chengeteko, dzidzo, tarisiro youtano, gadziriro, uye banza remari zvinotongwa nemiuyo yayo. Kudzora kunoshanda, kunyange kana kunamato wehurumende yeruzhinji, kunogona kutungamirira kukuodzwa mwoyo nokurasikirwa nomutemo.
  • , [ zvimwe chinhu chikurusa. Kana vose vari vaviri vagari navakuru vakuru vakasungwa nemitemo yakajeka, inodeya kuzivikanwa, tsika inowana dzikaterama. Kutonga kwomutemo ibwe resimba rendangariro.

Kuva mutevedzeri kwomutemo kunogonawo kutyisidzirwa nezvinoitika zvakadai seutsinye hwamapurisa, kunyengera, kana kuti njodzi yemari yakakomba. Kuidzorera kazhinji kazhinji kunoda chinjo dzesangano, masangano ezvokwadi, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvitsva zvebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, chinjo yeSouth Africa kubva kurusaruraganda kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakabatanidza kupiwazve kwehurumende kupfurikidza neConstitution naTruth and Reconciliation Commission. Dzidza zvakawanda pa [FLT: 0] Constitution Center yeNational Center .

Chikonzero Nei Zvichikosha Kuvagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinowana uye dzinochengetedza sei simba hakusi kungoita kuti munhu azive kuti ane simba rakadini, asi kunobatsira chaizvo mugari wemo wose.

  • Kuumba nokuisa mashoko: Apo vanhu vanoziva manyuko echiremera (mutoo, pamutemo mukurwisana nesimba resimba rinokwezva), vanogona kunzvera vanoda kutendwa nemitemo yakakomba zvikuru. Vanogona kuona kupfurikidza nokutaura kusina maturo pamusoro pe "zvido zvavanhu" uye kubata vatungamiriri kumurairo.
  • Vagari vemo vanoparira njodzi: Vanonzwisisa rondedzero dzechiremera vanogona kuumba nharo dzavo nenzira inonzwika. Kana hurumende ikatsamira pachiremera chine mufungo chemitemo, vatsigiri vanogona kunongedzera kumiganhu mumutemo kana kuti kuputsa mutemo. Kana chiremera chiri chegamuchidzanwa, vangakwirira kutsika dzakare-kare dzeruramisiro.
  • Kuita kuti Hurumende izvidavirire:[[FLT: 1] Kutendeseka mugwagwa une mativi maviri. Hurumende dzinoputsa ganhuriro dzadzo dzimene dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kufuratira kubvumirana kwakakurumbira dzinorasikirwa nechiremera chadzo. Vagari vanogona kuronga kunyunyuta, kuvhota vakuru vakuru, kuronda denho dzapamutemo, kana kuti kunyange kutsigira chinjo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kudzivirira Kodzero neLivore: Zivo yechiremera inopa vagari vemo zvishandiso zvokudzivisa kukunda. Somuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwamasimba kunobetsera vanhu kuona apo bazu rimwe riri kupfuura basa raro. U.S. chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muNew York Times Co. v. United States [10] [7]1]
  • Kusimbisa Dremocratic Culture: Pakupedzisira, utongi hwunosarudzwa navanhu hwakanaka hunotsamira pachibvumirano, vagari vemo vanoziva vanotora rutivi kwete pazuva resarudzo bedzi, asi gore rose. Kunzwisisa simba kunokurudzira tsika yokubvunza, kurangarira, uye makwikwi ane rugare.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzinowana simba radzo mumubatanidzwa webumbiro remitemo, kubvumirana kwakakurumbira, gamuchidzanwa, kumanikidza, uye kunyange kutaura kwoumwari. Rondedzero dzechibvumirano chenzanga, Marxism, uye Weberia chiremera dzinobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei vanhu vachigamuchira simba iroro nechinoriita kuti rive. Rudzi rwehurumende — hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, udzvinyiriri, utongi hwavanhu, kana kuti ubati ushe hwaMwari — runoumba zvikuru nzira iyo chiremera chinoshandiswa nayo uye mararamire avagari vemo. Pamwoyo waro, pamutemo unotsamira parusarupo, ruono rwokuoneka, ruono, rutsivi, uye kushanda.

Munyika umo hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinotaura kuti dzine chiremera pasina ruramiso, mano okutsaura pakati pesimba nesimba nesimba rakavakirwa pasimba nesimba rakavakirwa pazivo iyi kupfuura nakare kose.