Bumbiro Remitemo Somutemo Mukurusa Wenyika

United States Constitution hachisi chisarudzo chenhauwo zvayo; igadziriro mhando inogara painovakwa zvisarudzo zvose zvehurumende yehurumende. Inosimbisa chimiro chehurumende, inorondedzera masimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe, uye inoronga maruramiro avanhu. Gadziriro yose youkuru, chiito chemitemo, uye kutonga zvinofanira kuwana chiremera chazvo ndokuramba zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Iyi nheyo youkuru hwemitemo inovimbisa kuti hakuna mukuru mukuru mukuru kana kuti sangano anogona kushanda kunze kwemiganhu yakagadzwa nomutemo wehurumende. Apo masangano ehurumende anoronga miraudzo, apo kurukurirano yeDare rinobhadhara zvibvumirano, kana kuti apo purezidhendi anoratidzira chibvumirano, rangariro dzemitemo haitongovi kure negadziriro yechisarudzo.

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshandisa sei Bumbiro reMitemo kuita zvisarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kuita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidavirire. Bumbiro reMitemo harisi mubatanidzwa wemitemo yakabatana; rinodudzirwa, rinoshandiswa, uye rinogadziridzwa panhambo nenhambo kukurukura migariro mitsva. Uku simba raro riri zvose zviri zviviri simba raro namanyuko ekurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwesimba rehurumende.

Basa Rebumbiro Remitemo Mukuita Mutemo

Vatongi vanotsamira paBumbiro reMitemo kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yose mitsva inowirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Apo mutezo weCongregation unokarakadza mutezo, Imba kana kuti zano rapamutemo reDare rinohwirudzura rugwaro mukurwisana neBumbiro reMitemo kubvumikisa kuti mwero unowira mukati memasimba anorongwa eCongress pasi peChikamu I. Somuenzaniso, Commerce Claus (Chenterce I, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 8, Clause 3) yave hwaro hwenzvimbo huru yemitemo yehurumende, kubva kumitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumipimo yemhoteredzo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Hurumende yegumi inobatira sechiyeuchidzo icho masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende inochengetedzwa kunyika kana kuti vanhu, achiisa chetepi yemitemo pamiteko.

Vaiti vemitemo vanorangarirawo maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo pakunyora mutemo. Mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, unoparira chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose, kana kuti unodenha boka rakati rorudzidziso sezvingabvira raizokundwa kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare. Bill of Rights, zvikurukuru yeFourth, uye Ereath Amendmentments, unoumba zvakananga mafambiro okuita mutemo unobvumirwa. Kupesana kweMitemo kunoda kuti muganhu upi noupi wemitengo utange muImba yavamiririri, uye kuti zvikwereti zvinofanira kupfuure zvikamu zvose zviri muchimiro chakafanana zvisati zvapiwa kupurezidhendi. Zvipingamupingamupinyi izvi zvinoumbwa zvakananga nounyanzvi: zvinodzo dzomutemo uye zvinokurudzira, zvichivimbisa kuti mitemo iratidzire kubvumira kwakafara pane kubvumiranisa mirangariro kwechinguvana.

Kupfuura mwero wehurumende, vatemi vemitemo vehurumende vanoshandawo mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Mitemo yeHurumende inofanira kuwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. pasi peSupremacy Claus. Mitemo yeHurumende inorwisana nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende yakadai seiyo inosarura padzinza kana kuti vatano () inofanirwa nokushata nematare ehurumende. Bhiindero yacho nokudaro inogovera nzvimbo yakafanana yekodzero negadziriro yesimba inoumba chisarudzo chiri chose chemitemo munyika.

Simba Rakasimbiswa Rodzidziso

Chinoganhuriro chikuru chebumbiro remitemo pakuitwa kwomutemo idzidziso yamasimba anoverengwa. Hurumende yehurumende ingangoshandisa bedzi masimba aidzorwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo (kana kuti ayo “akafanira” kuti aite mitoo iyoyi). Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa pakuvamba mu Mcloch v. Mary [1819], apo Dare Rapamusoro rakadavira kuti Chivako chapamusoro chinobvumira kuti Clause arongedze Mitezo ipi neipi,(*) kuzivisa zvakajeka masimba acho, nguva refusaidzorwa uye mitoo inodzorwa nemitemo yemitemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakafara nokuda kweDare remitemo, asi chinosara: mutemo unofanira kuva nenheyo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro penyika yazvinotonga, uye kudzorwa kwezvoutano, kana kuti kudzorwa kwamasimba ezvokutengeserana kana kuti kushambatisiro. Chibvumirano chemitero chebhizimisi chinoshanda mumitero.

Kududzira Kutonga: Dare Savachuchisi Vebumbiro Remitemo

Dare rinoita basa guru mukududzira revo yeBumbiro reMitemo munhau dzakati. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare. Chiremera ichi chakaumbwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803] [matare ehurumende angazivisa mitemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye mirau yokutungamirira kana ikaputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Chiremera ichi ndicho chisaririra chesimba rehurumende rokuzviruramisa parinopfuura miganhu yemitemo. Apo mutepfekero wehurumende inodenha chiito sechisina kutongwa, dare richanzvera rugwaro rwapamutemo rwakakodzera, donzo retsika, muitiro wenhau, uye zviito zvapamberi mberi.

Dare reDzidzo (1954), semuiti wokupedzisira wemibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo, rinoisa tsananguro dzinobatanidza idzo mamwe matare ose navatambi vehurumende vanofanira kutevera. Somuenzaniso, mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzidzo [ (1954), Dare rakadudzira Dare raMazinga Kudzivirira Kuchinja kweGaratimedzo kwe 1450 kuti ridzivise kusarura zvitendero zvenyika, richibvisa “dzidziso yakaenzana”. Chisarudzo ichi chakamanikidzira hurumende kubvisa mitemo yetsika uye kuda kuti bazu guru rekudzora ritsigire dese Consolation. Nenzira yakafanana, nenzira yakafanana, [FLT:]berge v. Hodges [FLT] [F] [5], Courts Creast Exprocessss Exceptions) (20) Chirongwa chinodzivirira chinoitwa naVavariranwa kudzivirira chinoitwa kuti vakwane kuti vakwaneitwe, vawarorirwei

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati iri yechinhu chimwe chete. Vatongi navatongi vanogamuchira uzivi hwakasiana-- siyana(wwriginest, unyoro hwemagwaro, mashandisiro ebumbiro remitemo) iyo inoumba nayo rugwaro kumigariro mitsva. Iyi miuyo youzivi panhau dzinovambira pakubvisa pamuviri (kodzero yokuva woga pasi peGudzano reFourth Amendment dziviriro muzera remitengo). Pasinei zvapo nokusvika, matare anobatira senzvero pamabasa emitemo neechiremera angaputsa kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti kudarika chiremera chemitemo.

Dzidziso Yokusarurana uye Bhiki Yamaruramiro

Bill of Rights yakashanda pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, pashure peHondo yeChivili, Gwendedzero reKineth rinonzi Account Processol yakava motokari nokuda kwo “kubatanidza” zhinjisa dzedziviriro idzodzo pahurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, rusununguko rwakadai sokutaura, kutsikirira, gungano, uye maruramiro okupa zano akaitwa kuti ashande kunyika. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti maruramiro emitemo emitemo anowirirana munyika yose uye kuti mwero yose yehurumende inoremekedza rusununguko rumwe chete. Apo hurumende inogadza miitiro yeutsotsi kana kuti miraudzo yedzidzo, inofanira kurondedzera nokuda kweidzi kodzero dzakabatanidzwa, idzo dzinochengetwa mudare rehurumende.

Zvisarudzo Zvoukuru Nebumbiro Remitemo

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rinowana chiremera charo muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo. Masimba apurezidhendi anobatanidza kubatira soMutungamiriri Mukuru wamauto, achipa kukanganwira, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano (noDare rabvumiranwa), kugadza vatongi vehurumende, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoparadzwa nenzira yakatendeka. Zvisinei, aya masimba haasati ari asina kuganhurirwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira chiito choutungamiriri, zvakadai sechinodikanwa chokuti zvibvumirano zvigamuchire tendero yetatu yedare uye kuti vakagadzwa napurezidhendi vasimbiswe neDare. Simba rokuzivisa hondo ndere kuDare, kwete purezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji akashandisa simba rehondo pasina kutaura kwomurayiro wechiremera chako kana kuti chiziviso chokubvumira.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwomuitiro unoumba pasina mutemo mutsva, asi inofanira kuva nehwaro hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti hwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, kutora zvigadziko zvesimbi kwaMutungamiriri weTruman 1952 kuti adzivise kurova mukati meHondo yeKorea kwakaparadzwa neDare Gurusa mu] pwere REPUDYS HETE DEF & Tube Co. V. Saayter Nemhaka yokuti chiito chacho chakanga chisina pamutemo kana kuti chibvumirano chomutemo. Chisarudzo cheDare chakasimbisa nheyo yokuti purezidhendi haagoni kuita mutemo kamwe kamwe chete. Mirayiro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mirayiridzo pamusoro pokutama, mamiriro okunze emhoteredzo, uye chiito chinobvuma zvakadentswo mudare panzvimbo dzemitemo yapamutemo, kazhinji mukuparadzanisa kwemasimba kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzavanhu.

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo muitiro wokumwe namasimba echengeteko enyika ayo anonzvera miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Masimba eRevolution, zvirongwa zvokunzvera pasi peFerning Surveillance Act (FA), uye kushandiswa kweuto pasina mvumo yebumbiro remitemo zvose zvinomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Bazu guru rinogara richibvunza Office yeDare reSanihedhe reSani reSanihenzi kuti risimbise zviito zvinowirirana nemitemo isati yatorwa. Iyi purogiramu yokuhwirudzudzura iri mukati pamutemo inzira inokosha yokuchengeta zvisarudzo zvebazu zvapamutemo mukati memariro emitemo.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo yokunzvera nokudzikamisa haisati iri mutoo wokufungidzira; mutoo mupenyu unoumba chinenge chinenge chisarudzo chikuru chiri chose chehurumende. Dare rinonzvera purezidhendi kupfurikidza nokudzora bhajeti, zvibvumirano zvokusimbisa, kusimbisa kugadzwa, uye nechakaipa zvikuru nechaneicho zvinoparira kupfuudza nokubvisa. Purezidhendi anonzvera Congress kupfurikidza nokushandisa simba reveto pamusoro pomutemo. judicaria anoona mapazu ose ari maviri kupfurikidza nokunzvera kudzokorora pamutemo wemitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti hapana bazu rimwe rakakomba rinogona kudzora uye kuti zvisarudzo zvide batira pamwe chete kana kuti kudzora.

Muenzaniso mukuru ndewokusaina: purezidhendi angaramba kusaina mutongo, asi Congress anogona kukurira kuvhota nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Iri simba rinowanzotaura nokubvumirana. Mumwe muenzaniso kusimbiswa kwevatongi veDare Gurusa, apo zano reDare nesimba rinobvumira kuitadzisa kuvhara vamiririri vanorangarirwa sevokunze kwedare. Kutyisidzira kwekuongorora mutemowo; ivo vanowanzobvunza mibvunzo yemitemo mukati mokunzwa nokugadziridza zvibvumirano kuti vadzivise kuparadzwa. Uku kufambidzana kwezuva nezuva pakati pamapazu, kunotungamirirwa norugwaro negamuchidzanwa, kunochengeta hurumende iri mudzikamo.

Gadziriro inotambanukira kurusarudzo. Apo Congress subpoenas zvinyorwa zvebazu zvinotungamirira kana kuti chipupuriro, gakava rinowanzomuka pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera choutarisiri. Uku kusawirirana kwebumbiro remitemo kunowanzopedzwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, asi panhambo nenhambo kunotungamirira kuidzokororo (g., United States v. Nixon, 1974). Basa reDare rapamusoro renhau mukurwisana kwakadaro rinosimbisa nzvimbo yejambwa serevokupedzisira regakavaro remitemo.

Muitiro We Amendeji: Nzira Iyo Bumbiro Remitemo Rinochinja Nayo

Hurumende inoshandisawo Bumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wayo wokugadziridza, uko kunobvumira chinjo dzakarongwa kurugwaro pacharwo. Chikamu V chinogovera mitoo miviri yokugadziridza: kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri ne 3 mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti nekokorodzano yebumbiro-mitemo inonzi nedziviri chitatu dzemitemo. Kudzorwa kunoda zvikamu zvitatu nezvina zvemitemo kana kuti kokorodzano. Iyi bhawa yakakwirira inovimbisa kuti chinjo kumutemo wokuvamba iratidzire bvumirano yakafara, inogara.

Misiano 27 yeTsitsidzo inoratidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa sei kuti ridavidze kusaruramisira kwenhau, chinjo dzeruzivo rwezvinhu, uye mipimo yenzanga inochinja. Iwedzero yeHyd trandment yakabvisa uranda; IPramende yechi 19th yakaparidzwa maruramiro okuvhota kuvakadzi; Amakumi maviri namatanhatu Echinjo yakadzikisa zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku 18. Kugadziridzwa kunodikanwa kwamakore anodikanwa etsandaro yeuswa, kurukurirano yedare, uye kugadziriswa kwemitemo. Kugadziriswa kumene ibasa rokuita chisarudzo chamatonge kuri chishandiso chokuita: apo mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika nejariary haagoni kupedza nhau yemitemo, vanhu vanogona kururamisa bvumirano yemitengonaka.

Nenzira inokosha, mutoo wegadziridzo icherekedzo mukurwisana netsoropodzo. Kana Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richidudzira Bumbiro remitemo nenzira iyo Congress nehurumende zvisingabvumirani nayo, vanogona kupfurikidza nomuitiro wegadziridzo nendudziro iyoyo. Ikoku kwakaitika kamwe bedzi (Prefement yegumi naMazana matanhatu yatongerwa Chisolm v. Georgia[]), asi bviro inoramba iri dziviriro huru yebumbiro remitemo.

Kushanda Kwehurumende Nebasa Renyika

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, nechiremera chimwe nechimwe chichishandisa zviremera zvakaparadzana. Ichi chimiro chouchangamire huviri, chinozivikanwa sechihurumende, chinoda mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende kuita zvisarudzo mukati menzvimbo dzayo dzakatsaukana. Tsitsi Remisi yeMiteth Refurence inosimbisa kuti hurumende yose ine masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Naizvozvo, hurumende dzinoita mitemo yadzo panhau dzakadai sedzidzo, zvinhu, zvibvumirano, mutemo woutsotsi, uye utano nekotsekano. Zvisinei, Suprey Claus Claus inovimbisa kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wehurumende une simba, mutemo wehurumende unovapo.

Ganhuriro inopesvedzera kuita chisarudzo munharaunda dzakadai semirau yemhoteredzo, mbanje, uye kurongera kubuda. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinganyoresa chikwata checannabis nokuda kwokushandisa mishonga kana kuti nhandaro mukati memiganhu yavo, asi mutemo wehurumende unopfuurira kuisa zvikamu sechirongwa. Uku kunyanduka kunoparira gakava rinopfuurira remitemo pamusoro pomugariro weCommercional Claus nedzidziso yokudzikunura. Nenzira yakafanana, mirano yenzvimbo tsvene inoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvehurumende zvokuvanda munyika inodzorwa inodzorwa inosimudzira mibvunzo pamusoro pemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inodzorwa. Dare repamusorosoro rehurumende harigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuisa mutemo wehurumende. [FLT:] printz. United States[FLT] (197] uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anodzivirira murairo wehurumende.

Gavhuna navaiti vemitemo vehurumende nguva dzose vanoyera iyi miganhu yebumbiro remitemo pakugadzira muitiro. Vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende hazviputsi Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwaClaus, Commerce Claus, kana kuti zvimwe ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Naizvozvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa zvose zviri zviviri uriri (kodzero dzomunhu oga) uye siringi (ukuru) mukati macho kuita chisarudzo kwehurumende kunoshanda.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe: Bhuku Rekodzero Nedzinopfuura

Pamavambo okutonga kwebumbiro remitemo pane kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Bill of Rights inogadza rusununguko rukuru urwo hurumende isingagoni kuisa muburidha. Apo hurumende inoita zvisarudzo nechekupfurikidza nomutemo, nhevedzano yehurumende, kana kuti kuronga utongi hunofanira kuremekedza dziviriro yeFirst Amendment yekutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, uye chikumbiro; maruramiro eSecond Amendment okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo; Kurambidza kweGarandment yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nokusundirana; Chibvumirano cheshanu nechepfuvudzi cheChitanhatu chemitemo yemuitiro wakarurama nemitemo yokutonga kwakarurama; uye chirambidzo cheSend Rederline Amend Rendement pachibhav uye chirango cheutsinye nechirango chisiri chenguva dzose.

Iyi maruramiro haasati ari makurusa; hurumende ingaadzora kana ichigona kuratidza fariro inogombedzera uye kuti murairo unosanorongwa (nzvero huru muzvinoitika zvizhinji). Somuenzaniso, ganhuriro pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mipiro, uye miitiro yorudzidziso zvose zvakarongwa kujekesa miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende inoshandisa Bumbiro remitemo senhungamiro yokuita chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kudzorwa kupi nokupi pakodzero kunoruramiswa nefariro inokosha yehurumende uye inopinzwa nomutoo unoganhurirwa zvishoma.

Gemende ye14 Expandment’s Expandment Expand Claus yave ine revo zvikuru mukuumba zvisarudzo zvehurumende pamusoro porusarudzo uye rusaruro. Rudzi, vatano, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe masangano anonyumwira zvinotanga kukwidziridza kunzvera kwedare. Vashandirwi vehurumende, yunivhesiti, uye masangano anotora zvirongwa zvinofanira kugadzira mitemo inoramba ichiongororwa. Bhishopu yacho nokudaro inopesvedzera zvakananga kubvumira zviito, mepu dzeruwa dzokuvhota, uye betsero dzavashandi. Uyezve, Basisa rinonzi Ceclaus Claus rinodzivirira kodzero dzepasi seroorano, kurera, uye udzoro, izvo matare akarondedzera se “mazita okudzivirira. ”

Mutemo webumbiro remitemo wazvino uno unopfuurira kuwedzera kushandiswa kwedziviriro idzi kumativi matsva, zvakadai serevo yakavanzika yemichina, kuzivikanwa kwavanhu, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja, hurumende inofanira kutsanangura ndokushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Ikoku kunoda kusanonzvera revo yapakuvamba, muenzaniso, uye migariro yenzanga.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Nenharo Dzinodudzira

Nepo rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo rwakanatswa, kushandiswa kwaro kunoshanduka kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare. Zvikoro zviviri zvakafara zvinodudzira pamutemo zvinodzora hurukuro yeAmerica: kuvamba neBumbiro remitemo. MaShonaridhe anotaura kuti mutauro webumbiro remitemo unofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yawo yavose panguva yokuzivikanwa. Masangano anotonga anoomerera kuti mashoko akafara echinyorwa chacho akadai se “muitiro wapamberi,” uye“ dziviriro yakaenzana neyechienzi” uye “cruel neyechienzi" zvinofanira kutsanangurwa nenzira yokusaizivikanwa kuti aratidzire mipimo yazvinovapo panguva ino.

Iyi misiyano youzivi inoparira miuyo yakasiana mumhaka dzinobatanidza roorano yevatano, kubvisa mimba, maruramiro epfuti, uye simba ravakuru vakuru. Hurumende, yose zvayo, haisati ichigamuchira mutoo mumwe wokududzira nawo; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinouya nemurangariro waro rimene. Mapurezidhendi angashandisa kusaina mashoko kujekesa kutsanangura kwavo kwemitemo; Congress angapfuudza mitemo nezviwanwa zvakajeka kuti itsigire pamutemo; matare anozivisa kurangarira kwawo kupfurikidza nemirangariro. Uku kuwanda kwamanzwi kunopfuudzira chisarudzo chebumbiro remitemo asi kunoparirawo kusawirirana kwapanguva nenguva nenhambo.

Chisarudzo chiri chose chehurumende chine chokuita nekodzero kana kuti masimba ibanza rokubatanidzazve rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo, nhau, uye nheyo. Kuvimbika kuubati ushe hwebumbiro remitemo ndiko kunovimbisa kuti riphabliki yeAmerica inotonga nehurumende yegutsaruzhinji inoramba yakavakirwa mumutemo uye inozvidavirira kumipimo yayo yakavambwa.