Nzira Iyo Mabasa Anoderedza Nayo Zvinhu Nenzira Yaanoita Nayo

Kudzosera kudzorwa kwomuitiro wokunyora miganhu yeruwa yevhota inotema kuti vagari vemo vanoiswa sei muboka remitemo nokuda kwokumirirwa. Kuitika makore gumi ari ose pashure peU.S. kuti varatidze kuchinja kwevagari vomunyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vvungeti hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe hune uremu hwakaenzana. Gerrymanstering, mukupesana, kudzorwa kwamaune kweiyi miganhu kuti ifadze rimwe boka rezvamatongerwe enyika, murumbiso, kana kuti boka. Nepo kudzosera kuri rutivi rwapamutemo uye runodikanwa rwehurumende inomirira, gegerryderman inozvidza kuratidzirwa kwakarurama uye yazova imwe yenhau dzinodenha zvikurusa muvhoterano dzeAmerica.

Hwaro Hwemitemo Nebumbiro Remitemo Hwokuderedza Kutonga

Chinodikanwa chokuwanazve mitsetse yoruwa chinobva mumurairo weBumbiro reMitemo nokuda kwokuverengwa kwavanhu kwamakore ose (Artle I, Chikamu 2) uye nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" yakagadzwa neDare rapamusorosa munhau dzechiratidzo chakadai se ] Babaker v. Carr [1962]) uye Reynolds v. SIMS[[[FT:3] [1964]].

Munhu Mumwe, Nheyo Imwe Yakapiwa

Pamberi poruravidzo urwu, nyika dzakawanda dzakachengeta maruwa ane zviverengero zvakasiana- siyana. Somuenzaniso, muna 1960, mamwe maruwa ehurumende muCalifornia aiva navagari vemo vakakwirira samamirioni matanhatu nepo mamwe aiva navasingasviki 15 000. Dare rakazivisa kuti kusasarura kwakadaro kwakaputsa Nhlangano wePrevention Claus we 1450th Amendment. Nhasi, kudzorwa kunofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti chiverengero chimwe nechimwe chavagari vemo choruwa chinotsauka namapfundo mashomanene ezvikamu zvapashure kubva paavhareji yakanakisisa.

Zvinodikanwa Zvehurumende Nemitoro yeHurumende

Kupfuura kuenzana kwavagari vemo, kudzorwa kunofanira kuwirirana neVoting Rights Act ya1965, inorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Chikamu 2 choMutemo chinoda kuti gadziriro dzokutsiva dzisaredze simba rokuvhota redzinza kana kuti mitauro mishoma. Kuwedzera, Kuchinja kwe14 ne15 kunodzora kunoisa padzivisi dzinopesana nemitemo yedzinza. Nyika zhinji dzinopa chiremera chinodzorwa kudzimba dzadzo, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzichishandisa masangano anozvimirira kana kuti mamwe masangano. Muitiro wacho unosiyana zvikuru nehurumende, zvichitungamirira kubasa remitemo nemiitiro.

Nhano Inoderedza Nhano Nenzira

Kuderedza chiverengero kunoitika munyika iri yose neruwa runopfuura rumwe rwemasangano, pamwe chete nemitemo yehurumende namasangano omunzvimbomo. muitiro wacho unowanzovamba pashure pokunge Census Bureau yabudisa mashoko ane udzame avagari vemo, ayo anowanzowanika panosvika March wegore rapashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu.

Kuwana Nhamba Yenhamba uye Kuchinja Kwevagari Vemo

Nhamba yenhamba inogovera nhamba yechiverengero chavagari vemo yemitengo mizhinji inozivisa kuti inharaundai dzakakura, dzakatsvuka, kana kuti dzakasimudzwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pe 2020 Census, Texas yakawana zvigaro zviviri apo New York yakarasika. Mitemo inofanira kushandisa iyi kugadziridza miganhu yoruwa kuitira kuti ruva nenhamba yakafanana yavanhu. Kuchinja kwevagari vemo mukati mehurumende kunogona kuva kunoshamisa: mahombekombe angakwira apo nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzinoderera, kumanikidza vagadziri vemamepu kunyorazve mitsetse kuti vawane nokuda kwechinjo.

Mupimo Nemipimo

Hurumende zhinjisa dzinoshandisa mupimo kutungamirira kuenzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Chinozivikanwa zvikurusa imhaka yechiverengero chavagari vemo, kuvadziko yezvikamu zvemo. Iyi mipimo inofanira kuva ine chokuita, uye kubatana (divi rimwe nerimwe reruwa rinofanira kuva nechimiro chenguva dzose pasina mibatanidzwa yakasiyana). Dzimwe nyika dzinodawo kuti maruwa achengetedze nzanga dzefariro (kuvakwa, mapoka edzinza, kana kuti nharaunda dzemari) ndokudzivisa kuvadziko dzinoparadzana kana kuti mibatanidzwa. Iyi mipimo inogona kurwisana; somuenzaniso, ruwa rwakafanana rungasatevera zvakanaka miganhu. Nhevedzo yenzvimbo yokutanga inosianosiyana, neuwa wavanhu nguva dzose inoita jango.

Kukwezva Kwemitsetse

Kukweva mapu chaikoiko kunoitwa kuchishandisa gadziriro dzamashoko enzvimbo dzinogarwa (GIS) dzinobvumira vagadziri vemamepu kudzora miganhu yenharaunda yenzvimbo. Ipapa ndipo apo ngozi yegerrymanistering iri yakakwirira. Mamepu anogona kubvisa mitsetse nebhuroko rimwe kuti abvise zviuru zvavavhoti kubva muruwa rumwe kuenda kune rumwe. Muruwa apo paboka rimwe rinodzora mutemishoni, boka reruzhinji rinowanzokweva nemepu kuti ridzokere kusimba raro. Muhurumende dzakakamurwa, mepu dzinogona kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti dzipiwe kudare nokuda kwetendero kana jiro dzechirongwa.

Kufarirwa uye Kusangana Nezvinetso

Kana gadziriro yokuchinja yangoitwa bedzi, inofanira kutenderwa nedare rehurumende kana kuti dare. Iro ipapo rinotarisana nedenho dzinobvira dzemitemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vangataura kuti gadziriro yacho inoputsa Mutemo weKodzero, inoumba chirongwa chedzinza, kana kuti igweta redzinza risingawirirani. Marawsuit anogona kunonozeka ndokutungamirira kumepu dzedare dzakarongwa, sezvakaitika munyika dzinoverengeka pashure pe2020 CVC. Muitiro wacho unowanzotora mwedzi uye unogona kuva anokakavara zvikuru.

Kuvhiya Mazambiringa: Kudzika Kwazvo

Gerrymandering nderekare seUnited States imene. Shoko racho rakavamba muna 1812 apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry weMassachusetts akasaina gadziriro yokushongedza yaibatanidza ruwa rwesamarander-rokutukwa, kuchinyandura chirongwa chakabatanidzwa "Gerry" ne "sarmaner". Asi muitiro wakatanga pamberi penyika; kunyange muRepublic yapakuvamba, maruwa ezvamatongerwe enyika aidzora kunetesa vavengi.

Mavambo Enhau

Gerrymanindering pakuvamba yakanga iri chishandiso chedziviriro inorema nebetsero yebato. Muzana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba kwerechi20, kwakanga kwakakurumbira kuti vagadziri vemibatanidzwa vave "vamiriri" mukurwisana namarudzi maduku, zvakadai savatami vamaIreland kana kuti vaAmerica veAfrica, kuderedza pesvedzero yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muitiro wacho wakava wakava wakaoma zvikuru nokuvapo kwamakombiyuta muma 1980, uko kwakabvumira vagadziri vemamepu kuva vavhoti vaduku zvikuru nechakarurama chisina muenzaniso.

Unyanzvi: Kuruka, Kupombera, Kutakura, uye Kubereka

Kugadzira majeri kunoshandisa nzira ina dzokutanga:

  • Kuparadzira boka ravavhoti mumaruwa akawanda naizvozvo havagoni kuumba voruzhinji mune ipi neipi. Somuenzaniso, boka guru reDemocratic coption muguta ringakamurwa kuva maruwa anoverengeka anobatanidzawo maruwa anogara nyika dzeRepublican, kuderedza vhoti yeDemocratic.
  • Kuisa pachena: Savavhoti vazhinji vebato rinopikisana sezvinobvira muruwa rumwe, nenzira inobudirira "kuvhota" kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vhoti iyoyo yoruwa ive inoyamurwa zvikuru. Ikoku kunobvumira boka rinodzora kuwina maruwa asara nemicheto yakanaka.
  • Kubvisa: Kukwevazve ruwa kuti rumanikidzire vaviri vanobva muboka rimwe kuti vakwikwidzane, kubvisa mumwe wavo. Ikoku kunoshandiswa kunetesa vakwikwidzi vomukati vebato kana kuti kubvisa muvengi akakurumbira.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kubaya:[[FT:1] Kuendesa kero yapamusha yekaunda kuruwa rwakasiana kuita kuti kusarudzwa kuve kwakaoma. Mukotsi anofanira ipapo kutamira muruwa rutsva kana kuti zvimwe kutarisana nedenho huru munharaunda isina kurovedzeka.

Kurwisana Kwedzinza

Partisan gerymering inoronga kubetsera mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo Dare Gurusa ramarudzi richidzosa mapoka avashoma. Rakaramba richirangarira kuti [[FLT:] na [FLT] Alabama Legastificative Black Claucus v. Alabama [[FLT:]] (20], Dare rakashaikwa zvikuru rakavakirwa padzinza., zvisinei, Dare rakatamburira kurondedzera mupimo wegerryman. [[FLT]]]] [FLT]]]

Kuyera Mavhairasi: Mukaha Unobudirira Nezvimwe Zvishandiso

Kuyera, masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akakudziridza misiyano yakafanana nomukaha wesanoita zvakanaka, uyo unoyera musiyano pakati pe "wakaiswa" mavhoti pakati pemapati (mavhoti omubhadhari anorasika pamwe namavhoti akawandisa nokuda kwomubhadhari anohwinwa). Mukaha mukuru unoratidzira kuti vhoti yebato rimwe rinopambadzwa nenzira yakarongeka kupfurikidza nokuparadza nokurongedza. Zvimwe zvitedzo zvinobatanidza musiyano wechengedzero, musiyano wezvikamu zvinoreverwa, uye mibatanidzwa.

Kutapura Kwokuvhiya Majeri

Nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti rutivi rwenguva dzose rwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kunogona kudzvinyirira voruzhinji, kuderedza makwikwi, uye kubvisa vavhoti.

Migumisiro Yakanaka

Mumaruwa anodzorwa zvikuru, boka revazhinji rinogona kuwina chiverengero chakakura chezvigaro zvine chokuita nokuvhota kwaro munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, mukusarudza kwa2018 kweWisconsin State Assembly, Democrats akahwina 53% yevhoti yose asi 36% bedzi yezvigaro nemhaka yegerrymanirling. Zvigaro zvakadaro zvinoderedza nheyo yokuti sarudzo inofanira kushandura vhoti mumufananidzo wakarurama. Gerryder Mepuswo dzinoderedza nhamba yemaruwa anokwikwikwikwidzana, zvichiita kuti mijaho mijaho mizhinji ive yakakotsekana nokuda kwechikamu. Mujambwa 202020, isingasviki 10% yeU. Zvigaro zvepambadzo zvemba zvakarangarirwa kuva zvemakwikwikwikwikwi, kuderera kunziridziridziridzi dzose dziri mbiri.

Kumirira Nokuita Kuti Pave Nomufananidzo

Apo maruwa anokweverwa kuva akakotsekana nokuda kwebato rimwe, vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotarisana netyisidziro dzakawanda dzinobva kuvarongi vakuru kupfuura vashori vose. Ikoku kukurudzira vapapatidzi kuti vawane nzvimbo dzavo panzvimbo pomuvhoti wenhau, vachiparira kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mwero haungatongosarudzirwi zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vanozviisa mungozi yokusiya vavhoti vavo vokutanga. Gerrymering inoderedzawo mifanikiso inorondedzera: apo vavhoti vashomanene vanorongedzerwa mumaruwa mashomanene, pesvedzero yavo inova, uye vangashaiwa mano okusarudza vadiri vatsvaki vavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. Ikoku kunogona kusimudzira kusabatana mumiriro.

Kuvimba Noruzhinji uye Kupindira

Vatsigiri mumaruwa akadzorwa kazhinji kazhinji vanonzwa vhoti dzavo dzisinganei nemhaka yokuti muuyo wakafanorongwa. Iyi nzwisiso inoderedza muvhoti nokuvimbisana kwehurumende. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti vagari voruwa rwakakomba havangatongogoni kuona vamiriri vavo, kutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika yomunzvimbomo, kana kuti kudavira kuti tsika yacho yakanaka. Apo vanhu vanoona mepu dzinoratidzika semhesano dzakagadzirirwa kubetsera vezvamatongerwe enyika, vanorasikirwa nokutenda mumuitiro wedemokrati. Chivimbo chinopa ruzhinji panguva iyeyo chinopa zvokudya nokubvisa ruzhinji, chichiita daro chinotyisa chinonetesa utongi ushe hwehurumende.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nezvimwe Zvirongwa

Mumhinduro kukuvadziko dzegerrymander, vatsigiri vanowedzera vesangano nokuda kwokuchinja. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagamuchira masangano akazvimirira kana kuti mamwe masangano kubvisa muitiro wacho, nepo denho dzapamutemo dzichipfuurira kuedza miganhu yokudhirowa kwemepu inobvumirwa.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza

Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza California, Arizona, uye Michigan, dzakachinja chiremera chokunyora kubva kudzimba dzemitemo kuenda kumasangano azvimiriri kana kuti ebipartia. Masangano aya akarongedzerwa kudzivirira padzvinyiriro yeboka, kazhinji kazhinji nemitezo yakasarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro inovimbisa kuva nedzikamo kana kuti kusatora rutivi. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti mepu dzinodhirowa dzinoda kuwanda, makwikwi, uye zvishoma zvinodzorwa pane idzo dzinotorwa namadziro. Somuenzaniso, California Citigation Redificialicing Commission yakaita mapuropu dzakatungamirira kumijaranga mikwidzano yamakwikwi uye mativi ari nani efariro.

Kunaka Kwenhamba Nemitemo

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kushandiswa kurwisa mepu dzawo dzisati dzagona kuienzanisa. Vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira maatomu anobudisa zviuru zvevasiri vepartisan, mepu dzakabatanidzwa dzakavakirwa pamipimo isina kubatana semipimo yenhamba yevagari vemo nemhesano. Zvishandiso zvakadai se "kuedzazve kudzosera mepu" zvinobvumira vagari vemo kunyora mepu dzavo vamene ndokudzienzanisa nezvirongwa zvehurumende. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seColorado, zvino dzinoda kuti mapurogiramu akawanda okuchinja aranga arangane mamwe mepu dzinoitwa nemiitiro inogadzirwa nenzira dzokuedza. Nharidzi inotodza tswo utachiona uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti miganhuro inoda betsero yenzanga pane betsero yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo uye Kutonga Kwedare Repamusorosoro

Chifo cha .RUUKI], matare ehurumende azova nzvimbo huru nokuda kwezvinetso zvinobatanidza vanhu. matare makuru akawanda, kubatanidza ayo ari muPennsylvania, North Carolina, neOhio, akauraya magweta ehurumende pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza chinjo dzinorwisana nedzokuchinja kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvevavhozheri. Pamwe mwero womubatanidzwa, mutemo wakadai seWevanhu Vara Act unobatanidza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwemirayiro yakasununguka nemipimo inoganhurirwa, asi dzakatarisana nemhinganidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nguva yemberi yokuchinja dzvuruva. Kuchinja zvimwe kuri mumubatanidzwa wetsika, kutsanangura kwapamutemo, uye uswa hweuswa.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuderedza: A Nemipimo

Sezvo simba recommunito rinowedzera, bviro yokushandisa jiromaningi. Ungwaru hwekugadzira nokudzidza kwemichina zvinogona kunzvera mashoko makuru evagari vevo, wirirano yebato, uye mufambiro wekare kunyora mepu dzakanakisisa. Ikoku kuvamba nhangemutange yezvombo pakati pamepu naVachinji. Zvisinei, Al inogonawo kushandiswa kucherekedza kuvhenganiswa nokusaisa mepu dzakarongwa. Chinetso chikuru ndechokugadza gadziriro dzounyanzvi hwezvokugadzira mapu nedzezvokuchinja zvinhu panzvimbo yokururamisa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira nokuda kwe "mepu dzemhepo" mupimo unoshandisa kuoneka nokuiswa pachena kuvimbisa kuti mitsetse inobatira fariro yapachena.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Kuderedza Utongi Hunosarudzwa Nenhau Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuisa mativi ose muitiro unokosha wokuita kuti kumirira kurambe kuchifambirana nokuchinja kwevagari vemo. Pakunoitwa nenzira yakajeka uye nenzira isina ruramisiro, kunosimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokupa mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe inzwi rakaenzana. Gerrymandering, mukupesana, ushatisa urongwa ihwohwo, hunobatanidza simba rinotsiva nokuderedza kuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Migumisiro inoguma ichipinda mumativi ose ehurumende: kubva kumitemo inopiwa kunzvimbo inovimbwa yavagari vemo mumasangano avo. Kunzwisisa kuti kushayisa basa ramabasa uye nei gerrymannderai kuchikosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kudzivirira perero nenheyo yomunhu mumwe, kuvhotera. Sangano yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nemitemo zvinosarudzwa. Kurwa kwemitevedzero yemitemo kucharamba kurwisana nokuda kworunako kururamisira kucharamba kuripo muhurumende yeAmerica yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Brennan Center's basa pamusoro pekudzosera muganhu, .League yezviwanikwa zvevakadzi [, uye [[FLT]]U.S. Centroauting tradificing data ye [